Understanding Defamation and Privacy Laws in Media Law

This article discusses the legal issues of defamation and privacy in media law with a focus on two case studies. The first case study involves a defamation lawsuit against a restaurant critic, while the second case study involves a media outlet being asked to provide evidence for a story. The article explains the importance of privacy and defamation laws and how they impact reputation.

Media Law

Table of Contents
Question 1..................................................................................................................................3
Question 2..................................................................................................................................6
Question 3................................................................................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................14

Issue 1
The legal issue in the case is that The Irish Globe was being issued with legal proceedings by
Riviera, a French restaurant in Malahide in defamation. The legal proceedings were being
carried out because of the negative review given by a controversial restaurant critic Mary
Maddock. Marry Maddock was also known as the ‘Mary mad dog’ because of her blunt and
brutal reviews in the restaurant business. It is considered to be a huge problem for The Irish
Globe because if the action of Riviera is successful then other restaurants would sue for the
defamation on the basis of the negative reviews of the establishments. It has become very
much important for The Irish Globe to understand the defamation law in order to deal with
the case in an appropriate manner1.
Defamation is referred to as the publication of a false statement that causes contempt or
ridicule to the reputation of an individual or business. Defamation imposes a significant
impact on its reputation by creating a negative image of the following subject. It can arise in
various ways such as radio, magazines, internet, articles and spoken words. Defamation Act
2009 provides protection to the individual or organization from damaging their reputation
because of the negative reviews. The act governs all the defamation claims as per the rules
and laws2.An appropriate understanding of the defamation law can assist The Irish Globe to
manage the legal proceedings. The management of Irish Globe can carry out a discussion
with Riviera on the damages that had happened and paying the penalties or fight the case on
the basis of the facts and evidence.
According to the defamation law, an actionable defamatory explanation or statement
consisted of three ingredients that are it should be issued, it should refer to a complainant and
it should be forged. A libellous statement needs to be published in order to consider it as
actionable. An individual who knows that a libellous report will be published then he or she
can apply to the court for the injunction of preventing publication3. However, regarding the
1Dermot Keogh and Andrew McCarthy, The Making Of The Irish Constitution 1937 (3rd edn,
Mercier Press 2007).
2 Andrew Scott, Reform Of Defamation Law In Northern Ireland (Eprints.lse.ac.uk, 2016)
<http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67385/1/Scott_Reform%20of%20defamation%20law_2016.pdf>
accessed 27 February 2019.
3Rachael Craufurd Smith, Digital Media Law (Journal of Media Law 2010).

case of National Irish Bank v Radio TelefisEireann [1998] 2 IR 465 the Supreme court stated
that if the publisher creates a strong publication case on the basis of the public interest then
the discretion will not allow the injunction and leaving the applicants for seeking a remedy in
damage. The court has to also make that that it does interfere not necessarily in the freedom
of right of expression4.
It is necessary to depict that an individual should receive the communicating and the opinion
damaged the reputation of the subject in order to prove the publication. The judge considers
the publication extent while taking into account the damages. A defamatory statement may
not name anyone necessarily rather it can be an individual or organization. If an individual is
able to provide credible evidence then the act would be considered as the defamation action5.
Defamation is considered to be different from other torts as the statement is considered to be
defamatory until it is proved. A fake report that is being maliciously published is likely to
create high damages than the incorrect report innocently published. The defamation law has
been considered to be one of the most important legislation because if an individual or
organization is publishing negative statement against any individual or organization then it
can impose a negative impact on their reputation6.
A plaintiff cannot take action if the statement is considered to be privileged. Qualified and
absolute privilege is the two types of privileges. The publisher intentions are considered to be
irrelevant in the absolute privilege case. For example, the court can take actions against an
individual or may not take on the basis of the actions.A contemporaneous, exact and fair
report mediaabout the court proceedings is the absolutely privileged7. The qualified privilege
links the communications in which the informant has a social, moral and legal duty for
communicating the information and recipient has the duty of receiving it. The qualified
4 Brian Hunt and Francis Alan Roscoe Bennion, The Irish Statute Book (5th edn, First Law
Ltd 2007).
5 Kelly Warner, Defamation Laws In Ireland | Kelly / Warner Law | Defamation Law,
Internet Law, Business Law' (Kelly / Warner Law | Defamation Law, Internet Law, Business
Law, 2018) <http://kellywarnerlaw.com/defamation-laws-in-ireland/> accessed 27 February
2019.
6 Buckner F Melton, The Law (8th ed, Chelsea House Publishers 2010).
7 Defamation Principles, Revised Defining Defamation Principles: Background Paper
(Article19.org, 2018) <https://www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/38362/Defamation-
Principles-Background-paper.pdf> accessed 27 February 2019.

