The Internet of Things (IoT): Trends and Challenges

This assignment delves into the current state of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It examines various initiatives undertaken by organizations like the OECD to promote IoT adoption and address associated challenges. Specific examples include smart cities, digital health systems, and energy grids leveraging IoT capabilities. The assignment also highlights the importance of data security and privacy in the evolving IoT landscape.

RUNNING HEAD: Internet of Things ANUSHREE MISTRY
STUDENT NO:12345678
Internet of Things
ANUSHREE MISTRY

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Identification of a problem in IoT..........................................................................................4
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................5
Concepts of Internet of Things...................................................................................................5
Requirements and Challenges................................................................................................6
The current scenario in the latest technology in IoT..................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................8
Table of Figures
Figure 1 Pillars Of IoT...............................................................................................................3
Figure 2 Wireless Sensor Networks...........................................................................................5

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Introduction
Internet of things is expanding on a large scale or globally and basically a hot technology
worldwide. The term IoT was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in 1999 and refers to
uniquely identifying objects and their virtual representations in an “internet-like” structure.
IoT can be defined as the wide area of network devices that are connected to the internet,
include Smart Phones an, gadgets and tablets and almost in all the devices the sensors has
been attached to all the useful technologies (National Informatics Center,2017). IoT are
basically the machine to machine technology that is actually bringing a change to the society
by bringing a new kind of super visibility without any human intervention. It usually
introduce to make predictions or to prevent service outages and the real time analysis of a
technology. It is the ability to transferring of a data over the network without any source of
interaction between human or human to computer interaction.
IoT involves three different stages:
1. Identification and addressing the sensor device i.e., those sensors which will be going
to collect the data.
2. An application is used to collect and analyzing of data for the consolidation purpose.
3. Transmission of data and decision making to the server.
Incentives &
Innovations
R&D and
Innovations
Incubation
and Capacity
Building
Demonstratio
n Centre
Human
Resource
Development IoT

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Figure 1 Pillars Of IoT (Source: Author,2017)
Identification of a problem in IoT
1. Naming of an Object- Internet identifies the specific server on which the content is
stored for the work performance. Individual matter stored in the server cannot be
accessed in the network because the current internet is the end points to the hosts.
2. Privacy/Security /Authority- It is essential to keep the data stored for the privacy
and security so that no harmful or malicious activities can affect to your personal data
because the more loss in security or privacy, the more unwanted communication
becoming rampant
3. Presence (people, devices)- It have become a challenging issue for developing a
mechanism which generally track or accepts to the request, stores the information and
transfers the source of information with the interaction between people and devices.
4. Geographical Location- For providing the services of the IoT applications, it is
necessary to identify the location information for this physical location of objects
must be known and awareness should be present for the location.
5. Discovery/Research- Information should be available and stored for the discovery of
objects to provide the suitable services for objects to automatically identify and
characterizing of objects using the semantic ontology.
6. Tracking Mobile services of mobile object- To support routing process and mobile
protocols, the IoT networks have characterized in a proper format. Generally some
objects move independently while other objects move in a group.
7. Data Processing/ computing- In the IoT technology to support various applications
information is available to move the objects, operating under the varied perceptions
without any involvement of humans (Ren, 2015).
8. Heterogeneous networking environment- In this each object has different
information and processing capabilities. Every Object has conditions for the
communicating of networks such as power energy usability and communication
bandwidth requirement. It is heterogeneous in terms of coverage, date rate, etc.
9. Global Connectivity- In this each object should provide the connectivity to end to
end communications. It acquires a big number of IP addresses in order to have unique
identification of each object. For global interoperability, IP is considered for
connecting to the smart objects.

