The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

The article you provided is titled "The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership" and was published in March 2021 by Anita Bans-Akutey. The article discusses the shift from autocratic leadership to more flexible, transparent, and goal-oriented leadership, known as the "Path-Goal Theory." The paper explores the usage and effectiveness of this theory and examines why Steve Jobs' approach was not as effective in guiding his followers. The article also briefly assesses other leadership theories such as The Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Behavioral Theory, Situational Approach, and Skills Approach. Is there anything specific you would like to know about the article?

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350599528
The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Article · March 2021
DOI: 10.20935/AL748
CITATIONS
9
READS
19,217
1 author:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
RISK MANAGEMENTView project
Environmental philosophy and educationView project
Anita Bans-Akutey
BlueCrest University College
26PUBLICATIONS70CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Anita Bans-Akutey on 03 April 2021.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ACADEMIA Letters
The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Anita Bans-Akutey
The twentieth century was been mostly characterized with autocratic leadership where deci-
sion making was limited to leaders in top management positions without consulting other
members of the team.Things however are differentin recenttimes as autocratic leader-
ship is gradually being eliminated from mostorganisations (Kanungo,1998).Leadership
is currently characterized by more flexibility (Panetta,2012),transparency (Lloyd-Walker
& Walker, 2011), inspiration over decision (Harris, 2004) and leading by goals (Northouse,
2016) which is also called the “Path-Goal Theory”.This paper seeks to explore the path-goal
theory in terms of usage and effectiveness as well as identify and explain why “Steve Job’s”
approach was not so effective in guiding his followers.Before narrowing down on the path-
goal theory of leadership, the concepts of leadership and management will first be examined
Management Adda (2019) explains that despite the fact that leadership and managemen
are very closely related, they are distinct. While leadership involves motivating, inspiring and
directing a group of people to attain a set objective,management involves the effective use
of available resources to attain the objective, goal or project.As a result, whereas a manager
is expected to plan, control, delegate, train and organize their work and the work of others,
leaders on the other hand are expected to motivate,inspire,encourage, direct and persuade
people to willingly do what is expected of them.Notwithstanding this difference, it is worth
noting that for the success of a senior management role, there should be equilibrium betwee
both management and leadership skills.In other words successful leaders exhibit excellent
leadership and management skills; while successful managers also exhibit excellent leadersh
and management skills.
Scholars over the years have developed theories which try to elaborate on reasons why in
dividuals get to leadership positions and how leadership is implemented or some approaches
to leadership (Management Adda,2019).These theories stress on attributes,traits and be-
Academia Letters, April 2021
Corresponding Author: Anita Bans-Akutey, [e-mail]
Citation: Bans-Akutey, A. (2021).The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership.Academia Letters, Article 748.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL748.
1
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

haviours that can cause people to improve on their leadership capabilities. The classical lead
ership theories and approaches considered in this paper are The GreatMan Theory,Trait
Theory, Behavioural Theory, Situational Approach, Skills Approach and Path-Goal Theory.
Though this paper is based primarily on the path-goal theory,the other leadership theories
and approaches are briefly assessed.
The Great Man Theory also called “Great Person Theory” posits that leaders are born with
some special characteristics and capabilities that enable them to lead.Thomas Carlyle who
made this theory popular (Organ,1996),explains that with the suitable conditions,leaders
will emerge. It was adopted at a time when leadership positions in the military were occupied
by males (Northouse, 2016).This theory however does not have any inference on followers,
the environment of the leader or diverse situations which may arise.
The trait theory is very similar to the great man theory which believes that inherent qual-
ities such as charisma, confidence, intellect, communication and social skills are in-born not
learnt (Colbert,Judge,Choi,& Wang,2012).Special characteristics of successful and un-
successful leaders are compared to that of potential leaders to determine whether the poten
tial leaders will be able to lead effectively.A wide range of physiological,demographics,
educational and familial backgrounds as well as intellectual characteristics are considered.
Scientific research, however, has not been conclusive on the list of characteristics, traits and
abilities (Management Adda, 2019).
Behavioural theories helped to shift the narrative from the fact that leaders are born to th
fact the leaders are made (Derue et al., 2011). This theory focuses on how leaders behave a
act rather than their characteristics or traits.This implies that no matter the traits or inherent
characteristics of an individual, with the right behaviour they are likely to rise to leadership
in certain circumstances.
The situationalapproach according to Northouse (2016),explains thatleadership has
mainly two dimensions – directive and supportive.For every situation, there is the need for
the leader to evaluate what is appropriate for his followers.Depending on the competence
level of followers, the leader decides whether to provide direction or support in a given task.
The skills approach lays emphasis on skills which can be learned and developed unlike
the “Big Man Theory” and “Trait Theory”.Despite the fact that inherent traits and charac-
teristics are essential for leadership, effective leadership requires knowledge and capabilities
(Northouse, 2016).It suggests that leading effectively results from many learned skills like
knowledge of technique or process – technical skills; ability to interact with other people –
human skills;and ability to come up with ideas for running the organisation – conceptual
skills.
The last leadership theory this paper will dwell on is the Path-Goal Theory which was
Academia Letters, April 2021
Corresponding Author: Anita Bans-Akutey, [e-mail]
Citation: Bans-Akutey, A. (2021).The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership.Academia Letters, Article 748.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL748.
2
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