privilege is provided under the defamation act for the reports of proceedings of some foreign
organizations, entries copies in public notices and registers without the need to explain or
correct such reports.
In the defamation case, damages are considered to be a significant aspect that can decrease
the value of the organization or even out of the business8.The unpredictability of the judge,
heavy legal costs and high defending risk are the major causes that many cases settle before
arriving at the court. The publisher who is not ready to take liability should take the risk of
losing the case. The 2009 act consists of 44 sections which depict the definition of defences,
the establishment of the criminal liability, defamation, and remedies.The tort of defamation
includes publication through the defamatory statement about one or more individual9. The
plaintiff has to prove the damages which were being caused due to the publication. The
defendant or the plaintiff making the allegation should swear the affidavit to verify the
allegations within service of two months of the pleadings10.
The Irish Globe should manage the defamation case with the help of defamation laws and
regulations. The Irish Globe should discuss with Riviera that the incidents will not happen in
the future. The company should prove that the negative reviews are not being published and it
cannot be considered as the defamatory statement as per the defamation act 2009. The
management team of Irish Globe can take legal actions against Mary Maddock for giving
such inappropriate statements. The initiative will help the company to create a positive image
in front of the public. The management can pay for the reputation damages caused to the
Riviera without carrying out the legal proceedings11. The Irish Globe can defence the case
with the use of appropriate facts and evidence. The defence of truth as per the defamation law
is considered to be the main defence where the defendant can prove that the statement is true.
The defence can be used if the allegation truth is not being proved and unproven words are
8Elaine Fahey, Irish Tort Legislation (4th edn, First Law 2007).
9 Malcolm D Evans, International Law (Oxford University Press 2018).
10 Law Reform Commission, Privilege For Reports Of Court Proceedings Under The
Defamation Act 2009 (Law reform.ie, 2018) <https://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/Issues
%20Papers/LRC%20IP%2016-2018%20Privilege%20for%20Reports%20of%20Court
%20Proceedings%20under%20the%20Defamation%20Act%202009.pdf> accessed 27
February 2019.
11Irish Statue, Defamation Act 2009 (Irishstatutebook.ie, 2018)
<http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2009/act/31/enacted/en/pdf> accessed 27 February 2019.

not materially injuring the reputation of the plaintiff.It is the responsibility of the
management to make sure that the negative reviews are not affecting the reputation of the
plaintiff. It can be done by proving the allegations are considered to be the truth. Apart from
this, the organization can prove that the negative reviews given for the Riviera are true on the
basis of the evidence12. The defamation law provides equal rights and opportunities for both
the defendant and plaintiff. The court would take the decision on the basis of the truth of the
allegation and the damages that were being occurred to the plaintiff. The Irish Globe has two
options either to solve the legal issue by discussing with the Riviera or defending it on the
basis of the defamation law and regulations. The company should ensure that negative
reviews will not affect the reputation of the plaintiff.
Issue 2
The defamation case is against Sean Sliveen, who is a high profile host of night talk show
programme on television, but the case was given over to Irish Globe, a daily broadsheet, who
reported that Sean Sliveen, who always had a conventional view about homosexuals, was
having an extra-marital affair with male political commentator. But, last night Sean Sliveen
died of a heart attack in the gym. Since then, the desk of Irish Globe was filled up with emails
and phone calls from reporters asking to give photos which prove that the story is true, but
they are also careful in maintaining privacy about Sliveen's deprived wife and children13.
Media Law is considered to be the lawful field that connects the legal regulations of the
telecommunication industry,the entertainment industry, information technology, advertising,
internet,broadcasting, and other online services.The media law focuses on the significant
legal laws in order to manage their works in an appropriate manner14. The privacy law
considers the rules that deal with storing, transferring, using and administering data and
information of individuals or group such as private and public organizations and government.
Privacy is considered to be very much important due to the following reasons:
12 Andrew T. Kenyon, What Conversation? Free Speech And Defamation Law (The Modern
Law Review 2010).
13 John J Kirton and JelenaMadunic, Global Law (9th ed, Ashgate 2009).
14 T.J. McIntyre, Data Retention In Ireland: Privacy, Policy And Proportionality (Computer
Law & Security Review 2008).

