THE STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

As a significant determinant of job performance of an employee, this will study occupational health and safety on job performance of bottom level employees at DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. This research study attempts to study on occupational health & safety on job performance of production employees

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THE STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON
BOTTOM LEVEL EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DSL LANKA (PVT) LTD
BY
DISSANAYAKA MUDIYANSELAGE GIMARA MADHUSHANI
TC/IS/2011/MS/13
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
FACULTY OF COMMUNICATION AND BUSINESS STUDIES
TRINCOMALEE CAMPUS
EASTERN UNIVERSITY
SRI LANKA
2017

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Project Report Titled,
THE STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON BOTTOM LEVEL
EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE
(With special reference to DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd)
By:
Ms. D.M.G.Madhushani
TC/IS/2011/MS/13
This has been accepted by the Department of Business and Management Studies, Faculty of
Communication and Business Studies, Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University, Sri Lanka as a
partial fulfillment of special degree of Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Management.
Supervisor:………………………………. Date:…………………………..
Examiner:………………………………… Date:…………………………..
Dean:………………………………………. Date:…………………………..
Head:……………………………………… Date:…………………………..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMNT
First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr.V.Kanagasingam, Rector, Trincomalee
campus, Eastern University Sri Lanka, Mrs. S.Kumuthinidevi Dean of the Faculty of
Communication and Business Studies.
Especially I express my heartily thank to Mrs. S.Priyadharsan my supervisor and Head of the
department of Business and Management Studies who encourage, Supervise and support from
the initial stage to the final stage of this study.
Finally, I wish to avail myself of this opportunity, to express a sense of gratitude and love to
my beloved parent and my friends for their dedication, strength, support me for everything.
Researcher

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Contents
Acknowledgemnt ......................................................................................................................................... i
Content………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...ii
Table Of Content ........................................................................................................................................ v
Figures Of Content ................................................................................................................................... vi
Chapter I....................................................................................................................................................7
1.1Background Of The Research ............................................................................................................... 8
1.2Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………………...10
1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 13
1.4. Objectives Of The Study................................................................................................................... 13
1.5 Significance Of The Study ................................................................................................................. 13
1.6 Limitations Of The Study .................................................................................................................. 14
1.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Chapter II ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 15
2.2 Introduction To Occupational Health And Safety ............................................................................. 15
2.3 Legal Context Of Occupational Health And Safety In Sri Lanka ...................................................... 16
2.4 Introduction To Job Performance ...................................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 Traits ............................................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.2 Behavior .......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.3 Result .............................................................................................................................................. 18
2.5. Measurements Of Job Performance………………………………………………………………...19
2.6. Physical Health……………………………………………………………………………………..19
2.6.1. Introduction To Physical Health……………………………………………………………….....19
2.6.2 Physical Health Issues In The Work Place………………………………………………………..20
2.6.3. Physical Health And Job Performance .......................................................................................... 21
2.6.3.1 Respiratory Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 21
2.6.3.2 Muscular Symptoms .................................................................................................................... 22
2.7.PhysicalSafety……………………………………………………………………………………….22
2.7.1. Introduction To Physical Safety…………………………………………………………………..22
2.7.2 Personal Protective Equipment ....................................................................................................... 23
2.7.3 Fire Safety ....................................................................................................................................... 23
2.7.4 Chemical Safety .............................................................................................................................. 23
2.7.5. Physical Safety Issues In The Work Place………………………………………………………..23
2.7.6. Physical Safety And Job Performance……………………………………………………………25
2.8 Mental Health……………………………………………………………………………………….25

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2.8.1 Introduction To Mental Health……………………………………………………………………25
2.8.2. Mental Health Issues In The Work Place ...................................................................................... 26
2.8.2.1 Depression ................................................................................................................................... 27
2.8.2.2 Anxiety ........................................................................................................................................ 28
2.8.2.3 Life Satisfaction ........................................................................................................................... 28
2.8.3. Mental Health And Job Performance……………………………………………………………..28
2.9 Occupational Health And Safety And Job Performance .................................................................... 29
2.10 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter III ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Research Methodology And Conceptual Framework .............................................................................. 32
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….32
3.2ConceptualFramework ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.3 Operationalization Of The Variables ................................................................................................. 33
3.3.1 Dependent Variable ....................................................................................................................... 33
Job Performance ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Traits ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
Behaviour ................................................................................................................................................. 33
Result ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.3.2 Independent Variable ...................................................................................................................... 33
3.3.2.1 Physical Health…………………………………………………………………………………..33
3.3.2.2 Respiratory Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 34
Muscular Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 34
3.3.2.2 Physical Safety ............................................................................................................................. 34
Personal Protective Equipment ................................................................................................................ 34
First Aid ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Chemical Safety ....................................................................................................................................... 34
3.3.2.3 Mental Health .............................................................................................................................. 35
Depression ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Anxiety .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Life Satisfaction ....................................................................................................................................... 35
3.4. Research Design ............................................................................................................................... 36
3.5. Population ......................................................................................................................................... 36
3.6. Sample .............................................................................................................................................. 36
................................................................................................................................................................. 36
6.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 36
Primary Data ............................................................................................................................................ 36
3.7.Secondary Data .................................................................................................................................. 37

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3.8.Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 37
3.9. Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Chapter IV .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Data Representation And Analysis .......................................................................................................... 38
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 38
4.2. Demographic Information ................................................................................................................. 38
4.2.1 Service Period ................................................................................................................................. 38
4.2.2 Gender ............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.2.3 Age .................................................................................................................................................. 39
4.2.4 Educational Level ........................................................................................................................... 40
4.3 Descriptive Analysis Of Research Information ................................................................................. 41
4.4. Bivariate Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………..42
4.4.1 Physical Health And Job Performance ........................................................................................... 42
4.4.3 Mental Health And Job Performance .............................................................................................. 43
4.7 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 44
4.8. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………46
Chapter V ............................................................................................................................................... 48
Conclusion And Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 48
5.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………48
5.2. Finding Of The Study……………………………………………………………………………….48
5.2.1conclusion Of The First Objective ................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 Conclusion Of The Second Objective............................................................................................. 48
5.2.3 Conclusion Of The Third Objective ............................................................................................... 49
5.2.4 Conclusion To The Fourth Objective ............................................................................................. 49
5.3. Recommendations And Implications……………………………………………………………….49
5.4. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………52
Appendix.................................................................................................................................................. 53
Research Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................... 53
Reference ................................................................................................................................................. 58

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Table of Content
1.1 Health hazards that are faced by DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd…………………………………..11
3.1 Operationalization of variables……………………………………………………………34
3.2 Sample Table………………………………………………………………………………35
4.1 Decision Rule of mean value variance…………………………………………………….40
4.2 Decision criteria to correlation analysis……………………………………………………40
4.3 Mean and Standard deviation of variables…………………………………………………40
4.4 correlations Analysis of Variables………………………………………………………….41
4.5 Correlation Analysis of occupational health and safety
and job performance……………………………………………………………………...42
4.6 Model summary ……………………………………………………………………………42

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Figures of Content
2.1 Path way to productivity……………………………………………………………….29
3.2 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………31
4.1 Service Period…………………………………………………………………………..37
4.2 Gender………………………………………………………………………………….38
4.3 Age……………………………………………………………………………………..38
4.4 Educational Qualifications……………………………………………………………..39
4.5 Sections………………………………………………………………………………....39

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ABSTRACT
As a significant determinant of job performance of an employee, this will study occupational
health and safety on job performance of bottom level employees at DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. This
research study attempts to study on occupational health & safety on job performance of
production employees. Thus the research problem of this study was; “Do the occupational
health & safety have significant impact on job performance of bottom level employees in DSL
Lanka (pvt) Ltd”. Conceptual frame work consists of three independent variables. They are
Physical Health, Physical Safety, and Mental Health. Dependent variable is job performance.
The data were collected from a stratified sample of 100 production employees in the DSL
Lanka (Pvt) Ltd with a structured questionnaire consists of 24 questions with five point Likert
scales. Descriptive analysis use to find out mean and standard deviation. And moreover to find
out the relationship bivariate analysis was used. According to the finding of the study
occupational Health and Safety has positive relationship with Bottom level employee’s
performance. Hence it is important to get actions to improve employee health and safety in the
works setting. The responsibility of achieving safety and healthy work place is not only
employer responsibility, both employer and employee actively participate for that implication
activities, employees participatory approach to improve occupational health and safety has
considered as the most successful practice in current occasion.

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CHAPTER I
1.1 Background of the Research
In the present economy all most all organizations are expected to do more with fewer resources
due to globalization and dynamic changes in the environment. Therefore organizations are
very keen to manage its human resource efficiently and effectively. According to (Kottawatta,
2007) has mentioned based on (Opatha 2010), Human Resource management has become one
of the most important functions of an organization since it deals with efficient and effective
utilization of human resource to achieve goals of the organization. In the manufacturing
industry it has add more value on human resource because man power is the most valuable
resource they ever had. Current industries have changed with modern technology and
automation systems and there have been latest dramatic adoptions that organizations must
follow to win competitive advantage within the industry. Even though technology had attacked
to the value of human resource for a certain extent but the reality is without having competent,
workaholic workforce organizations cannot be success. Hence it is really important to pay your
attention on human resource in the organization. Human is the most critical resource as well as
most worth full resource to operate and continue business process in manufacturing and
service sectors.
This project report is highly focused on DSL Lanka (Pvt) and it also a manufacturing
company. How these organizations can gain greater level employee performance through
well-organized health and safety conditions. Accidents, Hazards, injuries are commonly occur
in organizational operations, particularly in many manufacturing companies (Katsuro,
Gadzirayi, M., and Mupararano, 2010). In Sri Lanka there are very few companies who have
full automated manufacturing firms. The highest proportion of firms are still using labor or
man power category to operate their business activities. Hence it is management responsibility
to work done through by them an ethical manner instead of exploitation employee mental and
physical effort. Because of wellbeing of the organization is highly depending on wellbeing of
their employees, specifically in manufacturing sector. Employments in manufacturing firm can
be categorized in to three groups; “Management and Technical” workforce, “Skilled”
workforce and “Semi-skilled” workforce and generally all type of employees are at risk of
being injured, death or various illnesses in a manufacturing workstation, although the level of
risk varies with activities they are engaged in (Vitharana, Silva, and Silva, 2015).

