The Impact of Social Media on Adventure Tourism: A Comprehensive Analysis

This research project delves into the profound influence of social media on the adventure tourism industry. It explores how social media platforms have transformed marketing strategies, fueled the popularity of adventure sports, and shaped consumer perceptions. Through a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary data, the study examines the specific social media tools employed by tourism organizations, the impact of user-generated content, and the role of social media in fulfilling consumer needs. The findings reveal the significant role of social media in promoting adventure tourism, highlighting its potential to reach wider audiences, enhance brand awareness, and drive bookings. The research also identifies key challenges and opportunities associated with social media marketing in this sector, providing valuable insights for tourism businesses and stakeholders.

The impact of social media on Adventure Tourism
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Table of Contents
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................11
Task 3.............................................................................................................................................18
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................30
Reference.......................................................................................................................................31
Appendix........................................................................................................................................32
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Task 1
1.1. Formulate and record possible research project outline specifications
Aims of the research
This research project aims to find out how the social media has an immense impact on adventure
tourism, and how the adventure tourism has become one of the major attractive sports among the
young age of the society.
Objectives of Research
 To know the impact of the research, the researcher has specific objectives, which help in
getting distinct results.
 To analyze critically how the social media has influenced hugely in the mechanism of
tourism industry
 To determine Special social media tools which used by organization for the marketing of
the tourism industry
 To understand How these tourism industries use the platform of social media to fulfil the
requirement of the consumers
Rationale of research
Due to the advancement of digital technology, social media has stretched its influence in each
industry. This research looks after how the impact of social media has influenced the marketing
strategies of the tourism industry a lot. Social media has been used as the new age platform for
advertising and promoting purposes (Immomen et al., 2017). Through this medium, the industry
can reach out to larger masses. Adventure sports always have visual effects to the spectators.
Many adventure lovers want to explore this adventure in lives by influenced from the social
media platform. Each organization uses different strategies of marketing to make the services
more attractive to the tourists. It depends on the management of the organization how the impact
of the social media has shaped the paradigm of this tourism industry.
Questionnaire
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The research aims in finding out the objectives by using specific questionnaire
 How the social media marketing has influenced marketing procedures of the tourism
industry?
 In which directions the new social media marketing is going and how that has affected
the tourism industry?
 Why adventure sports are being popular among specific ages, and why people are getting
attracted to adventure sports so much?
 What kind of specific strategy can be taken for the promotion of adventure sports by
using digital platforms?
 How the consumers are visually attracted to this specific form of sports by using social
media platform?
 Is it only the social media platform, which influences the adventure sports to be loved
among the consumers?
1.2 Identify the factors that contribute to the process of research project selection
The impact of adventure sports have become a subculture among the individuals for the last few
decades. Media studies have tried to analyze critically how the subculture of adventure sports has
been influenced by the active use of social media. John Hargreaves postulated it in his book
“Sport, Power and Culture: A social and historical analysis of popular sports in Britain (1986)”
that sports has been always institutionalized since ages, to express a class struggle in the society.
With the coming of social media, the sports have become more receptive and inclusive in nature.
It provides people coming from different strata of the society to explore such sports irrespective
of the economic or social status. Social media marketing has become one of the integral part in
the marketing strategy across industries. Presently tourism industry has initialized such
innovative strategies for adventure sports to make the users or adventure sports lover to be well
aware about the exploration of the field (Collins and Collins, 2016). This research project
critically analyzes different aspects of tourism industry in adventure sports and what kind of
social media strategies taken by the organization for the marketing of adventure sports among the
consumers.
Strength of using social medial marketing for adventure sports
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Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the globalization, it is noticed
that the individuals use this active social media platform for getting positive and negative
reviews of everything. With this platform, the organization can analyze about the specificity of
the products according to the requirements of the consumers.
Each company has used the platform for making it accessed to the consumers in proper way to
reach out the prospective consumers. With social media, it will be helpful for the industry to
make it products or services globally acclaimed.
Deficiency in using social media marketing for adventure sports
Usually the travel sector uses these platforms by sharing products videos, or notifies the
consumers with the news and activities of adventure sports. However, the esteemed enterprise
can change the format of their strategies by using the medium.