1. The first importance of privacy is that it assists people to maintain their individuality and
self-independence. People are able to describe themselves by using their power over their
own data and a free nation doesn't ask people what choices they are making in keeping their
own information and not revealing it or keeping secret. It does not mean that the public
policies protect people on the basis of the cost of their choices they make15.
2. The second importance of privacy is it includes functional benefits. The area has been
especially sneaky for policymakers as they frequently use the term ‘privacy' for referring to
one or more benefits of privacy16.
Defamation Law is the law area that communicates about the reputation of any individual or
organization. Defamation law is the area of law which protects person’s reputation by
proving false speech or evidence which may hurt a person’s reputation17.In Ireland, the
defamation law is being governed by common law, Defamation Act 2009 and Constitution.
Now, the defamation act 2009 is now governing the defamation cases after the introduction
of the new law18.
An actionable defamatory statement consists of the following contents:-
1. It should be available
2. It should refer to the complainant
3. It should be incorrect.
A libellous statement publication is only considered to be actionable. An individual who
knows about the publication of the false report can file a case against the party in the court in
order to protect its reputation19. It is significant for an individual to prove that the
15Eric M Barendt and Thomas Gibbons, The Library Of Essays In Media Law (5th edn, 2009).
16Fiona De Londras and SiobhánMullally, The Irish Yearbook Of International Law (4th edn,
Hart Pub 2012).
17 Rachael Craufurd Smith, European And International Media Law (Journal of Media Law
2017).
18Eimear M Higgins, The Defamation Act 2009 (1st edn, 2010).
19Defamation Ireland, Defamation Ireland |' (Defamationireland.com, 2019)
<https://www.defamationireland.com/> accessed 27 February 2019.

communication has been transferred about the subject and it imposed a significant impact on
the reputation20.
A defamatory statement may not consist of a name of anyone and it can be known by the
location and profession. If an individual provided appropriate evidence then the defamation
action can be carried out in the court. The publication of a false report in an appropriate
manner can lead to high damages to the person or group and media organizations can also get
out of the business21.
The actions cannot be taken if the statement is considered to be privileged. The privilege can
be determined as two types that are an absolute privilege and qualified privilege. The
publisher’s intention is not needed in the absolute privilege and vice versa. An accurate and
fair media report can be absolutely privileged in the court proceedings. The exception main
aim is to allow freedom of speech about the different aspects of the environment. Qualified
privilege communicates that the information has the social, moral or legal duty of
communicating the information and the person who is receiving has the same responsibility
to receive it22. If an individual is making complaints to any employer for dishonesty act
carried out by another employer then it is a qualified privilege. If the allegations are being
carried out in good faith then the communication is not considered to be actionable.
In the defamation case, damages can be sufficient for making a media organization out of the
business due to the damage to the reputation and increase in the legal costs. A defamation
action due to the high defending risk, huge costs, volatility are major reasons that major of
the cases do not come to the court. The defendant to lose defamatory action need to meet the
legal bills and modifying the exposure costs by managing the funds in order to settle the
case23. If the publisher asks for the justification then it can be considered as false and the
judge can take a decision on the basis of that. The evidence is being used for the judgement
of the case.
20Karen Murray, Defamation Online After The Defamation Act 2009 (2nd edn, 2010).
21ISB, Defamation Act, 1961 (Irishstatutebook.ie, 2019)
<http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1961/act/40/enacted/en/html> accessed 27 February 2019.
22 John Maher, The Law Of Defamation (5th edn, Round Hall 2009).
23 Lawyer, Defamation Law In Ireland | Definitive Guide From Lawyer.Ie' (Lawyer.ie, 2018)
<https://www.lawyer.ie/defamation/> accessed 27 February 2019.