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Activities of the production process are inseparable from the use of machines. This put a
burden on an employee to be able to use these machines with care to prevent the occurrences
of error in running the machines that could cause accidents. Nevertheless, not only that the
feasibility of the engine must be considered, but also the environment surrounding the location
in which the process of production occurs. When these things are not addressed, then it does
not cover the possibility that employees would experience accidents during the production
process. These facts alone put a company to preserved and maintained occupational Health &
Safety (OHS) to be in the center of their attention ( Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari, 2012). The
importance of Occupational Health and Safety in manufacturing industry is inevitable,
especially on their production staff to provide security and comfort that could lead to
employees’ job satisfaction and could improve their employee performance (Yusuf, Eliyana
and Sari 2012).
Dimoff, JK, Kelloway, EK, & MacLellan 2014, suggested that performance on the job is higher
when employees are obviously physically and emotionally able to work and have desire to work.
This leads to reduced absenteeism and job dissatisfaction but improved performance. Improving
worker productivity, occupational health and safety are major concerns of manufacturing industry,
especially in developing countries.
One of the major problems of manufacture companies is focusing on improving worker
productivity as a measure of job performance. Some shared characteristics of such companies
include high workloads, adverse environment, ill designed human machine systems and
unpleasant working conditions etc. High workloads and such workplace conditions as excessive
hot/cold, chemical smell, noise, bad lighting, vibration and dust have direct and indirect
influence in job performance of workers. Such conditions decrease the worker concentration
towards duties, lead to lower worker performance such as low productivity, poor quality and
physical and emotional stress and results in high cost. ( Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari,
2012).Promoting occupational health and safety in the workplace improves employee health,
wellbeing, enhances productivity and therefore the success of organizations (Ashraf &
Sawaqed, 2003).
Occupational health and safety is broader concept and employer and employee both should
have proper understand about what is really mean by health and safety in their workplace.
Differences between employers’ and employees’ understanding of workplace health were
apparent. For employers a strong focus on Occupational Health and Safety was evident, with

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employers citing policies and procedures to maintain personal safety and avoid injury
(Vitharana, Silva, and Silva,
2015).Employees aware about what their rights and responsibilities and it is very important to
pay attention to employees’ open ideas relate to occupational health and safety to develop more
success and practical solutions to problems which arise due to health and safety issues.
1.2 Problem Statement
According to Saeed, et al.(2013) , there are many factors affecting to employee performance.
These variables include manager’s attitude, organizational culture, and personal problems, job
content and financial rewards.Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari (2012), has citaded ANDI Yogyakarta
(2008) and mentioned that Human Resource is the most important component in the company
and in the implementation of the production process, therefore company should pay attention to
maintaining occupational Health and safety. Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari, 2012 has mentioned in
their article, most food industries aim at maximum productivity from their workforce and
equipment. There are however, a number of occupational infections and injuries affecting staff
in the production departments at food factories. Further it has mentioned that duration of person
employment in an unpleasant environment increases, his/her fitness is leading to reduce the
employee performance. As this article mentioned employee performance get affected due to
health and safety issues. My point of view is that according to Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari
occuaptional inspections and injuries has affected to staff productivity.Although he gave this
idea by using food production industry , It is relevent to DSL lanka (pvt) Ltd also. Because
both are production companies and those matters may common to DSL Lanka too.
DSL Lanka is a toy manufacturing company and it has various sections. Rubber, Sewing,
Stuffing, Cutting, Embroidery are some of them. In Rubber section it has Molding, Trimering,
pouring, spraying and grinding sections. In this section they have to work with rubber and
chemicals. It is difficult for employee to work continuously because it may cause for various
illnesses. Most of the employees palm was cracks. There are 90 workers at Rubber section and
57 employees have palm crakes according to the details gained from company nurse.
Employees who are working at grinding section are affected from dust. During past three
months among 90 workers 19 employees got transfers to another sections due to allergic of
dust. If so when employee palms were cracks, their efficiency will reduce. Because they can’t
work as they were worked earlier. Then their performance will reduce. In every month,
according to their efficiency they will receive incentives. As their performance reduced their

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incentive may also reduce. Hence these matters will automatically influence on their
performance. In grinding section one person had rubbed to the machine in 2014.After that
machines have replaced.
In sewing section employees need to sew continuously eight hours apart from Breakfast,
Lunch and Tea times. When I talk with them I got to know that most of them are suffering
from back pain, Leg pain, and arm pains. Workers need to sit continuously on chairs and they
need to sew. Only one leg is working continuously eight hours. There is a section called
Standing Line. In this section they have to sew without sitting on chairs. There are only 15
employees are working and among these employees every day at least one employee will get
absent and when we asked the reason they reply that they got leg pain. Although they have
provided standing allowance they not get satisfied because throughout the day they have to be
in stand. When employee gets tired they can’t perform in effective manner. These employees
most of the time rest at rest room, it will directly affect to the achievement of the targets.
Apart from this there is a section called stuffing. This section they have to fill cotton. This area
is very noisy and all the workers need to wear safety equipment. Employees who are working
in this section said that it is difficult to share their ideas with each other. During the working
time they do not talk with each other and they are not accompanying with the society and it
will lead to increase anxiety, and decrease life satisfaction. They told that even they are not at
noisy place they automatically here that voice, however they have adapted to this. We have
already known that too hot, too noisy, too cold will automatically influence on our
performance. As the DSL Lanka (Pvt) is a toy Production Company, it is always noisy, use
various machines and chemicals. More than three employees get absent due to ill health per
annum and fifteen employees were rest 225 minutes in rest at sick room per week.
In this Project report according to the discussion between Compliance manager, there are
umber of recoded occupational Health and Safety issues in this organization. Those are listed
down in the below table.

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Table 1.1 Health hazards that are faced by workers within DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd
Source: DSL Lanaka (Pvt) Ltd (2014/2015/2016) - Compliance Manager
In this chart it has mentioned classification of the issue. Normally issues can be divided in to
three. They are Minor issues, secondary issues and major issues. Minor issues are issues that do
not have severe influence toward the employee such as needle picks and Physical pains.
Secondary issues are issues that may not cause life loses or losses of body parts but severe than
minor issues. Major issues are issues that may causes life losses life chemical hazards, loss of
leg or hand or eye etc. According to this chart DSL Lanka (Pvt) have minor and secondary
issues but bulks of issues were occurred.
It is clear that purpose of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is to create a safe working
environment and employees are protected from workplace accidents or from adverse events. This
is attributed to the factors that derive job satisfaction, such as supporting employment conditions
in which employees care about good working environment for personal comfort and to ease their
task because they prefer to work in the physical environment that is not dangerous or
troublesome(Yusuf, Eliyana & Sari 2012).
Classification No: of
accidents in
2014
No: of
accidents in
2015
No: of
accidents in
2016
Rubbed by the grinder Secondary issue 1 - -
Fingers cut off Secondary issue 1 - -
Slippage Secondary issues 2 2 2
Allergic of dust Secondary issues 8 11 19
Dehisce of hand Secondary issues 1 2 3
Crakes on palm Secondary issue 34 41 57
Back pain Minor issue 25 27 43
Leg Pain Minor issue 34 52 66
Arm Pain Minor issue 15 21 22
Total 121 156 212

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According to the above discussion DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd faces Health and Safety problems, even
though the company has Health and Safety policies and Principles. Number of accidents were
increased in 2016 when compared with 2015 and 2014. There is an empirical gap regarding
Occupational Health and Safety effectiveness and employee performance. Therefore the project
report is about study of occupational health and safety on bottom level employee performance at
DSL Lanak (Pvt) Ltd.
1.3 Research Questions
1. What are the factors influence on Occupational Health and Safety?
2. Which factor is highly influence on Occupational health and Safety?
3. What is the relationship between Occupational Health and Safety and Job Performance?
4. How to improve employee performance through Occupational Health and Safety?
1.4. Objectives of the study
Main objective is to study on occupational health and safety on bottom level employees’ job
performance.
1. To identify the factors influence on Occupational Health and Safety
2. To find out which factor is highly influence on Occupational health and Safety
3. To find out the relationship between Occupational Health and Safety and Job
Performance?
4. To provide suggestions improve employee performance through Occupational Health
and Safety?
1.5 Significance of the study
Now a day’s most of the organizations pay their attention on employee health and safety in
manufacturing industry. Disobedience towards the Occupational Health and Safety may create
gigantic financial, Social as well as legal outcomes which are not favorable to the strategic
position of certain organization. It’s true that many organizations attempt to implement
success safety and health program which are highly concern on employee physical wellbeing
or physical safety only. This research directs readers to think again that occupational health is
not only physical safety but also physical health and mental health that substantially effect on
quantity and quality of employees’ performance.