This social media has made it possible for the consumers to share their valuable opinions about
the services, which can be both negative and positive. As the social media make it available
globally, so the reputation of any particular organization will be available widely.
1.3 Undertake a critical review of key references
Adventure sports have attracted many adventure sports lovers by using social media platform.
Surfing, kayaking, bungee jumping, or skiing has appealed to the sport lovers majorly. This
media has been used to reach out the users more easily with proper demonstrations (Rickly and
Vidon, 2017). Unlike other conventional sports, these kinds of sports have been less explored by
most of the individuals. The competition around this field is comparatively less as the concept of
adventure sports is emerging among the users. Social media platform is just a proper way
channelizing such new exploration in extreme sports to the internet users.
To promote such unconventional sports among the users, social media is one of the popular
medium to expand, as this kind of sports never makes news headlines, as the adventure sports
lovers are into the field due to their ardent love for the sports. With the social media, it is easy for
these kind of athletes to reach out the fans. With the globalization it has been easy for the users
to connect with the users.
With the digital technology, it is easy for any globetrotter to choose a specific place to explore.
Not only places, one can easily follow specific activities can be done in such places. Adventure
sports have been promoted among the users mainly through the platforms like Snapchat, Travel
blog, Twitter and Facebook (Smith et al., 2017). This onset of media platform has shaped in
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finding the right choices of the places to be explored for the users. This kind of digital marketing
has become so much active, that it promotes the tourism marketing by offering alluring
discounts. This platform of marketing can understand the consumer’s concern and it can help in
materializing such demands with the help of tourism industry. The entire process of marketing is
functioning on a symbiotic relationship. The travel industry has noticed a rise in sales with the
use of technology in a specific manner. The marketing strategies have been taken based on the
demands of the consumers, this kind of digital marketing has always influenced in shaping the
perception of the consumers (Doorey et al., 2017).
Adventure sports is all about taking risks, and following passions. Previously due to political
issues, or environmental issues there are many destinations which are not accessible to the
travellers but with the onset of digital marketing it is possible to explore those places more
easily. Each adventure tourism packages follow a certain policy for environmental issues. For the
adventure sports lovers it is necessary to understand the possible cultural context of any specific
destinations (Buckley, 2017). Adventure tourism can be both hard and soft activity type. In case
of any kind of commercial tourism it is all about the luxury of the tourists whereas the adventure
tourism always encourages taking such activities which offers unlimited adventure in one’s life.
Adventure tourism is always about the personal experience, how an individual documents such
experiences with others. This kind of extreme sport always put forward completely different
geographic, physical, or cultural limits to the travel enthusiast (Giddy and Webb, 2018).
In comparison with the commercial tourism, this kind of tourism always promotes to conserve all
the resources related to environment. This tourism includes communities, which can think about
the values of culture and nature. This has become an ever-growing industry, as it attracts many
sports lovers to explore the sector. With the help of social media, this tourism has only extended
its aspects to be expanded across the people (Harrigan et al., 2017). This media clearly explains
how risk taking this sport can be, in spite of such risks the adventure sport lover explore this
sector of the industry. It is due to such hazardous structure in this tourism has attracted many
enthusiasts to explore the adventure sport. The social media marketing is based on strategies
taken by the industry. Social media marketing strategies apprehend positive opinions from the
users, but there are drawbacks in this kind of marketing (Kavitha et al., 2017). The objective of
the social media marketing is to open a global market for each user, but there are other users who
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cannot be reached out with the social media. What kind of marketing strategies would be taken
for those sports lovers who are inactive in social media platform?
The marketing policy is hugely dependent on the perception of the consumer. The non-ethical
behaviour of any customers can affect this industry. Therefore, the adventure tourism should
meet up the demands of the consumers firstly because they are the biggest stakeholders of this
industry. It has the aim to connect with all like-minded users who have passion for adventures.
Such ideas can be attained only by following certain strategies like providing offers, or
promoting the activities through various social media platform. Mostly these explorations are
first-hand experiences, which will be helpful to realize the risk of carrying out such ventures.
