Pharmacology GABAA Assignment 2022

Running head: PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Answer 1
The ten unique pair of drugs whose action oppose each other are:
1. Ropinirole and Pimozide
Ropinirole is a drug that is used for treating Parkinson disease and it acts by increasing the
dopamine level in the body. On the other hand, Pimozide is a typical antipsychotic drug that
to the class of the diphenylbutylpiperidine and act on reducing the level of dopamine in the
human body.
2. Tranylcypromine and Fluoxetine
Tranylcypromine and Fluoxetine are both belonging to the antidepressant drug; however,
both have different target and mechanism of action. As per the opinion of Ferreira-Garcia et
al. (2018), Tranylcypromine that acts as a nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of the
enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) thus help in restoring certain natural substances such as
neurotransmitters in the brain. On the other hand, Fluoxetine is stated to be a selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor, thus, inhibit the action of uptake of serotonin in the body and
treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as bulimia.
3. Imipramine and Mirtazapine
Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant drug that is used for the treatment of depression. The
drug act as a nonselective reuptake inhibitor, thus, helps in treating disorders related to a
panic attack and anxiety. Mirtazapine is a group of antidepressant drug that acts as
nonselective release enhancers that involve reuptake of hormones such as serotonin and
noradrenaline that are stated to be mood-enhancing chemicals in the brain.
4. Fluoxetine and Nortriptyline

2
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant drug that is responsible for the selective reuptake inhibitor of
serotonin; thus, it inhibits the production of serotonin the brain to a certain extent. Thus, the
noradrenaline is produced in a higher amount (Castillo et al., 2018). On the other hand,
Nortriptyline is a noradrenaline selective reuptake inhibitors; thus, it inhibits the
noradrenaline production in the brain result; it just the opposite reaction as that of Fluoxetine.
5. Triazolam and Ramelteon
Triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine that is being metabolised in a hepatically manner
through the oxidative pathway. The pharmacological effects of the drug are to enhance the
neurotransmitter GABA at the GABAA receptor. Conversely, Ramelteon binds to the MT1
and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus instead of binding to the GABAA receptor
and is a sleep agent medicine (Biswas, et al., 2019).
6. Buspirone and Fluoxetine
Buspirone is an anxiolytic and hypnotic drug that has a high affinity to serotonin. It acts as an
agonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and has a full agonist of the presynaptic 5-HT1A
receptor. This drug inhibits autoreceptors and is a partial agonist of the postsynaptic 5-HT1A
receptor. Fluoxetine is a drug that blocks the serotonin reuptake transporter in the presynaptic
end and thus, results in a sustained level of 5-HT in certain parts of the area.
7. Amoxicillin and Pyrazinamide
Amoxicillin is an inhibitor of penicillin-binding protein 1 as well as other penicillin-binding
proteins. Thus, it inhibits the action id glycosyltransferase and transpeptidase reaction in the
body. In this case, the bacteria upregulates the autolytic enzyme as a result; they are unable to
build and repair the cell wall. Pyrazinamide acts in M. tuberculosis by expression of
pyrazinamidases and inhibits the activity if purified FAS (Drugbank.ca, 2020).

3
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
8. Zanamivir and Rimantadine
Zanamivir is neuraminidase inhibits the influenza virus and alters the aggregation and release
of the virus particle; thus, do not allow it to escape the host cell or the infect cells.
Rimantadine is a cyclic amine that is a synthesiser of antiviral drug. It exerts an inhibitory
effect on the replication process of the virus by possible inhibiting the uncoating process
resulting in no infection.
9. Dimenhydrinate and Ondansetron
Dimenhydrinate is an ethanolamine and histamine antagonist that has an anti-allergic activity.
It blocks the H receptors and thus, prevent the action of histamine on the smooth muscle of
bronchi, capillaries and gastrointestinal tract (Drugbank.ca, 2020). Ondansetron is an
antagonist of the 5-HT3 receptor that blocks the serotonin receptors in the CZT (Huybrechts
et al., 2020).
10. Insulin secretagogues and Insulin
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that is responsible for uptake of glucose in the cell and
synthesises the glycogen, protein and lipid. Insulin secretagogues is a drug that is used for
secretion of insulin in the body.
Answer 2
According to Oh and Iwasaki (2020), genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease
(STD) and is caused by herpetic sores that are found to be painful blisters that can open and
ooze out fluid from it. The virus that causes the disease is known as herpes simplex virus and
occur in both men and women. The symptoms include pain, itchiness, small sores, ulcers and
scabs at later stages. The virus can remain domain for a period of time and the symptoms may
occur after many years. There is the medication of managing the disorder; however;

4
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
preventive drugs has not to be formulated. From the literature,
an antiviral drug that is currently in clinical development have been identified. The name of
the drug is AIC316 that can be used for prevention and reactivation of genital herpes. The
drug is under phase 2 trial where the safety and efficacy of it will be assessed and the
treatment process that was adopted for the study was placebo. The National Institute of
Health did the allocation of the drug randomly in different parts of America. There were 156
participants that involve quadruple masking that included patients, care providers,
investigators and the outcome assessor. The primary purpose of the drug is to prevent the
occurrence of genital herpes. The study was conducted in a PICO format where the drug,
AIC316 was the intervention and the control was placebo. The clinical trial had been
conducted for over a year where it was found to be safe to be used on patients. However, for
conducting the efficacy testing, a trial of 28 days need to be done (Clinicaltrials.gov, 2020).
The study was conducted upon all the patient above the age of 18 years, including both the
sex; however, healthy volunteers were excluded. The inclusion criteria include an adult who
is immunocompetent and belongs to any ethnic group, they should have a history of the
recurrent event of the disease in last 12 months, seropositive to the virus and BMI needs to be
between 18 to 35 kg/m2.

5
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
References
Biswas, B., Sundaram, E. N., Jhansi, S., Patel, S., Khurana, A., & Manchanda, R. K. (2019).
A review on animal-based homoeopathic drugs and their applications in
biomedicine. Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy, 13(3), 159.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_20_19
Castillo, H. S., Garrido, R. I. C., Trejo, D. B. P., de la Rosa, D. S., & González, P. Z. (2018).
Simultaneous consumption of drugs and their neuropsychological
implications. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones, 4(2), 2448-573X.
https://doi.org/riiad.2018.2.01
Clinicaltrials.gov. (2020) Safety and Efficacy Study for a New Antiviral Drug to Treat
Genital Herpes Type 2. Retrieved 17 April 2020, from
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01047540
Drugbank.ca. (2020). Dimenhydrinate Retrieved 17 April 2020, from
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00985
Drugbank.ca. (2020). Pyrazinamide - DrugBank. Retrieved 17 April 2020, from
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00339
Ferreira-Garcia, R., da Rocha Freire, R. C., Appolinário, J. C., Levitan, M. N., Halkjær-
Lassen, R. D., Bueno, J. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2018). Tranylcypromine Plus
Amitriptyline for Electroconvulsive Therapy–Resistant Depression: A Long-Term
Study. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 38(5), 502-504.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000945

6
PHARMACOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Huybrechts, K. F., Hernandez-Diaz, S., Straub, L., Gray, K. J., Zhu, Y., Mogun, H., &
Bateman, B. T. (2020). Intravenous ondansetron in pregnancy and risk of congenital
malformations. Jama, 323(4), 372-374. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1858
Oh, J. E., & Iwasaki, A. (2020). Mucosal Vaccines for Genital Herpes. In Mucosal
Vaccines (pp. 723-734). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811924-
2.00043-2