Application of Theories and Models in Education and Training

This report discusses various theories, principles, and models applied in teaching, learning, and assessment. It explores strengths and weaknesses of Kolb's, Schon's, Greenaway, Gibbs', Anderson's, Gagne's, Vygotsky's, and Ryle's learning models.

Title: Application of theories, principles, models and reflection and evaluation of
own teaching – change the title and link to own area of teaching.
1. Introduction
The concept of learnings can effectively take place when the accurate strategies
can be determined and are efficiently applied in an organization. In this hrepor6t
there is a discussion about various theories, principles as well as models that
can effectively take part in learnings.
2. Findings
5.1 Analysis of theories and models of reflection and evaluation with examples of
how they are applied to own practice.
Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Kolb’s Learning
Cycle
According to Bates
(2019) This is a cycle
of reflection. This
includes generally
four basic stages
such as solid
learnings, reflective
findings, abstract
formulation and an
active research
(KOLB'S FOUR
STAGES OF
LEARNING, 2015).
This is useful to
use each lesson
and include on
lesson
observations. The
learning cycle can
give a mechanism
to mirror as well
as analyse its
relevant
experience,
incorporate it with
theory, form
generalization and
can efficiently
The main
strength of Kolb's
learning cycle is
that it's every
stage is
specifically linked
with various
different learning
styles. And, it is
considered as a
robust and an
influential
learning theories
in the modern
The major
weaknesses of
the learning cycle
is that the learning
style
measurements
generally lacks its
reliability, validity
and objectivity. In
addition, other
weaknesses of its
is it involve
generalisability
such as it has
been utilised
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Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
plan the
forthcoming
actions
accordingly.
times. within a restricted
range of various
cultures.
Schon reflective
model practices are a
type of practices by
which the
professionals can
become more aware
about implicit
informations that are
base as well as learn
from the
experiences. It can
include two types of
reflection such as
one reflection is
during the event and
other one is after an
activity (Archived
Material (Reflection),
2019).
The reflective
model can be
applied into
practices during
in-action or on-
action. It can be
applied while an
individual is
experiencing
something or may
thinking about
something that
has happened
earlier.
The main
strengths of this
reflection model
that it can
effectively
consider the
reflection in
action or after an
event has
occurred.
The main
weaknesses of
Schon's approach
towards the
reflective
practices are the
presupposition of
self protected
individualism and
an lack of
attention towards
the ethical
concerns.
Greenaway reflective
model is generally a
Do-Review-Plan
It can be
effectively
reviewed through
The model
specifically
concentrates on
In this, not
everyone can
effectively
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Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
reflective model
along with its four F's
(facts, feelings,
findings and future)
generally give a
predetermined
structure for the
reflection. It is
somewhat same with
Gibbs Reflective
model but with less
steps involved
(Greenaway Model of
Reflection, 2022).
its four F models
such as by
analysing
effectively the
facts, feelings,
findings and
future
respectively.
peculiar events
and the lacks of
this reflection
cycle mainly
concentrated on
the lack of
signposting at
every step of the
reflective model.
understand the
reflective
processes. While
applying such
models, people
may feel more
uncomfortable or
face difficulties
while evaluating it
in own practice.
Gibbs reflective cycle
is generally a self
reflection as well as a
management tool
which can aid people
to think more
systematically about
various unique
experiences (Gibbs'
Reflective Cycle,
2022).
The reflective
cycle is applied in
practice through
acquiring some of
its steps such as
description,
feelings,
evaluation,
analysis,
conclusion, and
action plan.
Through using
Gibbs reflective
cycle, it can
enable the
working practice
in order to gain
high results in
future prospect. It
can effectively
enhance the skills
and performance
as well. In this, it
The model can
lead to the
superficial
reflection with
having reduced
potential for both
professional and
personal
development as
well.
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Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
can also
enhances self-
awareness about
attributes and
capabilities as
well.
Christopher Johns'
generally work on the
reflective practices
which was originally
formed in the nursing
context. It has now
become broadly
applied within a
variety of disciplines,
containing education
(Johns' Model of
Reflection, 2022).
The reflective
cycle are
specifically
involves the
elements of
models that are
structured in the 5
key questions
such as Aesthetic
questions,
personal
questions, ethical
questions,context
ual questions,
reflective
questions.
Through various
stages of
questions, people
can effectively
able to review
their own
The strengths of
John's reflective
model that it can
supports the
reflection that can
take range of
viewpoint into
thought process.
The weakness
which John's
reflective cycle
can involve such
as it is only
concerned with
what people have
actually learned or
acquired from
their own
experiences as
well as can alter it
in further future
prospect.
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Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
practices where
they are lacking.
Brookfield reflective
model is generally a
tool which can aid
educators to discover
the values of their
lessons via critical
self-reflection. It
generally depicts that
reflective educators
can make an
excellent educators
which are allow to
convey their own
voices towards other
people in a very
reliable manner
(Brookfield Model of
Reflection, 2013).