1.4. Produce a research project specification
Research Philosophy
Research philosophy plays a role with objective in shaping the structure of any research work. It
guides a researcher the proper way to execute the project. The three main sub categories in
research philosophies are
Positivism: in this approach the researcher depends mainly on the data collected and how that
data has helped in shaping the structure of the research project
Interpretivisim: this approach can be read how in the way about the secondary data collected
from the reviews of the customers, and how the customer’s behaviour are affecting in shaping
the body of the research (Ryan, 2018)
Descriptive: here the researcher critically analyzes the factors, which are helping out in shaping
the structure of the research work.
For the successful research project, it is necessary to incorporate canon of philosophy, which are
relevant for the research. The researcher analyzes critically to understand different social media
factors required in marketing the adventure tourism among the users. Here the researcher
intervenes in the specific field of research to have proper idea about the ongoing research on the
specific topic, how that research project helps in adding new dimension in the field. In this
specific media research project the researcher has to study critically all the dimensions of the
social media and how that media strategies have affected in shaping the consumer’s perception
about the particular industry (Cazeaux, 2017).
Research Approach
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For getting a justified result from the research work, the researcher has to take an approach,
which makes a formal framework of the research. The researcher always has to incorporate such
ideas, which are creative and inventive in nature. The two main approaches used by the
researcher in the project are
Inductive approach: the researcher produces a new thought in the field by rationalising the
existing theories related to the field
Deductive approach: here the researcher uses the references of existing research projects for
better understanding of the industry. Through this approach, the researcher gets the better idea
about the theories for development of the project.
Gantt Chart given below with the timeline for the research project
Record of the
important activities that
were carried out
Week 1
and 2
Week
3 and
4
Week 5
and 6
Week 7
and 8
Week 9 and
12
Week 13
and 15
Selection of Research
Topic
Secondary Data
Compilation
Making of the research
framework
Critical literature
review
Research strategy
Choice of research
techniques to cover
research statement
Primary data
compilation
Detection of the
compiled data and
analysis
conclusion
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Making a rough draft
Research submission
Figure: Gantt Chart
1.5 Provide an appropriate plan and procedures for the agreed research specifications
Research Essentials Resources for executing the project
Research philosophy applied Positivism research philosophy
Method of collecting data Primary data collection
Specific research approach Deductive approach, by using existing works
in the fields
Research design for the project Exploratory research
Sampling Use of probability sampling for executing the
project
The researcher has used exploratory methods for using relevant canons of existing works for
executing the project in proper manner. Such methods of sampling and data collection help in
shaping the research project in convenient way.
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Ethical consideration
The researcher always uses the methods, which are helpful in executing the project in
appropriate manner without manipulating the collected data. The researcher reaches
appropriateness in research handling the data in a proper way. The researcher uses the
information that is available on different platforms (Creswell and Creswell, 2017). Social media
is a platform, which makes the information globally accessed by anyone across the world. So the
researcher always analyzes the data in different perspective to make critical analysis of the
content without making any biasness. The researcher makes such questionnaires that are relevant
for the research project without influencing anyone’s decisions. In this kind data collection, the
researcher gets varieties in opinions so the research can be done based on different
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Task 2
2.1. Match resources efficiently to the research question or hypothesis
Area of research Relevant sources
 the impact of the research, the
researcher has specific objectives,
which help in getting distinct results.

Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Irvine, C.K.S. and
Walker, D., 2018. Introduction to research in
education. Cengage Learning
Nardi, P.M., 2018. Doing survey research: A
guide to quantitative methods. Routledge.
 critically how the social media has
influenced hugely in the mechanism of
tourism industry

Altinay, L., Sigala, M. and Waligo, V., 2016.
Social value creation through tourism
enterprise. Tourism Management, 54, pp.404-
417.
Altinay, L., Sigala, M. and Waligo, V., 2016.
Social value creation through tourism
enterprise. Tourism Management, 54, pp.404-
417.
 Special social media tools which used
by organization for the marketing of the
tourism industry
 How these tourism industries use the
platform of social media to fulfil the
requirement of the consumers
Gilchrist, P. and Wheaton, B., 2016. Lifestyle
and adventure sport among youth.
Horner, S. and Swarbrooke, J.,
2016. Consumer behaviour in tourism.
Routledge.
