The red blood cells are slowly used

Running head: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
VCS AND FIVE PART SCATTER PLOT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Body...........................................................................................................................................2
VCS........................................................................................................................................2
Scatter plot.............................................................................................................................3
Relation..................................................................................................................................4
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................4
References..................................................................................................................................6

2BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Introduction
To evaluate an acute infectious disease, analysis of patient blood cell is very
necessary. VCS technology has been used as the most powerful tool which is available for the
analysis of blood cell. This technique is described as volume, conductivity and scatter to offer
the highest sensitivity, specificity and efficiency for the analysis of any cellular system in
biology1. A five-part scatter plot provides the cell ratios for five varieties of WBC (white
blood cells) which includes lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils and monocytes.
This paper will discuss VCS technology and its role in a five-part differential scatter plot.
Body
VCS
The analysis in a VCS starts with a sample which is properly prepared. After the used
of a combination of proprietary reagents followed by physical agitation inside an orbital
mixing chamber, RBCs or the red blood cells are slowly lysed. During this time span, WBCs
are maintained in their native states. A laser-based flow cytometer s used in the analytical
modules of STKS, MAXM A/L and MAXM. This technique provides more information
about the unstained cells rather than those detected by scattering of light alone. To discuss the
role of VCS in a scatter plot, the parts of VCS needs to be discussed first. The first part of
VCS is the volume. The cell sizes are estimated by light losses opposing to 0 phi angle. VCS
has been found to utilise the Coulter Principle of DC (direct current) impedance to physically
measure the cell volume which is responsible for the entire displacement of an isotonic
diluent2. This method has been found to effectively and accurately measure the size of all cell
types irrespective of their present orientation in the path of the light. This energy is allowed
11. Nesargi, Prerana, H. S. Niranjan, Prathik Bandiya, and Naveen Benakappa. "Neutrophil Volume,
conductivity and scatter (VCS) as a screening tool in neonatal sepsis." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 1-7.
22. Lorenzon, V. M., and E. Costa Monteiro. "Comparing a compact hematology analyzer based on direct
optical measurements using a blue LED with the VCS reference technology for the neutrophil differential
count." In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1379, no. 1, p. 012031. IOP Publishing, 2019.

3BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
to penetrate through the blood cells. Alternating current (AC) inside the RF or the
radiofrequency has been found to cause a short circuit on the bipolar layer of the cell
membrane3. This process allows light energy to penetrate through the cell. Internal structures
of the cells are analysed by this powerful probe which also shows the chemical composition
and the nuclear volume of the cell. Now, comes the most significant part which produces the
visual analysis of the cells. This part is known as the scatter which can be measured.
Scattering is a normal process which affects the light when it strikes an object. The process
during which a cell is struck by a coherent ray of light coming from a LASER beam source,
in the same way as stated in the previous line, the scattered light has been found to spread in
all directions4. The median angle of the scatters are collected in order to obtain a piece of the
necessary information about the granularity of cells. This measurement is done by a
proprietary new detector. VCS has been found to use only a single channel analysis which
uses three sources of energy which works together with each other.
Scatter plot
A five-part scatter plot is created by various factors. One of the most important factors is the
determination of the optimum scatter angle. This process is achieved by the elimination of
size component from the signals of light scatter. The scatter detection measures the cell types
covered by the range of 10ø to 70ø5. This function allows the VCS technique to properly
separate the normally mixed cell types of WBC including Eosinophils and Neutrophils. No
mathematical manipulation is used to the distinction of cell type clusters as stated in the
previous line. Both granular and non-granular cell types have been found to be separated
33. Ioannidou, Chrysoula, Zaloa Arechabaleta, Arjan Rijkenberg, Robert M. Dalgliesh, Ad A. van Well, and S.
Erik Offerman. "VC-Precipitation Kinetics Studied by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering in Nano-Steels."
In Materials Science Forum, vol. 941, pp. 236-244. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2018.
44. Altuntas, Nilgün, Özlem Ceylan Dogan, and Fatih Mehmet Kislal. "Effect of Phototherapy on Neutrophil
VCS Parameters and White Blood Cells." Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 29, no. 5
(2019): 453-455.
55. Chaudhary, A., D. Lipsa, C. Doutriaux, J. D. Beezley, D. N. Williams, S. Fries, and M. B. Harris. "Vcs. js-
Visualization Control System for the Web." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2016.

4BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
clearly in the scatter plots. The same three-dimensional analysis is used for the preparation of
a five-part scatter plot by the use of VCS technology.
Relation
More than 32,000 RBC’s and 8000 WBC’s are analysed by the use of VCS
technology. This technology uses Volume, Conductivity, Scatter, Opacity and RLS
measurements for the differentiation of cell types being separated by the Coulter counter. In
STKS, it has been observed that each cell is assigned an axis, X, Y or Z in the 3 dimensional
array6. Now since this is a 5 part scatter plot, a five-dimensional array is created by
incorporating a 2-dimensional array also. Thus, both the dimensional arrays are summed up
in order to form a five-dimensional array to produce a five-part scatter plot. Rotated light
scatters off the RLS measures the optimum angle of scattering to differentiate the cell7.
Depending on the angle, the coordinates are assigned to the various subparts of WBC. In this
way, a five-part scatter plot is created by the use of VCS technology in the field of molecular
biology.
Conclusion
This is the overall process which has been used as a principle by every haematology
analysers namely STKS, MAXM-AL and MAXM for the counting and differentiation of
blood cell types. Since red blood cells lack different types, it has not been used to describe
the relationship. WBC is best for the five-part to scatter plot because of its various subtype of
cells. The principle of VCS technology is very simple and is based on normal light scattering
and its differences with different cell volumes and sizes. After the discussion, it can be stated
that to evaluate an acute infectious disease, analysis of patient blood cell is very necessary.
66. Lorenzon, V. M., and E. Costa Monteiro. "Comparing a compact hematology analyzer based on direct
optical measurements using a blue LED with the VCS reference technology for the neutrophil differential
count." In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1379, no. 1, p. 012031. IOP Publishing, 2019.
77. Shao, Lei, and Mikael Käll. "Light‐driven rotation of plasmonic nanomotors." Advanced Functional
Materials 28, no. 25 (2018): 1706272.

5BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Thus, it can be said that VCS technology has been used as the most powerful tool which is
available for the analysis of blood cell. This technique is described as volume, conductivity
and scatter to offer the highest sensitivity, specificity and efficiency for the analysis of any
cellular system in biology. A five-part scatter plot provides the cell ratios for five varieties of
WBC (white blood cells) which includes lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils and
monocytes. This paper has successfully discussed VCS technology and its role in a five-part
differential scatter plot.

6BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
References
1. Nesargi, Prerana, H. S. Niranjan, Prathik Bandiya, and Naveen Benakappa. "Neutrophil
Volume, conductivity and scatter (VCS) as a screening tool in neonatal sepsis." Scientific
Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 1-7.
2. Lorenzon, V. M., and E. Costa Monteiro. "Comparing a compact hematology analyzer
based on direct optical measurements using blue LED with the VCS reference technology for
neutrophil differential count." In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1379, no. 1, p.
012031. IOP Publishing, 2019.
3. Ioannidou, Chrysoula, Zaloa Arechabaleta, Arjan Rijkenberg, Robert M. Dalgliesh, Ad A.
van Well, and S. Erik Offerman. "VC-Precipitation Kinetics Studied by Small-Angle Neutron
Scattering in Nano-Steels." In Materials Science Forum, vol. 941, pp. 236-244. Trans Tech
Publications Ltd, 2018.
4. Altuntas, Nilgün, Özlem Ceylan Dogan, and Fatih Mehmet Kislal. "Effect of Phototherapy
on Neutrophil VCS Parameters and White Blood Cells." Journal of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons Pakistan 29, no. 5 (2019): 453-455.
5. Chaudhary, A., D. Lipsa, C. Doutriaux, J. D. Beezley, D. N. Williams, S. Fries, and M. B.
Harris. "Vcs. js-Visualization Control System for the Web." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.
2016.
6. Lorenzon, V. M., and E. Costa Monteiro. "Comparing a compact hematology analyzer
based on direct optical measurements using blue LED with the VCS reference technology for
neutrophil differential count." In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1379, no. 1, p.
012031. IOP Publishing, 2019.

7BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
7. Shao, Lei, and Mikael Käll. "Light‐driven rotation of plasmonic nanomotors." Advanced
Functional Materials 28, no. 25 (2018): 1