In the reflective
cycle, through its
four proposed
components,
educators can
take part in a
process such as
autobiographical,
student's eyes,
experiences of
other people and
a theoretical
literature.
The reflective
cycle can
contains
strengths such as
it can specifically
inspires self-
confidence, it can
also aid to attain
the SMART
goals, it can
critically mirrors
the students.
The weaknesses
of reflective cycle
can involve, a risk
of being located
on the edge as
well as specifically
seen as a
troublemaker.
Jenny Moon
generally illustrates
the reflection as it is
a form of mental
processing. The
reflection is divided
It can be included
in practice that
when people
depicts its
learning in writing,
it generally
The strength of
this reflective
cycle can involve
that it is a step by
step procedure
simply going from
The negative
aspect of this
reflective cycle is
that its fourth
stage is most the
clearly all-
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Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
into four main stages
such as descriptive
writing, descriptive
writing some
reflection, reflective
writing(1), reflective
writing(2) (Four
Levels of Reflection –
Jenny Moon, 2016).
becomes a very
new substance of
learning and
people can simply
strengthen their
learnings by
utilising a
feedback system.
It can effectively
depict that
reflection is
generally a
learning process.
a simple towards
a full blown
reflection. It can
aid people who
actually required
to learn how to
reflect in a very
first place.
inclusive as well
as desirable
reflection type.
Such that it can
imply a lot of
efforts, time as
well as a
commitment to
get something
which various
professionals do
not carry every
time.
1.1 Analysis of theories, principles and models of learning with examples applied to
teaching, learning and assessment.
Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Anderson –
procedural v
declarative
The Anderson's
learning model
generally aid to align
the training programs
of an organization with
its strategic priorities. It
generally does this by
simply concentrating
The very main
benefit of the
learning model is
that, it generally
hold the construct
that adopting a
strategy such as
“one size can fit
The Anderson's
learning model
involves
limitations such
as it provides an
organization a
great level
judgement of the
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
over evaluation of the
specific learning
strategies instead on
focussing over results
of programs.
all” to the training
programs is
generally not
feasible or
productive. This
feature of
learning model
can make it quite
different from
other learning
models.
potency of various
training programs
but, this thing can
make it quite
cheaper and
simpler to apply in
organization. It
specifically also
means that
Anderson's
learning model
can lack the
actual depth that
students can get
from the
remaining
learning models.
Gagne The learning model of
Gagne can be
effectively applied in
teaching practice
through various events
of instructions such as
gaining attention of the
students, giving the
guidance of learning,
presenting the
information material
Learning model of
Gagne's generally
furnish a high
benefit of giving
valuable
evidences to the
educators. In this,
applying such 9
steps of learning
model can make
a positive
While using
Gagne's learning
models, it
generally involve
steps which
needs various
guided assistance
when teaching the
new skills. If there
are the steps
which specifically
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
and many more. 9It
can also provide more
valuable data or
information to the
educators to help in
their learning practices.
The theory is generally
based on the concept
of instructional design.
pathway in order
to check
systematic and
an efficient
learning
programs as it
can provide the
lesson plans as
well as a holistic
approach towards
teaching.
needs critical
thinking where
results could go
more than one
way, then it may
create some
confusion while
instructing such
steps to students.
It does not include
a lot of
independent
search.
Bruner \
Vygotsky
The Vygotsky's
learning theory is
generally a reciprocal
teaching, specifically
used to enhance the
capability of students to
learn from text
information. The
learning can be applied
in practice through
some of the skills such
as compiling,
questioning, clarifying,
and predicting as well.
The strengths of
the Vygotsky's
learning theory
involve that
theorist have
concentrated on
the thought that
students can
acquire
knowledge via
guided
participation. It
involve a
perspective such
as it can
The major
criticism of
Vygotsky's
learning theory is
that theory does
not hold
information for
reduced amount
of cognitive
growth among
students. In this,
both the passive
and genetic
experiences are
the thoughts
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
recognizes the
relationship within
the social,
historical as well
as cultural
context and the
cognitive
development
which is a part of
an individual.
which can play a
key role in this.
Ryle The learning theory is
applied in a manner
such that asking
meaningful questions
which specifically
concentrates on the
very deep meanings
rather than the minor
details.
Its strengths
generally involve
that the argument
he does are quite
convincing
represent of
Razor. He does
not propose
existence of a
particular entity
that can handle
every sense as
well as the
intellectual
capability on their
own.
The theorist is
generally known
for his criticism
about what he
referred “
Cartesian
Dualism” as a
theory of mind.
Theorist generally
argued that
traditional
concepts of the
mind of human's
which is an
invisible entity like
ghost and
occupying a
physical body is
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
generally based
on what the
theorist called a
category mistake.