If the judge states that the statement is not capable reasonable to have suggested being
defamatory or accusation and it should dismiss the action part. The defences need to be
enacted under the new act and rules except for some statutory defences. The defence which is
considered to be true is the defendant proving that the statement is correct on the basis of the
material aspects. If the truth is not proved for the allegation then the unproven words would
not affect the reputation of the plaintiff in the course of other allegations24.
These steps should be maintained privacy by The Irish Globe:-
1. Do not provide too much information online: If anyone provides maximum information
online, there can be chances of a false reputation as in the case of Sean Sliveen, whose
reputation was hurt by a false speech, according to Irish Globe, a daily broadsheet company.
2. Provide relevant information which is necessary: Publish only that information which is
necessary or relevant. Do not provide irrelevant information otherwise, media may sort out
false speech and may hurt a person's reputation very badly25.
3. Publish only that information which is defamatory:In order of proving publication, it is
essential to present that an individual has received the message and has the opinion of the
subject, as a result, was decreased down.
4. Put only that report which is true: A false report which is published in a bad manner is
likely to incur higher damages in comparison to a report issued innocently and the damages
for fouls can be sufficient to put media companies out of the business26.
5. Fight cases with proper evidence: Always collect proper evidence and fight for cases. If
proper evidence is not published there can be chances that the case may be closed down
24TarlachMcGonagle, 'Review Of The Defamation Act 2009 – Public Consultation 2016'
(Justice.ie, 2016)
<http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Dr_Tarlach_McGonagle.pdf/Files/Dr_Tarlach_McGonagle.p
df> accessed 27 February 2019.
25 Privacy International, 'The Keys To Data Protection' (Privacyinternational.org, 2018)
<https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/Data%20Protection
%20COMPLETE.pdf> accessed 27 February 2019.
26Eric M Barendt and Thomas Gibbons, The Library Of Essays In Media Law (5th edn, 2009).

completely and the case may be lost due to irrelevant evidence or little evidence. So, always
bring proper evidence for winning this type of case27.
Issue 3
The legal issue is associated with the staff photographers who were being employed by The
Irish Globe. They were not being happy with the decision of marketing the photographic
products by the publishers for the valentine day market. The issue can be examined from the
privacy and data protection law in Ireland. The customers were also allowed to select their
favourite newspaper photographs from last four years that can be enhanced digitally by
including the picture of the customer28. The customers can also see their image on the front
page that can be printed into mugs, calendars and other gift items. It was being found that the
photographers are threatening strike action by contracting their union. The use of employee’s
photographs for any purpose triggers obligations and rights under the data protection law. A
photo is to be classified as personal data. An organization is obliged to gain the consent of the
employees if their photographs are being used for any reason. Thus, if the organization is
using the photographs without gaining the consent then it can be considered that the data
protection law is being breached29. The case “GS Media v Sanoma (2016)” depicted that
before publishing of a playboy depicting Britt Dekler a Dutch women, the Dutch news
published hyperlinks to a data storage website of Australia for hosting the uploaded pictures
of the playboy. GSM did not hosted the photos of its own site and profited from the provided
links which was being illegally distributed. The case “Photocall Picture Agency Ltd. v Folens
27 John Ringrose, 'New Defamation Law: The Defamation Act 2009 - Holmes O'malley Sexton
Solicitors' (Holmes O'Malley Sexton Solicitors, 2019)
<https://www.homs.ie/publications/new-defamation-law-the-defamation-act-2009/> accessed
27 February 2019.
28Church Of Ireland, 'Data Protection & Photography' (Ireland.anglican.org, 2018)
<https://www.ireland.anglican.org/cmsfiles/pdf/Resources/ParishResources/
PeopleCommunity/Data-Protection--Photography-Guidelines.pdf> accessed 27 February
2019.
29 Citizens information, 'Overview Of The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)'
(Citizensinformation.ie, 2019)
<http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/data_protection/
overview_of_general_data_protection_regulation.html> accessed 27 February 2019.