Al-Badi, A., Tarhini, A. and Al-Sawaei, S.,
2017. Utilizing Social Media to Encourage
Domestic Tourism in Oman. International
Journal of Business and Management, 12(4),
p.84.
11

2.2. Undertake the proposed research investigation in accordance with the agreed
specification and procedures.
1. What is your Age?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
15-20 20 20% 100
21-30 40 40% 100
31-40 30 30% 100
41-50 20 20% 100
Table 1: Age of Respondent
(Source: Created by the learner)
2. What is your Gender?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Male 60 60% 100
Female 30 30% 100
Others 10 10% 100
Table 2: Gender of Respondent
(Source: Created by the learner)
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3. What is your Occupation?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Students 40 40% 100
Working 50 50% 100
Others 10 10% 100
Table 3: Occupation of Respondent
(Source: Created by the learner)
4. How frequently you travel?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Occasionally 55 55% 100
Frequently 40 40% 100
Never 5 5% 100
Table 4: How frequent respondent travel
(Source: Created by the learner)
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5. What is the main purpose of your travel in most of the times?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Work 60 60% 100
Leisure 20 30% 100
Vacation 20 10% 100
Table 5: Purpose of travelling
(Source: Created by the learner)
6. Do you seek adventure in tourism?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Yes 80 80% 100
No 20 20% 100
Table 6: Adventure in tourism
(Source: Created by the learner)
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7. Which medium will you prefer to travel?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Air 30 30% 100
Train 50 50% 100
Bus 10 10% 100
Other 10 10% 100
Table 7: Medium that respondent will prefer to travel
(Source: Created by the learner)
8. What kind of platforms do you use for searching information regarding your tour
plan?
Options Number of
responses
Percentage of
respondents
Total number of
respondents
Online 60 60% 100
Friends 20 20% 100
Travel and tourism
office
20 20% 100
Table 8: Platform from where the respondent gets the information.
(Source: Created by the learner)
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9. How frequently do you read adventure travel blogs?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents (%)
Total number of
respondents
Most frequently 30 30 100
Frequently 25 25 100
Neutral 5 5 100
Infrequently 20 20 100
Most Infrequently 20 20 100
Table 9: how frequently does the respondent read the adventure travel blog?
(Source: Created by the learner)
10. Do you agree that the blogs on adventure tourism provides beneficial information?
Options Number of responses Percentage of
respondents (%)
Total number of
respondents
Highly Agree 26 26 100
Agree 37 37 100
Neutral 14 14 100
Disagree 13 13 100
Highly disagree 10 10 100
Table 10: Does the blogs on adventure provide the beneficial information.
(Source: Created by the learner)
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2.3. Record and collate relevant data where appropriate.
The study is confined with the primary data, which was collected through a set of questionnaire.
This help to understand the topic of research work and. The questionnaire is based on both
qualitative and quantitative data questions. The sample size was taken is 100.
Demographics:
To conduct the above survey, the number of people randomly chosen for this research. The
respondent who was co-operative for this survey was mostly the mid age people in between 21-
30 age. The survey help to understand the research work and have an estimate idea regarding the
project.
Impact of social media on Adventure Tourism:
According to the Primary Analysis, which was conducted through a set of questionnaire
regarding the impact of social media on adventure tourism, it can be said that many people get
influence by social media to go on adventure tour. The people get influence when they see
pictures or post regarding adventure tour. Therefore, social media plays an important role in
influencing people to go for adventure travel.
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Task 3
3.1. Use appropriate ‘research evaluation techniques’.
Research design is a method that collects and analyse the data related to the study or research
problem. Research design is divided into three types that are Descriptive Research Design,
Exploratory Research Design and Explanatory Research Design. This research is widely used for
preparing dissertation, theses and others.
Descriptive Research Design:
In this type of research the information is obtain by using the method of primary data that is
questionnaire, personal interviews and others.
Exploratory Research Design:
This research is useful when the researcher have limited knowledge and experience regarding the
study or research. It helps to clarify and understand the concept. It is a study where the
researcher needs to be flexible and creative to investigate the information in relate to the study or
problems. This research is generally used for gathering information related to the work. it helps
to evaluate the technique for the growth of research work. Primary data analysis and secondary
data analysis is used for the research.