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In current society Occupational Health and Safety is more practicable topic and organizational
management should get the enough responsibilities to make employee happy, work done
through themselves without forcing behavior. By investigating mentioned hypothesis
organization can get an overall idea about what is the extent that employee satisfied about
their health and safety and how it make more performance and how it caused to grab their
maximum contribution to the performance.
1.6 Limitations of the study
The study was limited to study about occupational health and safety practices and bottom level
employees’ job performance in leading toy manufacturing company in Sri Lanka. Hence this
research highly focuses on operation level employees and how their safety and health effect on
their job performance. Physical health is highly concentrated on this research because of
bottom level employee category job performance measure through extent to which they
dedicate their physical effort on the job rather than mental and social effort. As well as it is
really difficult to measure the extent that employees are satisfied about their mental health. So
it’s one of the limitation that this study cover bottom level employees & Focus on their health
and Safety.
1.7 Summary
This chapter consists of Background of the research, Problem Statement, Research questions,
Objectives of the study, significance of the study, Limitations of the study and next chapter is
about literature review.

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
When study about of occupational health and safety on bottom level employee’s job
performance, it is important to identify current implications of Occupational Health and Safety
(OHS) in Sri Lanka and how legal rules and regulations effect on Occupational Health and
Safety. Mainly DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd is highly controlled under the factory ordinance and due
to those rules and restrictions employers are also tends to implement proper Occupational
Health and Safety system for their workplaces. To measure the job performance several
researchers has suggested different dimensions. The main aspect of occupational health and
safety in according to the bottom level employees' point of view were Physical Health, Physical
Safety, and Mental Health. This chapter has discussed the main three dimensions of
occupational Health Safety and how they affected to job performance.
2.2 Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety
Today it has more focused on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) specially in
manufacturing plants because , it played a significance role while continue the business
activities. Many researchers have presented various definitions to the Occupational Health and
Safety. Greepherson (2013) ,in his article has mentioned Health accordong to the World Health
Organization as, complete physical, mental and social well-being, not only free from disease
and sickness. Further in his article stated safety based on oxford dictionary, as being safe and
protected from danger or harm. Occupational health from the literature of Abddllah et al (2009)
can be described as a sound state of the body and mind of people from illness resulting from the
materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace, whiles occupational safety is the
protection of people from physical injury, mentioned in their article (Dr.Dwomoh, Owusu, and
Mabel , 2013). Apart from that, particular article further mentioned, the views of Mathis and
Jackson (2004), occupational health states to physical, mental, and emotional well-being of a
worker. Dr.Dwomoh, Owusu, and Mabel 2013, has noted Occupational Health and Safety
according to Premier Occupational Health care (2010) as activities, processes, or procedural
strategies to protect and promote the health and safety of workers.

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Katsur, Gadzirayi, Taruwona, and Mupararano 2010, in his literature he has stated that ,in most
cases, occupational health safety (OHS) is largely measured by negative outcomes such as
workplace injury and illness but these measures have a shortfall, for instance, a low incidence
of injury does not necessarily mean that adequate safety systems and controls are in place.
Health and safety policies and procedures are a part of efficient health and safety management
framework.
Human resource is the most important component in the company and in the implementation of
the production process; therefore company should pay attention to maintaining occupational
health and safety (OSH) ( Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari, 2012). A good implementation of
Occupational Health and safety would foster a sense of security and comfort in the heart of the
employee.
2.3 Legal Context of Occupational Health and Safety in Sri Lanka
When discussing legal context of Occupational Health and Safety in Sri Lanka, ordinance No
45 of 1942 is very important (www.ohsrep.org.aulohs-in-your-industry/your-industry-
manufacturing/manufacturingindustry-hazards).Under the act it has clearly defined factory as
any land in which persons are employed as a manual labor used for the following purposes such
as the 1) Making of materials or part of materials 2) Altering, Repairing, Finishing, Cleaning,
Washing or Breaking up or demolition of any materials 3) The adapting for sale of any
material. The definition also covers work close to such premises.
At the initiate step of this ordinance includes only safety parts of employee and in 1976 it have
been include health and welfare parts also. All the government and private sector factories in
Sri Lanka must be adhered to the health and safety rules and regulations have established under
the factories ordinance No 33 0f 2000 (www.ohsrep.org.aulohs-in-your-industry/your-industry-
manufacturing/manufacturing-industry-hazards). For this study it is it is very important to
analyze the health and safety background which provide basement of health and safety
practices in a work place. Under this ordinance, there are three main provisions which support
to improve occupational health and safety in a work place. They are;

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(1)Health General Provisions
It covers Cleanliness, Overcrowding, Temperature Control, ventilation, and Lightening
facilities, Drainage and Sanitary Convenience, Medical Provisions.
(2). Safety General Provisions
It includes dangerous machines or parts securely fenced maintenance of such fencing, Women
&and Young person shall not clean any moving parts of the machine, Training and
Supervision for young persons, Maintenance of all machines floors, precautions are also
prescribe with regard to explosives or inflammable dust, gas, Special safety arrangements for
the prevention of accidents etc.
(3)Health, Safety and Welfare Special Provisions
All these provisions has enacted to employee rights and employee wellbeing as well as
employer too. Further factory ordinance has guided to maintenance of documents which are
related to health and safety in an organization. The employer of every factory is required to
send periodic returns to the register. In Sri Lankan context there is another special Act which
directly leads towards the occupation health and safety in a work plant. It is National Institute
of Occupational Safety and Health Act No 38 of 2009, part I. An act to provide for the
establishment of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and health for the formulation of
a policy on occupational safety and health standards; to create an environment for occupational
safety and health at all workplaces to protect both the employers and employees; and for
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Before going to study on occupational health and safety and job performance it is essential to
examine the current or available health and safety procedures, rules and regulations, employee
perception towards health and safety rules and practices, the way of implementing health and
safety management process etc. It leads to identify the gaps in occupational health and safety
and provide opportunities to address these issues successfully.
2.4 Introduction to Job Performance
Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari (2012), cited A.Mangkunegara. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia
Perusahaan (2007), and mentioned, Performance is the result obtained by a person or a group
within an organization. This accordance with what have been found in previous literature that
states performance is what is done or not done by employees and performance result of the

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quality and quantity of work accomplished by an employee in carrying out their duties in
accordance with responsibility given to him Basically job performance means how well
someone performs at his or her work. It involves the employee behaviours and it may be either
negatively or positively. As per the (Ones & Viswesvaran) many definitions of job performance
have been proposed (e.g., Campbell 1990; Murphy 1989) for their purposes, job performance
refers to scalable actions, behavior and outcomes that employees engage in or bring about that
are linked with and contribute to organizational goals.
Job performance is a multi – dimensional concept and behaves in different ways on different
scenarios. According to (Aruna & Amila, 2012 Vol.3, No.1,) they have referred Cox and
Nkomo in 1986, and they have pointed out that there were three dimensions for the variable of
job performance, which are performance traits, task performance, and social behaviour. And
further in that article it has mentioned as per the Robbins in 2003, that individual task outputs,
behaviour, and traits are the dimensions of job performance. For my research purpose I selected
trait, behaviour and result as dimension of performance as mentioned by Opatha in 2002 in that
same article.
2.4.1 Traits
Aruna & Amila, 2012 Vol.3, No.1, cited Robbins (2003), and stated, the traits mean, that
enduring characteristics that describe an individual behavior. There were five aspects in trait
dimension. They were, Job Knowledge, corporation, Dependability, Interpersonal relations and
Communication Skill which was mentioned in (Kottawatta, 2007) according to (Opatha, 2002)
2.4.2 Behavior
Sonnentag, Volmer, and Spychala in his article according to Campbell, (1990) defined behavior
as, what people do while at work, the action itself. Kottawatta, (2007) Mentioned beheviour has
five aspects as stated by (Opatha, 2002). Planning work, Organizing work, Punctuality,
Attendance, Speed are them.
2.4.3 Result
Kottawatta(2007), has referred Opatha (2002), and mentioned that results as the quantity or
amount of work produced or the sheer volume of work completed by employees. Beyond that,
this article has stated that there were three aspects in this dimension. Efficiency Achievement,
Completion of work on schedule and Quality of work.

19
2.5. Measurements of Job Performance
Sonnentag, Volmer, and Spychala in his article he has stated according to (Campbell ,McCloy
2011 and Viswesvaran 1996) there are varieties of measures that can be used to measure the
job performance. Rating scales, tests of job knowledge, hands on job samples and archival
records can be used to assess job performance .Among these performance ratings (e.g. peer
ratings and supervisor ratings) are the most frequent used job performance measures
(Viswesvaran et al. 1996). In this article it has further described based on Viswesvaran et al,
1996 Compared the reliability of supervisor’s ratings and peer ratings, supervisory ratings are
shown higher reliability than peer ratings.
Ramazan, Toklu, and Meral Elc İsmail (2016) , cited (Kahya, 2007), one of the major
problems of manufacture companies is focusing on improving worker productivity as a
measure of job performance. Some shared characteristics of such companies include high
workloads, adverse environment, ill designed human machine systems and unpleasant working
conditions etc. High workloads and such workplace conditions as excessive hot/cold, chemical
smell, noise, bad lighting, vibration and dust have direct and indirect influence in job
performance of workers. Such conditions decrease the worker concentration towards duties,
lead to lower worker performance such as low productivity, poor quality and physical and
emotional stress and results in high cost.
2.6. Physical Health
2.6.1. Introduction to Physical Health
Mathis and Jackson (2004), has defined that occupational health mean general state of physical,
mental, and emotional well-being of a worker. Its mean, healthy worker is the one who is free
from illness, injury, mental and emotional problems that may impair his normal work activity
or routine. (Dr.Dwomoh, Owusu, and Mabel , 2013). For instance physically healthy
workplaces have been associated with reduction in health related risk factors, such as high
blood pressure, excess body fat and elevated levels of cholesterol as well as improvements in
organizational outcomes, such as reduced turn over, better accident rates and even competitive
market place advantage (Dimoff, JK, Kelloway, EK, and MacLellan, 2014 )