Publishing Co. Ltd. (1998)” also depicted that a publisher used the photograph of a
photographer on the cover of the book by not informing him. The case shows the breaching
of the copyright act 1963.
The Irish Globe would have taken permission before marketing the photographic products in
the market. According to the Patents, design and copyright act 1988, the photographers have
the copyright on their photographs. The photographers can retain the copyright and have the
right to know where the photographs are being used30. The reproduction rights are limited
strictly to the specified user on the quotation or invoice of the photographer. If the use of the
photo is not stated specifically then the organization can use the photos. An agreement need
to be carried out between the organization and photographers stating clearly the use of the
photographs for any purpose. If the organization is using the photos then a mutual agreement
needs to be there with the employees.
The employees of Irish Globe have the right to give their opinions and take decisions as per
their own convenience. However, Irish Globe has also the right to take decisions by utilizing
its assets. The photographic products that were being used for marketing were newspaper
photographs which means the organization can use its photographs as per the media law. The
newspaper photographs can be used by the organization as it is considered to be a personal
asset. However, photographers can protest against it because the decision can impose a
significant impact on their job. The photographers creating all their transparencies, digital
files, and original negatives remain their own property. The use of the photographs by the
Irish Globe is also considered to be breaching the right of the employees.
The Irish Globe would have obtained the consent from the employees by signing a document
stating that the photographs would be used for marketing purpose and there would no
negative effect on them. The Irish Globe should understand how the photos should be used as
per the data protection law. The management of The Irish Globe should manage the situation
by talking with photographers. An appropriate discussion can assist to solve the issue from
both the side. The management should talk to understand the problem of the photographs and
then try to convince them to allow the marketing of photographic products.
The data protection law states that consent is needed when a photograph can be identified
uniquely as an individual and a photograph is taken of an adult risk or a child. The consent is
30Digital Rights, 'Photographers' Rights - Digital Rights Ireland' (Digital Rights Ireland,
2006) <https://www.digitalrights.ie/photographers-rights/> accessed 27 February 2019.

not needed when a photograph is cannot be identified uniquely a person and the photographs
are being purely taken for the personal use. The Data Protection Act 1988 governs the general
laws which are being applied to organizations or individuals in the country that
collect,process or store data about any people of in a filing system or a type of computer31.
The data protection act regulates the personal data processing of an individual that is under
the control or in the possession of the data controller. The act is being applied to the data
controllers, individuals who reside in the country, and company established under the law, a
partnership firm and an individual managing a branch, agency, and office. The data
protection act cannot be applied to the data kept for the objective of safeguarding the security
of Ireland, data consisting of information than an individual keeping it as per the need of the
law and the data kept for any personal purpose32.
The photographers have the right on their photographs as per the data protection law. In the
given case, the photographers are staffs that are being employed by The Irish Globe. The
main legal issue is that the photographers are not happy with the decision of marketing
photographic products. In this case, the management of Irish Globe should take a significant
decision in managing the situation33. The strike action needs to be controlled by the
organization because it was the responsibility of the management members to take permission
of the employees before utilizing the photographs. The Irish Globe has the right to use the
newspaper photographs for any purpose because it is considered to be a personal asset. The
staff photographers were not happy but a discussion can assist to solve the issue. The
management team of the organization should have informed about the utilizing of the
photographers and explained to the employees about its benefits. The management should
have worked hard to convince the staffs before implementing the strategy. The employees are
31DPC, 'Data Protection Legislation | Data Protection Commission' (Data Protection
Legislation | Data Protection Commission, 2019)
<https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/legal/data-protection-legislation> accessed 27 February
2019.
32 IB4U, 'Photography Terms & Conditions | Ireland Before You Die' (Ireland Before You
Die, 2018) <https://www.irelandbeforeyoudie.com/photography-terms-conditions/> accessed
27 February 2019.
33 S. McLaughlin, 'Ireland ∙ Independence Of Data Protection Commissioner Challenged By
Digital Rights Ireland' (2016) 2 European Data Protection Law Review.

considered to be stakeholders and they have the right to take actions and give their opinions34.
The management of the organization should discuss the situation with the employees and get
permission before carrying out the process. Apart from this, the organization should also
follow data protection and media law in order to avoid any kind of issues that can be faced in
the future. It is the responsibility of the management to carry out the operations in an ethical
manner.
34 Practical Law (Uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com, 2019)
<https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/6-505-8262?
transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&comp=pluk&bhcp=1>
accessed 27 February 2019.

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