Primary data are those data, which are collected through the medium of questionnaire,
interviews, and others. It is more reliable and the validity is greater compared to secondary data.
Secondary data are those data, which is already available. The researcher takes the data from
journals, industry survey and others.
Explanatory Research Design:
This research helps to bring out the new ideas and take the assumptions related to the research
work. It helps to indentify the causes and the effects for the research work. In other words, it
refers to the study where all the information is already given and from that, the researcher
gathers the specific related information for the work. Explanatory Research shows different ideas
to understand different reasons, causes and effectsFor example, Descriptive research can tell that
18

50% of the students are passed in the exam whereas explanatory research tells that by what
reason those students are failed.
19

3.2. Interpret and analyse the results in terms of the original research specification (pie
charts) question investigation analysis
Q1. Analysis on the Age of the respondent?
20%
40%
30%
20%
Age of Respondents
15-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
Figure 1: Age of the respondents
From the above survey, it has been analysed that the age of the respondent from 21-30 travel
more compared to other age of the people. This particular age group has tendency of exploring
different aspects of tourism. Due to the advancement of digital technology, the idea of extreme
tourism has changed completely. Travelling across the world has become a global phenomenon.
Therefore, it is helpful for the adventure sport industry to clearly get a specific idea about the
taste of travelling among the younger generation of the crowd.
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Q2. Analysis on the Gender of the respondents
60%
30%
10%
Gender of the Respondents
Male
Female
Others
Figure 2: Gender of the Respondents
From the above study, it is been noticed that the number of people who travel more is Male
compared to female and others. Male have large number of impact of social media influence on
Adventure Tourism.
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Q3. Analysis on the occupation of respondents
40%
50%
10%
Occupation of Respondents
Students
Working
Others
Figure 3: Occupation of the Respondents
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 50% people
involve in earning money or working in any sector travel mostly than the students and others
respondents, who have scored as 40% and 10% respectively. Calculation of responses gathered
from the survey account for the contribution of the working class people to the growth and
profitability of various travel and tourism organizations. The survey shows that the number of
working is having an impact of social media influence on Adventure Tourism. There is not a big
difference between students and the working people.
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Q4. Analysis on how frequent Respondent travel?
55%
40%
5%
How frequently Respondent Travel
Occasionally
Frequently
Never
Figure 4: frequency of travel
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 55% people
involved in travelling occasionally than the frequently and never respondents, who have scored
as 40% and 5% respectively. However, the frequency of travelling is high on occasionally. It
seems that people travel more on occasionally, as some destination have their own peak season.
For example, hill station in summer time, beaches in spring and others.
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Q5. Analysis on the medium of travel:
60%
30%
10%
10%
Meduim of Travel
Air
Train
Bus
Others
Figure 5: Medium of Travelling
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 60% people
involve in travelling by the airplane than other means of transport that is bus, train and others,
who have scored as 10%, 30% and 10% respectively. As airplane is more convenient medium of
travelling, therefore the most preference is given to Airplane. Airplane is fastest mode of
travelling and it saves the time as well.
24

Q6. Analysis on the purpose of travel:
60%
30%
10%
work leisure vacation
Figure 6: Purpose of travelling
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 60% people
involve work travel more than other purpose like leisure and vacation, which have scored as 30%
and 10% respectively. In other words, the people travel more for work compared to leisure or
vacation. Cooperates travel are high, they have to travel for their business purpose.
25

Q7. respondent seeks adventure in tourism?
80%
25%
Yes
No
Figure 7: Do respondent seek adventure in tourism?
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 80% people
seeks adventure in tourism than others respondents, who have scored, as 25% as No, 25%
respondents do not seek any kind of adventure in tourism. The respondents who seek adventure
in tourism they create a high demand in the market of travel and tourism. The many people have
responded yes in this question because the public seek adventure in tourism.
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Q8. What kind of platforms do you use for searching information regarding your tour
plan?
60%20%
20%
Online
Friends
Travel and tourism office
Figure 8: Platform that is used to get information regarding tour plan.