20
2.6.2 Physical Health Issues in the Work Place
Ashraf and Sawaqed (2003), stated ergonomics as, fit between tools and workplace designs and
their respective users to ensure that tasks could be carried out efficiently and safely. Apart from
that this article has referred (Das and Grady, 1983; Grandjean, 1988; Konz, 1995; Melamed,
Luz, Najemson, Jucha, and Green, 1989; Rayan, 1987; Sanders and McCormick, 1992) and
mentioned the features of ergonomic design of machines, workstations, and facilities are well
known. In the same article it has further mentioned according to (Burri and Helander, 1991;
Das, 1987; Das and Sengupta, 1996; Das and Shikdar, 1999; Hasselquist, 1981; Rayan, 1989;
Resnik and Zanotti, 1997; Schanauber, 1986; Shikdar and Das, 1995) effective application of
ergonomics in work system design can achieve a balance between worker characteristics and
task demands. This can enhance worker productivity, provide worker safety and physical and
mental well-being, and job satisfaction.
Ashraf and Sawaqed (2003), further noted Neglect of ergonomic principles brings inefficiency
and pain to the workforce. An ergonomically deficient workplace can cause physical and
emotional stress, low productivity and poor quality of work according to the (Ayoub,
1990a,b).(Ashraf and Sawaqed, 2003) in their article has referred the (Shikdar, Carlopio,
Cross, Stanley, and Gardner, 1993) idea about deficit of ergonomics. Managers received
workers’ complaints of fatigue, back pain, upper-body and neck pain and hand or arm soreness.
In an earlier study it was found that operators were unable to work in normal standing or sitting
postures due to poorly designed and installed machines, poorly designed tasks, inappropriate
work heights and lack of suitable work chairs. According to the article of (Hazana, WahabEta,
Shamsuddin, Hamid, and Nor Kamariah, 2016), International Ergonomics Association (2015)
Physical ergonomics referred to human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and
biomechanical characteristics relate to physical activity. Posture, material handling, repetitive
movements, musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health are subsets of
physical ergonomics. According to (Mcdowell 2006) the main dimensions uses to measure
physical health of employees are Respiratory Symptoms, Muscular Symptoms and Non
Communicable Diseases (Ford, et al., 2011)

21
2.6.3. Physical Health and Job Performance
When an employee is physically weak or unfit, he cannot perform his/ her job in a standard
manner. Physically unhealthy workforce creates huge cost to the organization in terms of
medical cost, loss of production, absenteeism, employee turnover etc. Hence it is more
important to pay concentration on employee physical health and make sure that they have
enough strength and potentials to perform their task and duties without any painful barriers
(Dimoff, JK, Kelloway, EK, & MacLellan, 2014 ).
The working environment and working conditions are not much friendly for the employee as
nature of manufacturing plant. Hence the probability of being ill health or sick is very high due
to Physical health issues. The grate level of absenteeism and leave are highly affected to the
employee job performance. It showed that employees are less committed to work; less
concentration to job and less motivate to achieve their daily targets due to physical difficulties,
lack of energy etc. so the literature has evidence to prove that employee physical has high
impact on employee job performance.
Promoting health in the workplace improves employee health and wellbeing, enhances
productivity and therefore the success of organizations. The reduction of risk factors for
lifestyle diseases will improve health status and reduce the burden of disease (Dimoff, JK,
Kelloway, EK, and MacLellan, 2014 ). And further as mentioned by (Mcdowell 2006) to ,
main dimensions uses to measure physical health of employees are, Respiratory Symptoms,
Muscular Symptoms and Non Communicable Diseases (Ford, et al., 2011)
2.6.3.1 Respiratory Symptoms
As mentioned in (Martyn, 2011) Respiratory disease is the second biggest killer globally after
cardiovascular diseases and excessive exposure to hazardous substances at work via inhalation
is known to cause occupational lung disease, morbidity and mortality. (Martyn, 2011) has
mentioned according Mcdowell the main Dimension of respiratory symptoms are Pressure in
chest, Breathing Disturbances and Chocking Feelings.

22
2.6.3.2 Muscular Symptoms
Muscular Symptoms can define as group of muscle diseases those results in increasing
weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time. These symptoms affect the muscles
badly and these direct affect to the central nervous system of human body. The main
dimensions of muscular symptoms are Muscular Pain & Aches, Muscular Stiffness, and
Muscular Stretch (Ford, et al., 2011).
2.7. Physical Safety
2.7.1. Introduction to Physical Safety
Employee physical safety can be defined as, promoting and maintenance of the highest degree
of protection at the workplace (Vitharana, Silva, & Silva, 2015). It is implemented with the aim
of preventing hazardous and injuries in the work place. A hazard is a potential source of harm
or an adverse health effect on persons. Risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or
suffered from adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard. (Vitharana, Silva, & Silva, 2015)
.Therefore, risk can be minimized, although the hazard is there. Ensure physical safety in a
work place is a primary requirement and it is an essential factor that highly concern in
manufacturing plant. Free from Physical injuries and accidents are defined by physical safety
and both employer and employee have responsibility to ensure safety work place. In Sri Lankan
context factory ordinance has enacted some provisions to ensure physical safety of employees
and under safety general provisions it has discussed. The main causes for occur accidents and
injuries in a work place are not following safety instruction, reluctant to wear PPE, failure to
appoint a safety officer, less attention to develop safety culture, less employee participation to
develop safety standards etc.
Muchemedzi and Charamba (2006), explained that accidents do not arise from a single cause
but from a combination of factors which act simultaneously. Accidents are caused by the result
of unsafe acts or practices (the human element that results from poor attitudes, physical
conditions and lack of knowledge or skills to enable one to work safely) ( Katsur, Gadzirayi,
Taruwona, & Mupararano, 2010). That article moreover mentioned according to the Frank Bird
(1969), Accident Ratio study on causes of accidents found out that 88% of accidents are caused
by unsafe acts of persons, 10% are caused by unsafe mechanical or physical conditions and the
remaining 2% are unpreventable.

23
To measure physical safety of bottom level employees in manufacturing firms the main
dimensions use in this study are Personal Protective Equipment, Fire Safety, First Aid,
Chemical Safety (Rakowska and Szubielska , 2013).
2.7.2 Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective equipment can be defined as protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other
garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection
(Vitharana, Silva, & Silva, 2015). The main indicators of personal protective equipment are
fitting and wearing PPE, Training of PPE and Maintenance of PPE (Vitharana, Silva, & Silva,
2015).
2.7.3 Fire Safety
Fire safety is the set of practices implemented to reduce the depredation caused by fire. It also
can define as set of standards established and enforced by organization for fire prevention and
safety in case of fire. Dimensions of Fire Safety are Fire Extinguishers and Fire Exits available
within the organization (Rakowska and Szubielska , 2013).
2.7.4 Chemical Safety
Chemical Safety can define as ensure the application of the best practices for
handling chemicals and chemistry processes to minimize risk, whether to a person, facility, or
community. Chemical safety is the practice of minimizing risk of exposure to chemicals in any
environment. In this research main dimensions of chemical safety are maintenance of
substances register and chemical storage (Rakowska and Szubielska , 2013)
2.7.5. Physical Safety Issues in the Work Place
Vitharana, Silva, and Silva (2015) cited Abdul et al. (2009) and identified, two major hazards
that are common in construction sites have been identified by Physical injury hazards are often
caused by equipment used such as scaffolds, power access equipment, ladders, plant and
machinery for excavation and processes such as manual handling etc. These hazards can cause
direct injury to workers at plant and, if severe, it can even cause death. Different types of

24
mechanical energy such as noise, vibration, radiation and temperature extremes (i.e. hot and
cold) can also cause physical injury hazards. According to that same particular article (Archer,
D. W) noise is inevitable in manufacturing factories due to the nature of production activities.
However, in a previous study noise has been identified as one of the risks, which can cause
hearing loss (one of the adverse health effects). No worker should be exposed to a noise level
of over 90 dB in an 8 h day. Many other countries forbid an exposure above 85 dB in 8 h.
However, some workers still experience hearing loss even at 75 dB. The ZCTU Health and
Safety Department has data on the sound levels and the duration of time that an employee
should be exposed to the noise. This implies that the employer should be aware of the noise
intensity that is produced during plant operations and should protect the employee from noise. (
Katsur, Gadzirayi, Taruwona, and Mupararano, 2010)
Vitharana, Silva, and Silva (2015), further sated according to Pendlebury, M. C., Brace, C. L.
and Gibb, A. G. F., (2000), Chemical hazards found in construction work include dust, welding
fumes, spray paints, solvents and hexavalent chromium. Workers consider dust as the major
chemical hazard. Effects of some health hazards are chronic while some are acute. Chronic
effects usually develop slowly, and shall cause sickness or death after a certain period.
Mostly reported health hazards having acute effects are “workers fall from height”, and
“electric shocks”. In addition, ladder, roof work, lifting, carrying or moving heavy tools or
materials, harmful chemicals, plant and machinery, tool usage, fire and emergency excavating
in deep trenches and protective clothing, that were identified as risk factors in several previous
studies, can be considered as health hazards having acute effects (Vitharana, Silva, & Silva,
2015)
(Vitharana, Silva, & Silva, 2015) Further mentioned, that the main reasons for the occurrence
of injuries and accidents are the poor implementation and maintenance of safety practices in the
work premises. Possible causes of poor safety practices, that were identified from previous
studies are Dislike to wearing PPE by unskilled laborers, Unavailability of PPE, Low level of
awareness on using PPE, Poor safety awareness of project managers, Failure to appoint a safety
officer, Lack of awareness about site safety and regulations, No willingness to follow safety
norms, Lack of training facilities, Lack of understanding the job, Falls, Unsafe behaviour such
as Operating without authority, Working with moving machinery, Wearing dangling clothes
and unsafe lifting, Workers under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

