Instruments Used in Communication System

This project focuses on the various instruments used in the telecom sector, specifically for Reliance Communications. It covers the working principle of BTS, ADM MUX, digital multiplexing PDH, network topologies, and more. The project also includes details about the transport model of telecom and the features of microwave transmission. The author shares their personal engineering activity and the difficulties faced during the project.

The Instruments Used in Communication
System
CE 3.1 Introduction
Organization: Reliance Communications, Noida, India
Project Duration: June 2010-July 2010
Role: Internship (Telecommunication Engineer)
Project Supervisor: Mr. Vidya (O&M Department)
CE 3.2 Background
CE 3.2.1 Project Characteristics
Telecommunication can be referred to as the proper transmission of various signals, signs,
images, sounds, information, words and writings of any type wither by optical, radio, wire or
even electromagnetic system. This type of telecommunication takes place when the
information exchange within communication participants is including the proper utilization of
technology. This is being transmitted either through electromagnetic radiations or via
physical media like cables. These types of transmission paths hence are often sub divided into
communication channel that afford the benefits of multiplexing. While completing my
education, I got extra interest in telecommunication instruments and hence in this project I
have focused on the various instruments that are being utilized in the telecom sector. I have
majorly emphasized on the physical understanding of technology and physical concepts are
highlighted. I have undertaken one of the most popular telecommunication organization of
India, Reliance Communications. The several details like BTS, model of telecom, facets of

transport, and features of microwave transmission are being considered in this project. Thus, I
had provided almost all types of instruments that are produced by Reliance Communications
for their customers with relevant details.
CE 3.2.2 Project Objectives
I have always been a bright student and hence it was easier for me to identify the major
instruments, without much complexity. After initiating this project, I had successfully
developed few objectives, which are given below:
 To identify the various instruments used in the telecom sector for Reliance
Communications organization.
 To know about the working principle of BTS, ADM MUX, digital multiplexing PDH,
network topologies and many more.
 To learn about the transport model of telecom for Reliance Communications.
 To know about the several facts of transport and analog to digital conversion properly.
 To understand the entire concept of layered alarm and layered alarm surveillance with
proper details.
 To learn about Fibeair 4800, IDU C, internal loopback, external loopback, layout of
microwave repeater and various others.
CE 3.2.3 My area of work
In this project of “The Instruments Used in Communication System”, I was being engaged as
a telecommunication engineer by my supervisor. As, I had formerly worked with several
similar project kinds and thus this was quite easier for me to complete this project work all by
myself. The details regarding all these instruments were already known to me so I didn’t
encounter much difficulties in completing my project with perfection and efficiency. With
my core skills of electronic devices and the major concepts telecommunication engineering, I

Head of the
Department
Team Supervisor
(Mr.Vidya)
Telecommunication Engineer (Me)
had the capability of properly fulfilling my responsibilities and making my project successful
and efficient using my core skills and clear concepts of telecommunication engineering. As I
had the required knowledge about the principles of communication, so I had the confidence
to fully conduct this project by myself
CE 3.2.4 Project Group
CE 3.2.5 My Responsibilities
My supervisor gave me major duties during this project, and I was appointed as the
Telecommunication Engineer. The most significant responsibility was to learn about each and
every service of the Reliance Communications. I have learnt that they provide various
products and services for their customers. I even had to learn the working principle of these
specific instruments so that I could easily refer to the project requirements without much
complexity. In this project, my main work was related to the fibre optics and copper cables
and their switching system. Being an analytical and methodical problem solver, I got the

responsibility to check for the attenuation and power within the project. My other subsequent
responsibilities included learning about the major applications of each and every instrument
of the telecom sector. I have even experimented the attenuation or losses for the power of an
optic pulse at one specified wavelength. I have learnt that the attenuation of optical fibre is
calculated at a specific wavelength in dB per kilometre i.e. length of the cable.
Attenuation = 10 log 10 (Iout/Iin)
Iout= outgoing intensity measured in Watt/m2
Iin= ingoing intensity measured in Watt/m2
Furthermore, I have even understood about the classification of refractive index and checked
that it determined the distance of path of light getting refracted or bent, while entering into a
material. It is described by Snell’s law of refraction for n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2, in which θ1 and
θ2 are angle of incidence and refraction respectively and n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Figure 2: Refraction of Light Ray
CE 3.3 Personal Engineering Activity
CE 3.3.1 Project Theory
I had to consider the major theories of the base transceiver station or BTS for the theoretical
studies of this project. Base transceiver station is basically an equipment used to build