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 60% people
are getting information regarding tourism is through online. The impact of social media plays an
important role in this part as it is mentioned that many of the people get information through
online that is the use of social media platform is very popular and it has a wide reach. It is shown
that 60% people get the information through online, so it is clear stated that the people is
influenced through the social media.
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Q9. How frequently do you read adventure travel blogs?
30%
25%5%
20%
20%
most frequent
frequently
Neutral
infrequently
most infrequently
Figure 9: Reading the adventure travel blog
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 30% people
involve in reading adventure travel blogs the most than others respondents, who have scored as
20%, 20%, 25% and 5% respectively. The social media always succeed in influencing people.
Frequent readers of adventure travel blogs inspire people to explore and travel more.
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Q10. Do you agree that the blogs on adventure tourism provides beneficial information?
26%
37%
14%
13%
10%
highly agree
Agree
neutral
disagree
highly disagree
Figure 10: Blogs on adventure provides beneficial information
Finding and analysis:
From the above table and graph, it has been understood that out of 100 respondents 37% people
agree that the blogs on adventure tourism provides beneficial information compared to other
respondents who have scored 14%, 13%, 10% and 26%. Therefore, it can be said that social
media has helped the people in many ways, thus it is very beneficial to the society.
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3.3 Make recommendations in their research and link to research findings and justify areas
for further consideration
From the above study of research work, it is been noticed that many people depends on social
media for finding information. Now a day’s social media is becoming successful in influencing
the people regarding travel. Most of the organisation takes the benefits of the social media
marketing to promote their product. In travel and tourism industry, also the social media has a
great impact on influencing people in evaluating their tour experience. However, some
recommendations would be beneficial for a better use of social media platforms.
Having a strong presence in social media marketing can grow the business. Emotional
marketing attracts the customer by building customer-buying decision by feelings. Therefore, the
organisations should go for emotional marketing. Company should maintain the presence in the
social platform and try to develop marketing stronger.
Social media can be positive and negative for the organisation; it will depend on the respond and
way of dealing with the negative Word of Mouth. The company should make sure that each
comment that is responded in the social platform regarding. Valuing the opinion is a major way
of enhancing effectiveness of social media use.
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Task 4
4.1. Use an agreed format and appropriate media to present the outcomes of the research
to an audience.
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Reference
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Change on Adventure Tourism: Snow, Surf, Wind, and Whitewater. Tourism Review
International, 21(3), pp.241-254.
Cazeaux, C., 2017. Art, Research, Philosophy. Taylor & Francis.
Collins, L. and Collins, D., 2016. Professional judgement and decision-making in adventure
sports coaching: The role of interaction. Journal of sports sciences, 34(13), pp.1231-1239.
Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2017. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods approaches. Sage publications.
Doorey, A.M., Wilcox, G.B. and Eastin, M.S., 2017. CONSUMER PRIVACY AND THE NEW
MOBILE COMMERCE. The Dark Side of Social Media: A Consumer Psychology Perspective.
Giddy, J.K. and Webb, N.L., 2018. Environmental attitudes and adventure tourism
motivations. GeoJournal, 83(2), pp.275-287.
Harrigan, P., Evers, U., Miles, M. and Daly, T., 2017. Customer engagement with tourism social
media brands. Tourism Management, 59, pp.597-609.
Immonen, T., Brymer, E., Orth, D., Davids, K., Feletti, F., Liukkonen, J. and Jaakkola, T., 2017.
Understanding action and adventure sports participation—an ecological dynamics
perspective. Sports medicine-open, 3(1), p.18.
Kavitha, S., Jobi, V. and Rajeswari, S., 2017. Tourism Recommendation Using Social Media
Profiles. In Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Computations in Engineering Systems (pp.
243-253). Springer, Singapore.
Rickly, J.M. and Vidon, E.S., 2017. Contesting authentic practice and ethical authority in
adventure tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(10), pp.1418-1433.
Ryan, G., 2018. Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse
researcher, 25(4), pp.14-20.
Smith, M.K.S., Roux, D.J. and Hayes, J., 2017. Adventure racing enables access to cultural
ecosystem services at multiple scales. Ecosystem Services, 28, pp.149-161.
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