25
2.7.6. Physical Safety and Job Performance
Establish a work environment which likely to be free from injuries, accidents and hazards,
absolutely it has become a greater challenge to the owner of a company. Because zero accident
rate is cannot be ensured in a manufacturing company because of the nature of these activities.
But now a day the fewer rates of accidents and hazardous have been maintained by the most of
the company. The sense of or attitude of more safe work place has a great impact on employee
commitment, presenteeism, motivation and interest to perform their task and duties in a well
standard manner. Lack of safety maintenance may incur higher cost to the organization in terms
of financial, productivity and especially to their goodwill. Hence it is directly affected to the
overall organizational performance and it has an indirect impact on employee performance as
well (El-Mashaleh et al 2009).
High Performance Work Practices (HPWP) theory can be applied to a system of safety
management practices in order to gain a more accurate understanding of their impacts from a
human performance perspective. Safety management system practices may be viewed as
having characteristics of HPWPs (wachter & Yorio, 2013). These safety management practices
are designed to influence employee knowledge, skills, motivation, decision-making, attitudes,
and perceptions. Further, these safety management system practices are consistent with the
premise that organizations can gain sustainable competitive advantages by utilizing strategic,
synergistic systems of interconnected safety practices designed to keep their employees
working safely and improve employee performance without incident (wachter & Yorio, 2013).
These studies provide a strong foundation for the premise that a system of safety management
practices can be used specifically to improve safety behaviors and organizational safety
performance (wachter & Yorio, 2013).
2.8 Mental Health
2.8.1 Introduction to Mental Health
(Harvey, et al., 2014)The World Health Organization (WHO) mental health is defined as “a
state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with
the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a
contribution to her or his community”

26
2.8.2. Mental Health Issues in the Work Place
(Harvey, et al., 2014) has referred (Lelliott P, Tulloch S et al,2008)and It has estimated that at
any one time, one-sixth of the working age population is suffering from symptoms of mental
illness, most commonly depression and anxiety(Harvey, et al., 2014) has mentioned according
to British accountants identified a factor of quantitative workload, of which working long hours
was a major component, which was significantly related to psychological wellbeing as
measured by two standard measures. Two other important factors identified in this group were
administrative problems and the level of social support (Spregeon, Harrington & Cooper 1997.
personal relationships, rewards, physical space etc.
(Shonin, Gordan, & Giffiths, 2013) has noted, in addition to depression and other mood
disorders, MBIs have been shown to be effective in helping treat a broad range of mental health
problems and somatic illnesses including anxiety disorders (Chiesa and Serretti 2011), problem
gambling (de Lisle et al. 2011), schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (Shonin et al. 2013a, b),
anger deregulation (Singh et a l. 2013a), and cancer (Arias et al. 2006). In addition to
applications within clinical populations, MBIs have also been shown to facilitate significant
improvements in cognitive function and task performance in healthy adults (e.g., Chiesa et al.
2011; Eberth & Sedlmeier 2012).
Both Work Related Stress and work addiction can lead to serious detrimental health and socio
economic consequences including somatic illness, (comorbid) psychopathology, (concurrent)
addictive behavior (both chemical and behavioral), work-related injury, mortality, reduced
productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, high staff turn-over, unsafe driving, employee
compensation claims, burnout, and work-family conflict (Shonin, Gordan, & Giffiths, 2013)
Depression, anxiety and stress can contribute to the development of a range of physical
illnesses, including serious conditions such as coronary heart disease. The work-related costs of
mental ill health may be understated unless allowance is made for these wider health effects
(Shonin, Gordan, & Giffiths, 2013).
Employees suffering with depression or anxiety are likely to experience a range of symptoms
that would impair performance at work. Anxiety is characterized by worry, restlessness,
fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, and sleep disturbance. Depression involves depressed

27
mood, sleep disturbance, fatigue, poor concentration, thinking, and decision making. It is
widely accepted in the psychiatry literature that depression often coexists with anxiety. This
study therefore investigated the effects of both conditions, as symptoms of anxiety and
depression are likely to lead to impaired work performance and an increased risk of accidents
(Haslam, Atkinston, Brown & Haslam 2016).
According to (Alice & Siobhan ) to an analysis from the LFS survey 2004/2005, two million
workers in Great Britain were suffering from an illness which they believed was caused or
made worse by work. Illnesses described as stress, depression and anxiety accounted for a
quarter of this group (HSE 200529). It is well known that there are a range of stressors in the
workplace that can trigger or exacerbate poor mental health including long work hours, work
overload and pressure, lack of control over work, lack of participation in decision making,
poor social support, and unclear management and work roles. Apart from that particular article
has stated that ,in the Out At Work study conducted by the Mental Health Foundation, two
thirds of respondents with mental health problems believed that unrealistic workload, too high
expectations or long hours had caused or exacerbated their mental health problems. One in
three believed that bullying at work had caused or added to their problems In (Guney, Kalafat,
& Murat , Dimensions of mental health: life satisfaction, anxiety and depression: a preventive
mental health study in Ankara University students populationl, 2010) has stated according to
(Diener and Diener, 1995) , Mental health as to how people evaluate their lives and includes
variables such as life satisfaction, lack of depression and anxiety, and positive moods and
emotions. As subjective well-being, measured by life satisfaction, anxiety, depression, and
hopelessness there should be an important and meaningful link between them. At this point,
depression, anxiety, hopelessness and life satisfaction can be handled as the dimensions of
mental health.
2.8.2.1 Depression
Depression is characterized by negative, low arousal affective experiences and negative
thoughts about oneself and the future (Frod , Christopher P., Jennifer A., & Andrew L., 2011).
(Guney, Kalafat, and Boysan, 2010) the main three indicators use to measure bottom level
employees depression are Sleep Disturbances, Loss of Appetite, loss of Interest, Hopeless and
Social Withdrawn.

28
2.8.2.2 Anxiety
Anxiety is characterized by high arousal negative states accompanied by constant thoughts of
danger and threat (Ford, et al., 2011).Anxiety is characterized by main indicators as worry,
Anger, Nervousness and Less Concentration.
2.8.2.3 Life Satisfaction
Life-satisfaction is the degree to which a person positively evaluates the overall quality of
his/her life as-a-whole. In other words, how much the person likes the life he/she leads? The
main indicators of Life satisfaction is Happiness of Life and Happiness of Achievement
(Willem E., Ruut , Annette C., and Brendan , 1995)
2.8.3. Mental Health and Job Performance
(Agyemang, Nyanyofio, and Gyamfi, 2014) has referred Durand (2003) and stated that there is
a strong relationship between job stress and a variety of ailments such as mood and sleep
disturbances, upset stomach and headache, and disturbed relationships with family and friends.
In the same article according to (Wu, Wang, & Lan, 2007) stressful working conditions are
actually associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit
their jobs-all of which has a negative effect on the bottom line.
Further that article has mentioned according to (Haslam, Atkinson, Brown & Haslam 2005)the
lack of treatment for psychiatric illnesses may be a greater problem in terms of work
performance than the side effects of medication. Employees suffering with depression or
anxiety are likely to experience a range of symptoms that would impair performance at work.
Anxiety is characterized by worry, restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, and
sleep disturbance. Depression involves depressed mood, sleep disturbance, fatigue, poor
concentration, thinking, and decision making and mental health directly affect to the physical
health of employees and their performance also.
Today all employees are highly concern about their mental health rather than physical.
Literature has supported to elaborate that statement with the evidence and employees have
expressed that they can take care of their mental health by themselves and it is needed support
from their employer to ensure their mental health. The main causes for mental health issues are

29
disorganization of work, over load of work, lack of supervisor support, lack of coworker
support, less communication, organizational culture, high rate of employee turnover etc. By
addressing these issues it employer can reap more financial benefits through mentally fitness
work force.
Organization can organize trainings to improve employee communication, to change the
behavior of supervisors and coworkers and make the work place so calm and interested, play
music in work premises to make sure mentally healthy work force and it is a non-valuable asset
for the organization. Human Resource is the most precious resource in manufacturing company
and organizational success is also depending on their work force, hence it is more imperative to
concern about employee health and safety & reaps more benefits through enhancing job
performance of their bottom level employees’ (Ford, et al., 2011).
Finally the results of several reviews indicate that overall psychological well-being is a
moderately to strongly correlated with work performance, with effects being stronger for task
than contextual performance. Specific facets of psychological well-being, namely depression,
anxiety, fatigue, psychological disorders, and life satisfaction, were also found to be related to
performance but to a lesser extent.
2.9 Occupational Health and safety and Job Performance
(Ria, Anis , & Sari, 2012) it has noted according to (S.P.Robbins. 1989) It is clear that the
purpose of OSH is to create a safe working environment and employees are protected from
workplace accidents or from adverse events. This is attributed to the factors that drive job
satisfaction, such as supporting employment condition in which employees care about good
working environment for personal comfort and to ease their task because they prefer to work in
the physical environment that is not dangerous or troublesome. A good implementation of OSH
would foster a sense of security and comfort in the heart of the employee. With the creation of
a sense of security and comfort, these in turn would make employees in the better position to
avoid work accidents and would not hinder their performance. Thus, the creation of a sense of
security and comfort in the workplace would also enable improvement of employee’s
performance. A positive OSH achievement would create a sense of security that could improve
performance, because if employees do not feel safe whilst working, they may not do their job
well.