developed by RobertHouse in 1971.It explains thata chosen style of leadership should
be contingent in nature (EPM, 2019) – where there is a perfect balance between behaviour,
need and context.Northouse (2016) explains that the path-goal theory basically focuses on
how leaders motivate their followers to achieve set objectives.It is built on the expectancy
theory of motivation where employees believe they would be able to achieve a set target by
their employer; that they will be rewarded when the target is achieved; and that the reward
valuable.This follower motivation by leaders is achieved through defining goals, clarifying
the path, removing obstacles and providing support (Northouse, 2016).The path-goal theory
ensures that a leader selects a leadership style which is based on subordinate characteristics
and environmental factors; as well as focus on motivation factors.
Considering all the leadership theories considered in this paper so far, it is evident that th
path-goal theory is not as straight forward as the other theories. As a result, there is no spec
leadership style suited for all situations.Indeed with the path-goal theory, each situation is
unique and may require a leader to implore a directive style – which is task related; a suppor
ive style- which is relational; participative style – which is process related; and achievement-
oriented style – which is identity or status related (EPM, 2019).This implies that a leader
who makes use of the path-goal theory may use any of the four leadership styles at any poin
in time or a combination of them depending on characteristics of subordinates and environ-
mental factors.The directive style requires that the leader instructs followers precisely on
what to do and how to get it done including timelines, rules and regulations to be followed.
The supportive style creates a friendly environment where subordinates can easily approach
the leader.Participative style is an all-inclusive process where subordinates are involved in
the decision-making process.The final style, achievement-oriented style, dares employees to
pursue excellence continuously with the leader having confidence in the fact that subordinat
are able to achieve what has been planned (Dunaetz, 2018).
Subordinates on the other hand have characteristics which the leader has to take into con
sideration to inform his choice of leadership style.Subordinates may have a need for affilia-
tion; desire for control; preference for structure; or self-perceived level of task ability (EPM,
2019).A successful leader should be able to match his leadership style to these employee
characteristics.For instance if a subordinate desires for control, the directive style will best
match such subordinate characteristic.
There are also environmental characteristics such as task structure, formal authority sys-
tems and controls, and level of support from the subordinate’s team members.For instance
if a subordinate is not getting the needed support from his workgroup, the leader may make
use of the supportive style.It is more productive if leaders do not duplicate environmental
structures that exist in an organisation (EPM, 2019).In an instance where the organisation
Academia Letters, April 2021
Corresponding Author: Anita Bans-Akutey, [e-mail]
Citation: Bans-Akutey, A. (2021).The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership.Academia Letters, Article 748.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL748.
3
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