In addition,
individual's
capability to
sense and think
generally does
not receive a
high, but an
secondary
intellection.
Ausubel There are ways to
apply an Ausubel's
learning theory such as
support the learners in
order to apply previous
informations, involving
both the discovery and
receptive based
programs, and making
it more significant.
The theory
believes that
acquiring new
information can
be based on
previous known
information. In
this, it is assumed
that construction
of new
informations or
knowledges
generally begins
with recognition
and observation
The theory
declare that if
learners or
student's are to
contain very new
concepts from the
previous ones,
then they must
have an existing
cognitive structure
over which the
concept of new
ones can be
anchored.
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
of every events
as well as objects
via specific
concepts that
educators already
contains. The
educators can
learn by
establishing a
network of
concepts and
keep on adding
them.
Lave and
Wenger
The environment of
such learning theory
can place the student's
in an authentic learning
situations where the
student's are actively
associated within an
activity during the skills
like problem solving.
By acquiring such
skills, it can specifically
make students to
involve in a social
community that can
relate the learnings
The main
strengths of
having such
theories in
learning can
specifically
concentrates on
the social
learnings. It can
effectively
associate
learnings to an
individual's life.
The weaknesses
the theory
generally involves
is it mainly fails to
acknowledge
individual
creativity and
objectivity. The
theory is generally
impractical for
western learning
system.
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
with real world.
Freire The theory can be
integrated into practice
by simply concentrating
on various learning
styles in order to reach
the variety of students.
The theorist was
generally known
for its critical
pedagogy. He
believes that
teaching must be
difficult for
learners in order
to examine the
patterns and
structural
disparities among
status quo.
The major
weaknesses of
having such
theories is that
there is no
association
towards the local
issues,
developments
and social
alterations. The
learners get bored
with this as they
cannot be able to
relate their
learnings with
their actual real
world situations.
In addition, a
negative factor of
such critical
pedagogy is that it
can be turn into a
dogmatic ideology
which can be
utilised in both
destructive and a
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Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are applied
to review own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
negative manner.
Dewey /
Rogers
The theory can
specifically supports
the students to
volunteer at
homelessness
protection, nursing care
homes. In this, make
volunteering a project
and support students to
aid community on their
own duration.
The theory can
make students to
participate in
various creative
areas of their
brain as well as
seek their
different solutions
towards the
issues or tasks.
Its weaknesses
involves such as
educators must
have patience
and guidance to
provide learning
to students.
1.3 An analysis of models of students learning preferences. 1.4 Explain how
identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.
Honey and Mumford is a learning style specifically based on the work of Kolb’s as
well as proposes that there are generally the 4 main types of learning styles. It can
effectively give the learning activities that are best suited towards each learning
style.
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences is a theory and generally introduced very 8 various
types of intelligences containing logical, linguistic, musical, inter and intrapersonal
and many more. The weaknesses generally are too wide that it can involve 8 various
intelligences simply depicts talents, capabilities and the personality traits. Its benefit
can involve given various opportunities for authentic learnings that are based on the
requirements of a student.
Coffield et all: It is concluded from this that there was no other theory of learning
styles as this can. It generally has satisfactory validation when done through
autonomous study.
Entwistle: In this, one of the theories of learning styles generally seems to have
avoided criticism such as Entwistle, that specifically concentrate over the learning
capabilities in which the deep level as well as the surface level learnings are a
central part.
3. Conclusion
From the above discussion, it is concluded that the learning theories can offer a
framework which can aid to understand who the data is specifically utilized as
well as how the understanding of knowledge is being created and how it can
effectively take place.
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4. Bibliography
Online:
Archived Material (Reflection), 2019 [Online] Available through:
<https://learn.solent.ac.uk/mod/book/view.php?id=2732&chapterid=1113>
Greenaway Model of Reflection, 2022 [Online] Available through:
<https://essaywritingserviceuk.co.uk/advice-and-guidance/greenaway-model-of-
reflection>
Johns' Model of Reflection, 2022 [Online] Available through:
<https://nursinganswers.net/reflective-guides/johns-model-of-reflection.php>
Brookfield Model of Reflection, 2013 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.toolshero.com/personal-development/brookfield-model-of-reflection/>
Four Levels of Reflection – Jenny Moon, 2016 [Online] Available through:
<https://thecvmethod.wordpress.com/2016/11/07/four-levels-of-reflection-jenny-
moon/>
Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, 2022 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.ed.ac.uk/reflection/reflectors-toolkit/reflecting-on-experience/gibbs-
reflective-cycle>
KOLB'S FOUR STAGES OF LEARNING, 2015 [Online] Available through:
<https://citt.ufl.edu/resources/the-learning-process/types-of-learners/kolbs-four-
stages-of-learning/>
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