30
A workstation change can increase productivity; however, it is misleading to conclude that this
change results in the improvement of OHS standards. New machinery can also be hazardous to
health. For instance, a noisy machine may be replaced by a new machine that is more efficient
but produces dust. This shows a mere shift from one hazard to another. A workstation change
can cause increased efficiency and productivity leading to an ignorance of the resultant OHS
implications. It is therefore misleading to conclude that a workstation change improves OHS
standards in light of the increased productivity. (Katsuro, Gadzirayi, M., & Mupararano,
2010).In the same article it has further mentioned that some workers experience back, neck, leg
or arm pain discomfort. There is now a recognition that safer and healthier workplaces translate
into increased productivity, more job satisfaction and stronger bottom-line results.
( Lamm, Massey, and Perry, 2014) has referred (O’Donnell, 2000: 215) and stated that human
performance is higher when people are physically and emotionally able to work and have a
desire to work. Higher levels of human performance lead to higher levels of productivity,
which in turn can lead to higher profits.”
2.1 Path Way to Productivity
Source: Riedel, et.al (2001)
Intervention Result Desired Outcome
 Diseases,
Prevention and
Health
 Acute and
chronic Illness
management
 Environmental
Health
And safety
 Healthy
Corporate
Culture
Reduced Absenteeism
Improved performance,
Creativity, Motivation
Reduced Accidents,
Cost Saving
Reduced Health Care
C Cost
Increased Productivity
Cost Reduction

31
2.10 Summary
In this chapter it has clearly defined the occupational health, Occupational Safety, Mental
Health and Job performance and it has further mentioned that how occupational health and
safety effect on employee performance. Next chapter will be about Research Methodology.

32
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a comprehensive coverage of the research methodology. Further, this
chapter explains Conceptual frame work, Operationalization of the variables, research design,
population and sampling of the study, data collection and data analysis. Finally briefly explain
the summary of this chapter.
3.2 Conceptual Framework
Source: (Yusuf, Eliyana, and Sari, 2012)
Physical Health
Physical Safety
Mental Health
Job Performance

33
3.3 Operationalization of the variables
In the operationalization, variables and indicators which were identified from the theoretical
framework are converted into measurable elements. It relates with how the independent
variables are converted as in the result oriented way.
3.3.1 Dependent Variable
Job Performance
Trait, behaviour and result are the dimension of performance as mentioned by opatha (2002)
(Kottawatta, 2007)
Traits
Aruna & Amila, 2012 Vol.3, No.1, cited Robbins (2003), and stated, the traits mean, that
enduring characteristics that describe an individual behavior. There were five aspects in trait
dimension. They were, Job Knowledge, corporation, Dependability, Interpersonal relations and
Communication Skill which was mentioned in (Kottawatta, 2007) according to (Opatha, 2002)
Behaviour
(Sonnentag, Volmer, & Spychala) in his article according to Campbell, 1990 defined behavior
as, what people do while at work, the action itself.
Result
There were three aspects in this dimension. Efficiency Achievement, Completion of work on
schedule and Quality of work. (Kottawatta, 2007)
3.3.2 Independent Variable
3.3.2.1 Physical Health
According to (Mcdowell 2006) the main dimensions uses to measure physical health of
employees are Respiratory Symptoms, Muscular Symptoms and Non Communicable Diseases
(Ford, et al., 2011)

34
3.3.2.2 Respiratory Symptoms
As mentioned in (Martyn, 2011) Respiratory disease is the second biggest killer globally after
cardiovascular diseases (British Lung Foundation, n.d.) and excessive exposure to hazardous
substances at work via inhalation is known to cause occupational lung disease, morbidity and
mortality
Muscular Symptoms
Muscular Symptoms can define as group of muscle diseases those results in increasing
weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time (Ford, et al., 2011).
3.3.2.2 Physical Safety
The main dimensions of Personal physical safety are Protective Equipment, Fire Safety, First
Aid, Chemical Safety (Rakowska and Szubielska , 2013).
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective equipment can be defined as protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other
garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection
(Vitharana, Silva, & Silva, 2015).
First Aid
Effects of organizational health and safety policies on employees’ performance in Lafarge
(wapco) plc. Ewekoro, ogun (2012) has cited Microsoft Encarta Dictionary, (2008) and defines
First aid as an immediate skilled treatment given to a victim of an injury or accident before the
service of an expert is at hand. For the safety purposes in a manufacturing industry a first aid
box with all required materials must be present. A well enlightened person about safety should
be place in charge of the first aid box to administer treatment in case of accident.
Chemical Safety
Chemical Safety can define as ensure the application of the best practices for
handling chemicals and chemistry processes to minimize risk, whether to a person, facility, or
community (Rakowska & Szubielska , 2013).

35
3.3.2.3 Mental Health
Depression
Depression is characterized by negative, low arousal affective experiences and negative
thoughts about oneself and the future (Frod , Christopher P., Jennifer A., & Andrew L., 2011).
Anxiety
Anxiety is characterized by high arousal negative states accompanied by constant thoughts of
danger and threat (Ford, et al., 2011).
Life Satisfaction
Life-satisfaction is the degree to which a person positively evaluates the overall quality of
his/her life as-a-whole. In other words, how much the person likes the life he/she leads (Willem
E., Ruut , Annette C., & Brendan , 1995)
Table 3.1 Operationalization of variables
Variable Factors Indicators Questions
Muscular Symptoms Q1,Q2
Physical Health Respiratory Symptoms Q3,Q4
Non Communicable
Diseases
Q5,Q6
Personal Protective
Equipment
Q7,Q8
Independent
Variable
Physical Safety First Aid Q9,Q10
Chemical Safety Q11,Q12
Depression Q13,Q14
Mental Health Anxiety Q15,Q16
Life Satisfaction Q17,18
Trait Q19,Q20
Dependable
Variable
Job Performance Behavior Q21.Q22
Result Q23,Q24

36
3.4. Research Design
This section explains, Population and sample, sampling method, Source of data, Data collection
method, Way of data analysis.
3.5. Population
The population mean total number of individuals or objects that is focus in attention in this
study. Hence, Population of this study is the bottom level employees in DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.
3.6. Sample
Sample of this study was 100 respondents who are working at DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. In this
study Stratified sampling method was used to collect data from the population.
Table 3.2 Sample Table
Section Population Percentage (%) Sample Size
01 Sewing 145 30.85 31
02 Cutting 75 15.95 15
03 Rubber 90 19.14 20
04 Embroidery 105 22.34 22
05 Painting 55 11.72 12
Total 470 100 100
Source: Company Recodes (Strength Repots)
Sample size decides as ,
6.3 Data Collection
Primary Data
𝑁 =
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Population × 100
Sample size =
145
470× 100

37
Collecting Primary data from survey questionnaire. This is the easiest way of collecting
information from respondents because they are very busy at the production time. This
questionnaire is consist of two sections.
I. Personal information which consist of Service period, Gender, Age, Educational
Level and Section.
II. Research information which consist of questions relevant to occupational health and
Safety and Job Performance.
3.7.Secondary Data
Researcher obtained secondary data from the company recodes such as, Strength Repots,
Health and Safety issues recodes.
3.8.Data Analysis
Descriptive data analysis and Bivariate data analysis was done with the help of Statistic
Package for Social Science (SPSS).Unit of analysis was single. In this study descriptive
analysis used to find out the factors influence on occupational health and Safety and which
factors highly influence on Health and Safety. Bivariate analysis used to find out the
relationship between occupational Health and Safety and Job Performance.
3.9. Summary
In this chapter it has discussed the conceptual framework, operationalization, research design,
population, sample, Data collection and Data analysis. Next Chapter will discuss about Data
presentation and analysis.

38
CHAPTER IV
DATA REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter consist of analysis of data gathered through questionnaire. Descriptive analysis
uses to find out mean and standard deviation. And moreover, to find out relationship between
variables (Physical Health, Physical Safety and Mental Health with Job Performance) measure
through bivariate analysis.
4.2. Demographic Information
4.2.1 Service Period
The whole years of working for and organization is considered as the Service Period of an
employee. There were four categories that were used for this study. They are; less than 1 year,
between 1-5 years, between 5-10 years and More than 10 years. The data found that majority of
respondents were in the between 1-5 years category with 36% approximately and minority of
the respondents were in the Less than one year category with 17%. Rest of the respondents
represented are 5-10 year category (22%) category and more than 10 years (25%) category.
This experience distribution clearly can be identified by following Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1 Service Period
Source: Survey Data

39
4.2.2 Gender
Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females. The survey
responses divided between the two genders as male and female. Among these responses there
were 23% males and 77% females. These figures are clearly indicated by following Table 4.2.
Figure 4.2 Gender
Source: Survey Data
4.2.3 Age
There were four categories of age durations were used for this survey. The four categories are;
between 18-27, 28-37, 38-47 and 48-57. The data found that the majority of respondents in the
28-37 category measuring 35%, the minority of the respondents were in the category of 18-27
measuring 12%, category 38-47 there were 31% of respondents and 48-57 category measuring
22%.This age distribution clearly can be identified by following figure.
Figure 4.3 Age
Source: Survey Data

40
4.2.4 Educational Level
Four categories were analyzed under education level variable. There was 55% of employees
were educated up to O/L, was the highest percentage of the all categories and 5% of workers
came under the extra educational course as minimum percentage all categories. And rests were
24% educational level from Grade 1- Grade 8, and 16% of workers came under the A/L
category.
Figure 4.4 Educational Level
Source: Survey Data
4.2.5 Section
This survey was consists of five categories which was named and Sewing, Cutting, Rubber,
Embroidery and Painting.31 % was majority under the sewing section and 12% was minimum
which was came under the painting section.15% ,20%, 22% were under the cutting, Rubber and
Embroidery respectively.
Figure 4.5 Section
Source: Survey Data

41
4.3 Descriptive Analysis of Research Information
4.3.1 Data Evaluation Method
Table 4.1 Decision Rule of Mean Variance
Decision Criteria Decision Rule
1 2 5 Low Level
2.5 3 5 Moderate Level
3.5 5 High Level
4.2 Decision Criteria to correlation analysis
Decision Rule Decision Rule
0.2 Week relationship with job performance
0 2 0 4 Small but definite relationship with job performance
0.4 0 7 Moderate relationship with job performance
0 7 0 Strong relationship with job performance
Table 4.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of Variables
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Physical Health 100 1.50 4.17 3.0883 .47227
Physical Safety 100 1.00 5.00 3.1167 .74328
Mental Health 100 1.67 4.67 3.0700 .59937
Job Performance 100 1.67 4.83 3.6250 .60737
Valid N (listwise) 100
Source: Survey Data
The above table shows (Table 5.1) that physical health has the mean value of 3.0883 and
standard deviation is 0.47227, furthermore, it has moderately influence on job performance.
Physical Safety has 0.74328 standard deviation and 3.1167 mean value. Therefore Physical
Safety is moderately influence on job performance. According to the above table Mental
Health, mean value is 3.0700 and standard deviation is 0.56637, moreover it has moderately
influence on job performance.