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Literature Review
The Internet of things and its relevant technology can integrate with the various kinds of
networks instruments and devices. IoT is playing an essential role when the technology
entered globally from the traditional technology to the latest technology and has been
gaining the attention of researches from academic, industry and government organizations
in recent years. The future in IoT going to represent the real world objects into virtual
objects (Lee and Lee, 2015.).It tries to uniformly perform actions in our world under a
common source providing not only the controllable things but also keeping us informed
the actual state of the things.
Concepts of Internet of Things
1. Data Volume
2. Security and Reliability
3. Networks and Communication
4. Services and Applications
5. Societal Impacts and Economic Values.
Figure 2 Wireless Sensor Networks (Source: Author,2017)

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There are various concepts or involved in IoT:
The main concept of IoT is Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) - It is generally a network
grouped in a large amount of sensor nodes where each and every individual node station
is been implemented with a sensor involved for detection or to trace the physical
phenomena such as the environmental issues. It has become the key and plays the
important role in the IoT. The idea of IoT was developed in parallel to WSNs.
Various types of nodes in IoT:
1. Sensor Nodes- It can be defined as a sensor network that is capable of performing a
tasks like processing of the node, collecting the important information and
communication of the nodes connected to the network.
2. Sink Nodes-In wireless sensor networks, the collection of data by the sensor nodes
are moved further to a sink node. The place of a sink node is been kept on a higher
priority which has a big impact on the energy consumption and lifetime.
3. Gateway- It refers to a piece of networking hardware that has some importance in a
communication networks. The main role played by it is to protect the nodes within the
network. It basically serves as an entry and exit point of a network.
Requirements and Challenges
1. In Communication Network the target is moving bits from one place to another for
2. In the WSN the data moved from one location to another location is not the actual
goal.
3. Its main challenge is to provide the meaningful information or data and accessibility
to the data and its actions ( Xu et al, 2014).
4. It should have the best quality of service usually it comes from the multimedia and its
applications.
5. The nodes usually gets damaged and generally run out of the power, and generally it
create kiosk when the two nodes create the kiosks or been interrupted.
6. Generally the life of the nodes is very limited and for that the energy efficient
operation can be necessity (Chen et al, 2014).

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The current scenario in the latest technology in IoT
The OECD Ministerial conducted a meeting on the digital Economy i.e. "Tomorrow's
Internet of Things". They have accepted a bigger challenge in the society that is to provide
source of information and the opportunities provided and the challenges that are achieving a
bigger task to the origination of latest technologies. The main concern by the ministry made
on the various and the latest technologies to involve the society to interact with the latest
technologies for the brighter future. The Initiatives was taken in various was:
1. Digital Health Feedback System and Big Data Analytics
2. Energy Plan on Smart meters and Smart Grids.
3. Smart city projects in Denmark.
4. Act of Processing in the IoT space by the United States Federal Trade Commission
(FTC)
5. Allocating Spectrum for V2V communication (Directorate for Science, Technology
and Innovation Committee on Digital Economy Policy, 2017).

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References
Chen, S., Xu, H., Liu, D., Hu, B. and Wang, H., 2014. A vision of IoT: Applications,
challenges, and opportunities with china perspective. IEEE Internet of Things
journal, 1(4), pp.349-359.
Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation Committee on Digital Economy
Policy, The Internet of Things: Seizing the Benefits and Addressing the Challenges,
viewed 31 August 2017, from
http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DSTI/ICCP/
CISP(2015)3/FINAL&docLanguage=En
Krco, S., Pokric, B. and Carrez, F., 2014, March. Designing IoT architecture (s): A
European perspective. In Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE World Forum on (pp.
79-84). IEEE.
Lee, I. and Lee, K., 2015. The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and
challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons, 58(4), pp.431-440.
Madakam, S., Ramaswamy, R. and Tripathi, S., 2015. Internet of Things (IoT): A
literature review. Journal of Computer and Communications, 3(05), p.164.
National Informatics Center, Internet of Things (IoT) Research Initiative, viewed 31
August 2017, from http://dst.gov.in/internet-things-iot-research-initiative
Ren, L., 2015, Data Storage Security Summit: IoT Security: Problems, Challenges and
Solutions,from:http://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/DSS-Summit-2015/presentations/
Liwei-Ren_Iot_Security_Problems_Challenges_revision.pdf
Xu, T., Wendt, J.B. and Potkonjak, M., 2014, November. Security of IoT systems: Design
challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/ACM International
Conference on Computer-Aided Design (pp. 417-423). IEEE Press.