Environmental Issues in the Nigerian - PDF
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Added on 2021-04-13
Environmental Issues in the Nigerian - PDF
Added on 2021-04-13
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The Royal Dutch Shell Group Dealings with the Environmental Issues in the NigerianNiger Delta: Instigating Corporate Social Responsibility Reforms
2AbstractCompanies like Royal Dutch must go beyond the past and the present, redefine and restore a newimage of communicative responsibility, recognizing the various environmental problemsaffecting the delta of Niger. This is the root cause of poverty and kidnapping, which has been afailure of development efforts in the region. The aim of the research was to investigate the waysthrough which Royal Dutch Shell dealt with the environmental issues in the Niger Delta bybringing about the crucial reforms. For the attainment of the study aim, the researcher usedsecondary research methodology. As per this methodology, the researcher reviewed the reportsof Royal Dutch Shell, Government of Nigeria, World Bank and other databases. The findingsrevealed that the overall responsibility for the sustainability of Shell is linked to the company’schief executive of operations as well as the company’s internal chairmen committee. Thiscommittee establishes primacies and ideals for sustainable growth and advancement, set moralsand responsibilities at all levels of the corporation. As a result, corporate social responsibilitypolicies have decreased from corporate headquarters to professional units and business supplychains. Oil spills on the ground can cause the growth of vegetation over a period of time and, inextreme cases, damage the vegetation. This study concludes that the new trends in the field oftumour diseases in the Niger delta attributable to the impact of these people radioactive elementsfrom combustion gases.
3AcknowledgementFirst of all, I thank my Children for all the support provided. During all this time, I am thankfulto them that I had the good time to finish my studies. I also thank the supervisors and all academicians at the University for the training given to meduring these years and gave me their knowledge and experiences. Thanks to knowledge acquiredin this career without which this work could not be carried out.I would like to say special thanks to lecturers, for their support, understanding and availability asa teacher and a tutor throughout the preparation and completion of the present thesis. I amthankful for the follow-up, motivation, timely recommendations and especially the time spentand patience to review this work. I am also thankful to my friends for their support and help when collecting information and getthe necessary materials. I also thank all the people (i.e. acquaintances, acquaintances ofacquaintances and all people) who allowed me to include their studies and opinion in the thesis.They did it without knowing me and supported me through all possible way.
4Table of ContentsAbstract............................................................................................................................................2Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................31CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION....................................................................................61.1Introduction of Chapter.....................................................................................................61.2Background of the Study...................................................................................................61.3Research Aim....................................................................................................................71.4Research Objectives..........................................................................................................71.5Research Questions...........................................................................................................71.6The Rationale of the Study................................................................................................81.7Research Significance.......................................................................................................81.8Thesis Outline...................................................................................................................81.9Summary...........................................................................................................................9CHAPTER TWO- LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................101.1Introduction.....................................................................................................................101.2History of Niger Delta and the Presence of Royal Dutch Shell......................................101.3Environmental Issues at Niger Delta and Royal Dutch Shell.........................................131.4Theoretical Framework...................................................................................................141.4.1Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour....................................................................142.XSummary of Literature Review.......................................................................................162CHAPTER THREE- METHODOLOGY..............................................................................182.1Introduction.....................................................................................................................182.2Research Design..............................................................................................................182.3Research Approach.........................................................................................................182.4Sampling.........................................................................................................................19
52.5Data Collection...............................................................................................................202.6Data Collection Criteria..................................................................................................212.6.1Inclusion Criteria.....................................................................................................212.6.2Exclusion Criteria....................................................................................................212.7Data Analysis..................................................................................................................212.8Ethical Consideration......................................................................................................222.9Research Limitations.......................................................................................................222.10Summary of the Chapter.................................................................................................233CHAPTER FOUR – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................243.1Introduction.....................................................................................................................243.2Results.............................................................................................................................243.3Discussion.......................................................................................................................273.4Specific Reforms by Shell and their Usefulness.............................................................293.5Shell Reports on Reforms and its Comparison to Secondary Reports............................313.6Summary of the Chapter.................................................................................................334CHAPTER FIVE – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................354.1Introduction.....................................................................................................................354.2The Conclusion of the Study...........................................................................................354.3Recommendations...........................................................................................................37References......................................................................................................................................38
61CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION1.1Introduction of ChapterThe purpose of this chapter is to present the research background and the preliminaryfoundations of conducting the study. The different sections included in the chapter arebackground of the study, research aim, research objectives, research questions, rationale of thestudy, research significance and thesis outline.1.2Background of the Study Until 1956 along the Niger River Delta there was an unspoiled oasis. The mangroveforests formed intricate labyrinths in which a delicate ecosystem developed in which the localpopulations lived in balance with nature, drawing from it their daily livelihood (Ite, et al., 2013;Kadafa, 2012). In that year, the first oil fields were discovered in the Delta, turning that oasisinto an inferno that still continues to burn today. Since then the oil companies, in particularRoyal Dutch Shell, which controls about half of the total crude oil has colonized the territory,supported by weak and corrupt military governments, that over the last 50 years they have soldoff their country's natural resources in exchange for bribes and illicit profits, and have silencedthe injustices that the local populations are forced to suffer daily (Kadafa, 2012). According to Ite, et al. (2013), environmental pollution is caused by the loss of crude oilescaping from old and weather-worn pipes that extend into the territory for hundreds ofkilometres, thus pouring oil into the water of the river and along its banks. People who live inthis place breathe polluted air, eat contaminated fish and drink water mixed with oil (Ite, et al.,2013). It has also been found that there are 36 thousand km² of mangroves, streams and lagoonsinvaded by black mud; to supply drinking water, local populations are forced to dig undergroundup to 50 meters deep, causing instability of the ground and placing the area at risk of landslides(Pegg and Zabbey, 2013). It has also been studied that even the air is contaminated by gas, by-products of oil extractions, which are burned in the open air since 1985, a practice called "gasflaring" (gas explosive) that wastes a quantity of gas every year equal to 30% of European needs(Pegg and Zabbey, 2013). This gas could be reinserted into the subsoil or used for Nigeria'senergy needs. Instead, it is burned by the multinationals, like Shell because this makes the
7extraction of oil much faster, thus lowering the costs of management and production (Ekatah, etal., 2011).The flames burn continuously during the day and illuminate the night, making the airunbearable, considerably increasing the temperature around the drilling and causing respiratoryproblems, diseases of the skin and eyes, gastrointestinal disorders, leukaemia and cancer (Peggand Zabbey, 2013). The Nigerian law prohibits the practice of "gas flaring" because it isconsidered dangerous for the environment and for human health, but governments have nevermanaged to impose the solution of the problem (Ekatah, et al., 2011). The leaders of the Nigerianstate should strengthen the regulation on the extraction of oil, in order to oblige oil companies torespond to environmental pollution (Kadafa, 2012; Ite, et al., 2013). In the light of the discussedbackground, the research is intended to examine how the companies like Royal Dutch obliged todeal with the environmental issues caused in the Niger Delta due to the oil exploration activities.1.3Research AimThe aim of the research is to investigate the ways through which the Royal Dutch Shellgroup dealt with the environmental issues in the Niger Delta by bringing about the crucialreforms.1.4Research ObjectivesIn order to accomplish the mentioned aim of the research, the study is intended toaccomplish the following objectives:1.To study what reforms of the Royal Dutch Shell Group have been implemented in NigerDelta2.To examine the environmental issues caused by the Royal Dutch Shell group in NigerDelta 3.To investigate the strategies or actions taken by the Royal Dutch Shell group in NigerDelta to address environmental issues4.To determine the effectiveness of the reforms adopted by Royal Dutch Shell against theenvironmental issues in Niger Delta
81.5Research QuestionsIn the light of the research aim and objectives, the following research questions areexpected to be answered through this research:1.What are the practices of the Royal Dutch Shell group in Niger Delta?2.What are the key environmental issues caused by the Royal Dutch Shell group in NigerDelta? 3.What strategies or actions have been taken by the Royal Dutch Shell group in Niger Deltato address environmental issues?4.What else could be the best approaches through which Royal Dutch Shell Group in NigerDelta can address environmental issues?1.6The Rationale of the StudyFrom the discussed background and literature, it has been cleared that it is necessary toaddress the environmental issues. As it can be seen in case of Royal Dutch Shell that thecompany’s oil extraction and production practices are the key reason of oil spillage in NigerDelta, which led to several environmental issues as well as significantly affected the livelihoodof the people in the region. In the light of the discussed facts, it is necessary to further elaboratethe environmental issues and the strategies that can be considered to address the certain issues. 1.7Research SignificanceThe research is valuable because it addresses the environmental issues and the waysthrough which the Dutch Shell Group has responded. In addition, the study is necessary toconduct because of the increasing oil spillage and carelessness of Shell in controlling the leakageof oil. Oil is still flowing in the rivers and creeks at Goi and other villages because the Shellinstallations have still not improved. The pipeline is hardly maintained and is poorly protectedagainst criminals trying to steal oil (Pegg and Zabbey, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary toinvestigate the issue so that more protection to the environment can be provided. 1.8Thesis OutlineThe thesis is divided into different sections begins with the problem statement orbackground that signifies the importance of conducting this research on the specified area. Thechapter also defines the research aim, objectives and questions along with the rationale of
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