42
4.4. Bivariate analysis
The Bivariate analyses included the correlation analysis in which were used to investigate any
relationship between each of the independent variable (Physical Health, Mental Health &
Physical Safety) and the dependent variable of job performance. To test the correlation between
variables the Pearson product movement correlation coefficient and two-tailed test was used.
The correlation co-efficient is identified by symbol "r''. The correlation analysis was made to
investigate relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables.
4.4 correlation analysis of the variables
Correlations
Variables Physical Health Physical Safety Mental Health Job
Performance
Physical Health
Pearson Correlation 1 .169 .226* .345**
Sig. (2-tailed) .094 .024 .000
N 100 100 100 100
Physical Safety
Pearson Correlation .169 1 .190 .298**
Sig. (2-tailed) .094 .058 .003
N 100 100 100 100
Mental Health
Pearson Correlation .226* .190 1 .346**
Sig. (2-tailed) .024 .058 .000
N 100 100 100 100
Job Performance
Pearson Correlation .345** .298** .346** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .003 .000
N 100 100 100 100
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Source: Survey data
4.4.1 Physical Health and Job performance
In order to find out relationship between Physical Health and Job Performance, according to
table 5.4 it has 0.345 correlation value. Hence it has small but definite relationship.

43
4.4.2 Physical Safety and Job performance
In order to find out relationship between Physical Safety and Job Performance, table 5.4 shows
that these two variables had a significant positive relationship. Pearson Correlation was 0.298
and it has small but definite relationship.
4.4.3 Mental Health and Job performance
In order to find out relationship between Mental Health and Job Performance, table 5.4 shows
that these two variables had a significant positive relationship. Pearson Correlation was 0.346
and it has small but definite relationship.
4.5 Correlation analysis of Occupational Health and Safety and Job Performance.
Variables Dependent
Variable
Independent
Variable
Dependent Variable
Pearson Correlation 1 .475**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 100 100
Independent Variable
Pearson Correlation .475** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 100 100
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Source: Survey Data
In order to find out relationship between Occupational Health and Safety and Job Performance,
table 5.5 shows that these two variables had a significant positive relationship. Pearson
Correlation was 0.475 and it has moderate relationship with job performance.
4.6 Model Summary of Variables
Source: Survey Data
According to the Table 5.6 model summary, value of R square is 0.236, depicting that job
performance is explained by 23.6 % through variation in Occupational Health and Safety.
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .486a .236 .212 .53921
a. Predictors: (Constant), Mental Health, Physical Safety, Physical Health

44
4.7 Discussion
Physical Health
Physical Health means, free from diseases and illnesses. Physical diseases are respiratory
symptoms, muscular symptoms, and non-communicable diseases. According to DSL Lanka
(Pvt) Respiratory symptoms is allergic of dust. Mostly in rubber section employees face this
problem and Sewing, finishing and packing section employees may also face this problem, but
in fewer as compared to rubber section. In Rubber section among 90 employees 19 employees
got transfers due to allergic of dust. This is the major respiratory symptom at DSL Lanka (Pvt)
Ltd.
According DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd there are many Muscular symptoms can be seen. Back pain,
Arm pain, Leg pain are some of muscular pains that can be easily seen at DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.
Mainly in sewing section Back in the major issue. They have to sew continuously eight hours
per day in the same posture. They change their posture only for breakfast, Lunch, and tea
times.43 employees were suffering from back pain, it may result because their position will
never change until them off from the company. Continuously they have to sit on chairs apart
from this leg pain also an issue at DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Employees need to use one leg
continuously in sewing and mainly in standing line employees need be stand throughout the
day. Therefore those employees face the leg pain and also 22 employees have Arm pains.
These are the muscular pain that we can be seen at DSL Lanka (Pvt).
If employee is suffering from any muscular pain he /she can’t perform their task efficiently and
effectively. When employee not performs efficiently and effectively means their performance
has reduced. Then we can come to a conclusion that Physical health of employees need to be in
good manner to achieve the production targets. In staffing section it has huge noise and
employees need to wear safety equipment. They are also in the pressure, because the
environment is not in friendly manner. It may influence on their performance.
In here Physical health has 3.0883 mean value it means it has moderately influence on job
performance. It may because although employees have Physical health problems they have
specialized to their task. Hence their performance does not decline much more.

45
Physical Health has 0.345 Correlation value and it has significant positive relationship with job
performance. Although it has small relationship there is definite relationship. It may because if
we have pain we can’t concentrate on our works. If employee has physical health matter their
performance automatically decline. Therefore organization needed to provide comfortable work
environment to employees.
Physical Safety
Physical Safety means promoting and maintaining highest degree of protection at the
workplace. It includes Personal Protective Equipment, Chemical safety, fire safety. For the
personal Protective Equipment most of the employees has provided the agree answer. It means
they satisfied with Personal Protective Equipment provided to them and the way they maintain
it .For First Aid questions they have answered neared to agree. But according their answer it
reflects that first Aids need to be improved. And further chemical safety they have provided the
neutral answers. Mostly they think that their knowledge regarding chemicals need to be
developed.
Physical Safety has mean value of 3.1167 , according correlation decision criteria it has small
but definite relationship with job performance. Personal Protective Equipment, First Aid and
Chemical safety need to maintain in proper way. If Personal Protective Equipment not
maintains well First Aid facilities is not enough for the employees. Then they dissatisfied with
the organization. If they not provided them they are often to hazards then they feel they are not
safe at all. This feeling leads to decrease their performance.
Its Correlation was 0.298 and it has significant positive relationship with job performance. It
means, if physical Safety of employees increase their job performance also get increases. It
may because Physical safety of the employees needs to maintain in proper manner.
Mental Health
An employee is free from stress, Anxiety is normally known as Mental Health. According to
the study it has mentioned that 57 employees have palm cracks. Most of the time to complete
the shipment employees needs to work full night. Although they provide day off and Overtime
allowance they feel tired. Employees who have affected through work will get disappointed .To

46
be a productive employee we need to be in happy. According to findings Mental Health has
3.0700 mean value. Hence it has moderately influence on job performance. At Embroidery
section within there month four recorders resigned. Then we investigate the reason and we got
to know that Manger make pressure to their employees as a reason this section employees
decided to leave the organization. This reflects mental wellbeing of employee needed to be in
good manner in order to perform well.
Mental Health has mean value of 3.0700 and it has moderate level influence on job
performance. It has .346 correlation value and has small but definite relationship with job
performance. It means if employee mental health declines job performance also declines.
Mental health has the highest correlation value.
Although these variables have small relationship their relationship is definite. Hence
organizations need to concentrate on these factors. For example employees have physical
health problems but management decided that, it has only small relationship we don’t need to
care too much on those problems. Then it may become more severe and my point of view is
that other than occupational health and safety issues there are many other factors influence on
job performance. Therefore these factors get small relationship.
Occupational Health and safety and job performance
Occupational health and safety mean entire combination of Physical Health, Physical Safety
and Mental Health. According to findings it has correlation value of4.75 and it has moderately
influence on job performance. It may because if employee is free from diseases and work place
is very clean and pleasant workers will feel relax and they were motivated to perform their
tasks.
4.8. Summary
The objective of this chapter was data presentation and data analysis. Data presentation done
according to answer provided to questionnaires. The data were analyzed by using statistic
software SPS (Statistic Package for Social Science) version 21. Also, this chapter consisted
with bivariate analysis to test four hypothesis of the study. When consider about bivariate
analysis of this study it was useful to prove all the hypothesis develops for this study. All the

47
independent variable has significant positive impact on employee job performance and among
these, physical safety has greater impact on job performance of bottom level employees in
manufacturing companies. And also occupational Health and Safety has positive impact on Job
performance of bottom level employee performance. As overall also occupational health &
safety has significant positive impact on job performance of bottom layer employees. Finally
next chapter will discuss about conclusion and recommendation.