wireless communication between the network and the user equipment. These UEs are certain
devices such as WiFi, cellular phones, wireless connectivity in computers and WiMAX etc. I
understood that the GSM BTS network consists of three different sub systems of base station,
mobile station and sub system of switching and network system.
Figure 2: Base Transceiver Station Antenna
Regarding the model of telecom of transport, I have focused on the operating support
systems. There are some of the basic blocks of these telecommunication system, which are
access, switch, transport, services and signalling. I learnt that the facets of transport are
media, topology, and technology and network management. The media details were copper
and aluminium wireline, RF and μW wireless and OFC optics. The topologies selected were
mesh, star, bus and ring and the modern transport.

Figure 3: Wireless Media Transmission System
The features of microwave transmission were bandwidth up to 155 Mbps and signal carrying
distance up to 50km and the features of satellite transmission bandwidth was 400 Kbps and
signal carrying capacity was 3000 km. I even considered various advantages of optical fibre
like capacity of 2.5 Gbps, high security, RFI radio interference and longer life effectiveness
were also considered in this case.
CE 3.3.2 Engineering Skills & Knowledge
The basic knowledge of the Telecommunication Engineering was required for this project.
My other knowledge regarding microwaves, coding, digital signal processing,
microprocessor, micro controller was also being utilized here. Moreover, I have worked with
FibeAir 4800 previously and thus it was easier for me to complete this project of Reliance
Communications.
CE 3.3.3 Task performed
The advantages of OFC were utilized for the completion of this project.

Figure 4: OFC Working Principle
The optical spectrum of OFC was observed from 850 nm to 1625 nm. The low loss
wavelengths light, infrared or IR and communication wavelengths of 850 nm, 1310 nm and
1550 nm were undertaken by me.
Figure 5: Optical Spectrum of the project

Regarding the Refractive Index classification, I have considered the step index fibre. The
core diameter varies between 50 to 62.5 μm and the mode depends on wavelength. These are
primarily utilized for intra office application and the modes are not dependent on the fiber
length. I even took the single mode fiber of 7 to 9 micro meter and only one mode of ray had
propagated.
CE 3.3.4 Difficulties faced in the project
3.3.4.1 Difficulties
The understanding of the maintenance of layered alarm surveillance was the most significant
issue faced by me during this project. I did not have enough knowledge regarding these
components and hence had made a wrong list of equipment. I did not consider the MS AIS,
LOS, OOF, high order path and many more in my list. During final documentation, I cross
checked the equipment and found out that these were wrong.
3.3.4.2 Solutions
To solve the subsequent issue, I had to come up with an idea to task help from the senior
authority of Reliance Communications. He gave me an entire list of details regarding the
maintenance of layered alarm surveillance and these details are as follows:

With the help of this list, I was finally able to document my equipment successfully without
much complications.
CE 3.3.5 Creativity and Innovation
I decided to divide the work properly among the group members and ensuring that the other
team members are performing their task properly. I used to discuss with the supervisor the
project plan weekly so that we can produce innovative work by working altogether
effectively. Moreover, I gave weekly reports and monthly presentations to my project
supervisor.
CE 3.4 Summary
CE 3.4.1 Overall view of the project
I had to successfully order the several materials required. I have understood the various
definitions and discussions of the major instruments that are required in the telecom sector.
For example, for digital multiplexing, I have selected PDH and the details is provided below:

Figure 6: Digital Multiplexing PDH
This PDH comprised of E1 – E2 – E3 – E4 – E5 and the speed was 35 Mbps. Apart from this,
the other instruments like BTS, SDH multiplexing structure, multi layered alarm and many
more were considered here.
CE 3.4.2 My personal contribution
I learned about the major instruments that are being used in the telecom sector or Reliance
Communications. Since I was the solo project developer in this project, my major
contribution was to learn about the working principle of each and every instrument required
here. Moreover, I even gained better experience on new instruments like layered alarm
surveillance, FibeAir 4800, IDU E, external loopback, internal loopback and many more.