has formal authority systems and controls,as much as possible the directive style needs to
be minimized.Again when tasks are structured and repetitive, leaders need to reduce direct
instructions as much as much as possible.
It may be argued that the path-goal theory is the same as situational approach.Nonethe-
less,though they have some similarities,they are both different theories altogether.While
the situational approach requires that leaders adjust their leadership style to the level of sub
ordinate development, path-goal theory requires that leaders adjust their leadership styles in
relation to subordinates’ motivational needs (Northouse, 2016).The path-goal theory assists
leaders to comprehend how their leadership styles impact on subordinate motivation thus pr
viding a connection between leadership theory and motivational theory (EPM, 2019).More
significantly it brings to the awareness of leaders the fact that they are to help their subordi-
nates achieve set objectives.
It is worth noting however that the path-goal theory is quite a complex one considering
the fact that research has not been able to prove that it truly works in a real world.Also, in
most cases the leader is expected to make use of more than one style of leadership, depend
on subordinate and environmental characteristics. It is also observed that every responsibilit
lies on the leader as itis the leader who is expected to define the goals,clarify the path,
remove obstacles and provide support.If there are several subordinates with a vast variety of
characteristics, the leader may be stressed out.
From the video of “Steve Jobs Leadership Examples”, it is evident that Steve Jobs exhib-
ited more of the directive style of leadership not taking into consideration the characteristics
of his subordinates or the environmental characteristics.He was more interested in the goal
or objective to be achieved paying little or no attention to clarifying the path and removing
obstacles.A few times, we are told he drove people to do things they thought were impossi-
ble (Simon & Schuster Books, 2012).However, we are not told how this is done so it won’t
be emphatically stated that he provided support.Considering these, despite the fact that he
was an accomplished businessman, Steve is not considered an effective leader in the area of
guiding his followers.He exhibited more of the directive style than any of the other styles of
leadership.Again,despite the fact that characteristics of his followers are not discussed in
the narrative, it is unlikely that one style of leadership will work for all of them.This could
explain why Steve’s approach was ineffective.
In conclusion,though management and leadership are closely related they are distinct
and are both required to succeed in top management or leadership role.Various leadership
theories and approaches have been examined with emphasis on the path-goal theory.Though
the path-goaltheory is similar to the situationalapproach,the path-goaltheory is able to
connect leadership theories with motivational theories.Steve Job’s scenario as an example
Academia Letters, April 2021
Corresponding Author: Anita Bans-Akutey, [e-mail]
Citation: Bans-Akutey, A. (2021).The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership.Academia Letters, Article 748.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL748.
4
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

for path-goal theory exposes Steve as someone who “defines the goals’ thus bringing to bare
his directive style.However, very little is said about the other aspects such as participatory,
supportive and results-oriented.In as much as this theory is not backed by enough research,
it considered more effective compared to the other theories of leadership discussed.
Academia Letters, April 2021
Corresponding Author: Anita Bans-Akutey, [e-mail]
Citation: Bans-Akutey, A. (2021).The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership.Academia Letters, Article 748.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL748.
5
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

References
Colbert, A. E., Judge, T. A., Choi, D., & Wang, G. (2012). Assessing the trait theory of lead-
ership using self and observer ratings of personality: The mediating role of contributions
to group success.The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), 670-685
Derue,D. S., Nahrgang,J. D., Wellman,N. E. D., & Humphrey,S. E. (2011).Trait and
behavioral theories of leadership:An integration and meta‐analytic test of their relative
validity.Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52.
Dunaetz, D. (2018).Path-Goal Theory (Chap 6) Leadership by Northouse, 8th ed.[Videofile].Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Zub6tdiLX04
EPM (2019, April 26).Path-Goal Theory of Leadership [Video file].Retrieved from https:/
/youtu.be/62Hs-4QJf5Q
Harris, A. (2004).Distributed leadership and school improvement:leading or misleading?.
Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(1), 11-24.
Kanungo,R. N. (1998).Leadership in organizations:Looking ahead to the 21st century.
Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 39(1-2), 71-82.
Lloyd-Walker, B., & Walker, D. (2011).Authentic leadership for 21st century project deliv-
ery.International Journal of Project Management, 29(4), 383-395.
Management Adda (2019, September 20).Leadership Theories [Video file].Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/WOtBp0D85LI
Northouse, P.G. (2016).Leadership:Theory and Practice.Sage edge Publications, London
7th edition
Organ, D. W. (1996).Leadership: The great man theory revisited.Business Horizons, 1-4
Panetta,L. (2012).Sustaining US globalleadership:priorities for 21stcentury defense.
Washington, DC: US Department of Defense.
Simon & Schuster Books.(2012, March 13).Lessons in Leadership from Steve Jobs [Videofile].Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZ2ewY-0i34
Academia Letters, April 2021
Corresponding Author: Anita Bans-Akutey, [e-mail]
Citation: Bans-Akutey, A. (2021).The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership.Academia Letters, Article 748.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL748.
6
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
View publication stats