48
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Introduction
This chapter discusses the findings from the data analysis presented in chapter four. It includes
the discussion on the factors impact for occupational safety and health, discussion on the
factors impact for job performance, discussion on the impact of occupational safety and health
on job performance, findings, recommendations, implications and further studies.
5.2. Finding of the Study
Main objective is to study about occupational health and safety on bottom level employee’s job
performance at DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Conceptual framework is developed to test the
relationship of job performance with Physical Health, Physical safety and Mental Health.
5.2.1Conclusion of the first Objective
First objective is, to identify the factors influence on Health and Safety. It was found that there
are factors which are significantly contribute to measure the occupational Health and Safety at
the DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. According to the literature Physical Health, Mental Health &
Physical Safety was the factors of occupational health and safety of this study. It can be clearly
understood by referring the literature of this study.
5.2.2 Conclusion of the Second objective
Second Objective is to find out which factor is highly influence on Occupational health and
Safety .From all these factors Physical Safety was the most importance one which have highest
mean value that is 3.1167. The second important factor was Physical Health with the mean
value of 3.0883. The other factor was employee Mental Health with the mean values of 3.0700.
Therefore Physical safety has high impact on job performance.

49
5.2.3 Conclusion of the third objective
Third objective is to find out the relationship between Occupational Health and Safety and Job
Performance. The findings show that there is a positive relationship among these factors. It has
0.475 correlation value and it reflects that it has moderate relationship with job performance.
Therefore having sound Occupational Health and Safety Practices and policies will helps to
increase job performance of the bottom level employees.
5.2.4 Conclusion to the fourth objective
To provide suggestions improve employee performance through Occupational Health and
Safety is the final objective of this study. If employee is free from occupational diseases and
illness it may leads to increase employee involvement and satisfaction. Therefore if
organization will pay their attention to physical health of employee it will lead to improve
employee performance.
Physical safety is also another factor that may effect on employee performance. Hence if
organization provides proper induction, training and awareness regarding importance of using
Personal Protective Equipment and Hazards that can be occurred within the work place may
automatically leads to increase job performance of the employees.
And also employee mind need to be free from stress. Happy employee is the productive
employee. Therefore organization need to kept employee mind free from stress and fill with
happy.
5.3. Recommendations and Implications
Occupational safety and health is another significant way of enhancing job performance of
bottom level employees in manufacturing industry. Therefore, top management and
authoritative personalities in the organizations should have cultivated the practices focusing the
occupational safety and health.
According to the American Psychological Association (1999), organizations can improve the
physical and mental health of their employees by offering access to employee assistance
programs (EAPs), by introducing health promotion activities, and by providing programs that
support the physical, social, personal, and professional lives of employees. Similarly, Sauter et
al. cited in Dimoff, Kelloway & Maclellan (2014) define a healthy workplace by the extent to

50
which employee “goals for wellbeing” are integrated with the organization’s “objectives for
profitability and productivity” suggesting that employee health and organizational success are
largely inseparable (Dimoff, Kelloway & Maclellan 2014).
Employee involvement, like management support, is critical to program success employee
developed programs are more likely to be utilized than programs developed without employee
input. The likelihood that healthy workplace programs will be beneficial to employees and the
organization is also dependent on the extent to which the healthy workplace program addresses
the variety of employee needs. For instance, some research suggests that education-focused
programs should accommodate different learning styles in order to maximize employee
involvement, and benefits associated with the employee involvement (Goetzel et al. 2007).
Recommendation to improve employee Physical Health at DSL the Lanak (Pvt) Ltd.
Employees were suffering from back pain due the posture they follow during the working hours
and another reason is they were not provided proper comfortable chairs. Workers need to
provide proper chair that make comfortable.
DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd has conduct awareness programs but not in proper manner therefore it is
necessary to conduct awareness programs regarding non- communicable diseases in proper
manner. It means within three or six month. How to take nutritious foods, in order to minimize
those non communicable diseases such as diabetics, high blood pleasure.
Sanitary facilities need to be developed. The main place that influence to health is our sanitary
facility, because there are bulk number of employees so, it can be easily effected from diseases.
Recommendation to improve employee Physical Safety at DSL the Lanak (Pvt) Ltd.
Management should more invest on personal protective equipment (PPE) and provide
education on negative consequences of not use PPE properly. DSL Lanka ( Pvt) Ltd has put
very little attention on PPE. As well as it should motivate individuals to use PPE without
having forcing behaviours. For that management can conduct safety awareness program, safety
trainings etc.

51
Conducting safety Audits is another significant practice to ensure the usage of PPE within the
organization. Because of in current situation these companies not conducting safety audits
properly. According to the employee side they also have grater responsibilities with regard their
health & safety in the work place. They should adhere to safety rules & regulations without
forcing to follow these.
As toy company it need to use chemical, DSL Lanka has provided the awareness and safety
rules and practices, but the problem is when newly recruited employees use those chemicals
they have lack of knowledge .They provide the information at the induction programme but it is
not sufficient until they get familiar with them.
Recommendation to improve employee Mental Health at DSL the Lanak (Pvt) Ltd.
Now a day most of the organizations are highly concentrated on employee mental health rather
than their physical health. According to this study mental health has of significant impact on
employee job performance. So it revealed that improvement of mental health of employee may
course for improve their performance. So DSL Lanka should focus on employee mental health
in a significant manner.
DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd has organized parties, DJ and other functions to recreate employee mind.
But these are conduct rarely. Employees came 8.00 and left at 6.00pm.They haven’t time to at
least go for shop. Mostly employees spend their time at work place therefore it is management
responsibility to make employee happy and satisfied. For that more recreational events need to
me implement.
This study involves with one manufacturing company in Export Processing zone at Biyagama
and the size of the sample limited to 100 participants. Further research studies are suggested to
increase sample size of the study and it’s better to have more companies involved In Export
Processing Zone Biyagama..
Though the researcher studied number of variables affects to job performance there are many
other variables that are not considered in this study. Therefore, future research is needed
including many variables.

52
5.4. Summary
According to this study there are three factors in Occupational health and safety. They are
Physical health, Physical safety, and Mental Health. Research objective is to find out the
impact of occupational Health and Safety on bottom level employee’s performance. To find out
that descriptive analysis of variable, bivariate analysis of variables were used. According to the
finding variables (Physical Health, Physical safety, and Mental Health) have positive
relationship with job performance? Physical safety has highest mean value compared to other
variable, hence it was consider as the factor which was highly influence on health and safety.
Other than these factors there are many factors that may effect on employee performance.
Therefore it was a limitation of this study. However this study provides that Occupational
Health and safety has impact on bottom level employee performance.
.

53
Appendix
Research Questionnaire
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a final year student of the Department of Business and Management Studies, Faculty of
Communication and Business Studies Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University, Sri Lanka. To
fulfill the requirements of the degree programme, I have to complete a research .For this
purpose, I am collecting information study on “The study of occupational Health and Safety on
Bottom Level Employee’s Performance: With special reference to DSL Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Your
response to this questionnaire will help me to be successful in this study. In this context, I
assure you that the information provided by you will be utilized only for this study, not for any
other purpose.
Your time and meaningful response is very much appreciated and highly valued.
Thank You,
D.M.G.Madhushani
Year IV Semester II
TC/IS/2011/MS/13
Department of business and Management Studies
Trincomalee Campus,
Eastern University, Sri Lanka

54
Part I: Personal Information
Please mark (X) where it appropriate.
1. Service Period
01 Less than one year
02 1-5 Years
03 5-10 years
04 More than 10 years
2. Gender
01 Male
02 Female
3. Age
01 18 – 27
02 28 – 37
03 38 – 47
04 48 – 57
4. Educational Level
01 Grade 1- Grade 8
02 Up to O/L
03 Up to A/L
04 Extra Educational Courses
5. Section
01 Sewing
02 Finishing and Packing
03 Cutting
04 Rubber
05 Embroidery
06 Painting

55
Part II- Research Information
Mark (X) the above degrees you given to the questions table below.
Levels Scale Values
Strongly Disagree (SD) 1
Disagree (D) 2
Neutral (N) 3
Agree (A) 4
Strongly Agree (SA) 5
Statement (SD) (D) (N) (A) (SA)
Muscular Symptoms
I Have long term Muscular pain 1 2 3 4 5
Easy to pick up the fallen tools 1 2 3 4 5
Respiratory Symptoms
Physical Health There are proper windows or open areas to
gain fresh air
1 2 3 4 5
Feeling berthing difficulties in inhalation and
exhalation.
1 2 3 4 5
Non Communicable Diseases
Attain medicine to high blood pleasure 1 2 3 4 5
Attain medicine to cholesterol 1 2 3 4 5

56
Personal Protective Equipment
Company has provided me adequate
Personal Protective equipment
1 2 3 4 5
Company maintain the personal Protective
Equipment Properly
1 2 3 4 5
First Aid
Physical Safety Satisfied about the First Aid facilities within
the organization.
1 2 3 4 5
Company Conduct the proper First Aid
awareness trainings
1 2 3 4 5
Chemical Safety
Chemicals were properly placed which were
used to manufacture the product
1 2 3 4 5
Have adequate knowledge about the safety
procedures should follow in using chemicals.
1 2 3 4 5
Depression
Feeling uninterested towards previously
interestingly performed tasks
1 2 3 4 5
Feeling disgust towards food 1 2 3 4 5
Anxiety
Mental Health Always feel angry for the simple maters 1 2 3 4 5
Feeling sorrow about every thing 1 2 3 4 5
Life Satisfaction
I Feel happy about my present life. 1 2 3 4 5
I am able to spent my life as I was
planned
1 2 3 4 5

57
Traits
I have adequacy knowledge to perform my
duties
2 2 3 4 5
There is a proper grievance handling
procedure
1 2 3 4 5
Behavior
All possible time, I desired to present work
on time.
1 2 3 4 5
Job Performance Complete scheduled targets on Scheduled
time
1 2 3 4 5
Results
Always attempt to Complete quality output. 1 2 3 4 5
I dedicate my maximum effort to the
achievement of production targets
1 2 3 4 5

58
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