Understanding Risk and Protective Factors in Juvenile Offending

This report delves into the complex interplay of risk and protective factors associated with juvenile offending, examining their influence on the likelihood of young individuals engaging in criminal behavior. It identifies various risk factors at the individual, family, peer, school, and community levels, such as early antisocial behavior, inadequate parenting practices, and poor academic performance. Conversely, it highlights protective factors like positive social skills, strong family bonds, and supportive school environments that can mitigate these risks. The report emphasizes the importance of understanding these factors for preventing juvenile crime and its potential progression into adult offending, as well as for informing proactive and reactive strategies by public services to address crime effectively.

THEORIES OF
CRIME

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Risk and protective factor.......................................................................................................1
Risk and protective factors that research has highlighted as linked to the risk of young people
offending.................................................................................................................................2
The importance of identifying risk and protective factors for juvenile offending with regard to
adult offending........................................................................................................................3
Knowledge of risk and protective factors can be used by the public services to deal with crime
both proactively and reactively..............................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Crime is defined as an illegal action which is taken place within any place that is unethical
and associated with the person that they can be punished by the law. In this, the endangering with
their lives which may create issue with the live that will be regarded as a crime which is based on
the humanity and create unethical for the humanity. In the normal and simple language, a crime
which is unlawful act and they are punishable by the proper state or the authority which is
followed under various circumstance that play relevance in the committing of crime. The crime
is predominant term which is associated with the unethical parameter which is followed under
various term and condition. In this, there are various term of crime which is associated with the
different factor that include cybercrime, human smuggling and human trafficking, illegal
possession of the firearms, cannabis cultivation and many more crime are comes under the
provision of punishable. In this report, the discussion is based on the risk and protective term and
their factor with the young offender. As per this, the discussion is helpful to provide the
discussion on such aspect of crime which help to formulate the knowledge (Biddolph and et. al.,
2021).
MAIN BODY
Risk and protective factor
In this, the risk factor is usually characteristic at the biological, psychological, family,
community or the cultural level that may precede which is associated with higher likelihood of
the negative outcome which is focused on the various aspect. The protective factor is usually
focus on the characteristic which is associated with the lower likelihood of the negative results
which is obtain that is helpful to reduce the risk of factor and impact in the risk factor. Overall,
this all is follow the tends of various aspect that is related with the risk factor which may harm
the individual with various levels (Bondy and et. al., 2020).
The protective factor is usually defined as the characteristic at the various biological,
psychological, family and the community which may be associated with the peer and culture
level that is related with the problem and their outcome. In this, there are different type of
protective factor which majorly include positive attitude, values and beliefs, conflict resolution
skill. Good mental, physical and the emotional health which is helpful to develop the protective
factor towards the negative thinking and thoughts. Good parenting skill and parental supervision
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is also followed under various circumstance which is helpful and derive the example of factor
which is interrelated with protectiveness (Castanho Silva and et. al., 2017).
Risk and protective factors that research has highlighted as linked to the risk of young people
offending
A risk factor is referring as anything which help to enhance the probability that a person
will suffer the harm from the longer period. The protective factor is defined as something which
help to decrease the potential harmful effects which is associated with the risk factor. While
taking the contrast of youth, they are actively involving or at the risk of involvement with the
juvenile justice system. The major irks factor which can be considered that is based on the
various variable associated with the higher risk of likelihood of the delinquency and they are
juvenile justice system contacted with the protective risk factor which is associated with the risk
factor likelihood. In this, there are different type of risk and protective factor which is associated
with the child delinquency that is identified with the various several domains which include
individual, family, peers and the school, neighbourhood and the community which is create the
aspect of example within the various aspect.
The risk factor with the domain of individual level is early antisocial behaviour and the
emotional factor which include low behavioural inhibitions. The poor cognitive development and
hyperactivity which is based on the association of risk factor. In this, the associated protective
factor is based on the high IQ with the positive social skills that show the willingness to please
the adults. The religious and club affiliation which is based on the various aspect of protective
factor (Lokanan and et. al., 2020).
As per this, the risk factor with the domain of family majorly include inadequate or
inappropriate child rearing practice, home discord, maltreated and the abuse. Large family size,
poverty and the exposure of repeated family and violence, a high level of the parent child
conflict. In this, the protective risk factor which is associated with family include participation is
shared activities which is associated between the youth and the family that they majorly include
sibling and the parents. They used to provide forum to the discussed problem and issue with the
parents. The major availability of the economic and the other resources which help to expose the
multiple experience (MacNeil and et. al., 2021).
The risk factor which is associated with the community include poor academic
performance, enrolment in school that they are unsafe and they used to fail to complete the
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academic and social and emotional need of the youth and the children. Low commitment towards
school, low educational aspiration and the poor motivation. Moreover, the protective factor
which is used in juvenile system is that they must enrol in the school that address not only the
academic need of the youth but they also fulfil and create the understanding towards the
emotional need and learning. Thus, the school that they used to provide a safe environment for
the community or the children. The community and the neighbourhood which help to promote
and enhance healthy activities for the youth and children (McAlinden and et. al., 2017).
The importance of identifying risk and protective factors for juvenile offending with regard to
adult offending
It is helpful to promote the risk factor and the protective factor which is based on the juvenile
offender which is associated with the adult offending. Moreover, the major importance in order
to determine the risk and protective factor for the juvenile offender to know the circumstance
which is promote such behaviour that progress the children in turning of adult offender. The
initial stage is started with juvenile offending where the number of children or the mid age
children initiate to commit crime. The determined risk is helpful to provide the information
which is associated with risk factor which may promote the issue of crime. Moreover, the
protective factor is helpful to reduce the risk factor which may promote the consequence of
offender. In addition to this, the essential factor which is associated with the juvenile is that they
easily misconduct the academic and used to perceive such behaviour which is unethical. To
restrict such behaviour, it is important to maintain the wellbeing and follow the emotional factor
as well psychological (Nanninga and et. al., 2019).
Knowledge of risk and protective factors can be used by the public services to deal with crime
both proactively and reactively
The knowledge of risk factor used to create various essential aspect which is helpful to develop
quality of information that is based on the risk factor that is helpful for public to create
understanding regards with the risk and make plan which create implementation towards the
crime. The public service usually deals with the various aspect which follow various term such
as proactively and reactively that focus on the various group include domain such as community,
individual, and so on. They are properly associated with the risk and protective factor that show
the aspect which is based on proactively and reactively that allowed the public service to deal
with the crime with offenders that they are children and juvenile.
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CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is analysed that the crime with the juvenile offender is usually
associated with the various risk which may associated with the poor academic attention,
environmental issue which promote the unethical concern towards the children to make them
offender. With this contrast, the protective factor is used to taking under analysis which is helpful
aspect to restrict the behaviour which is associated with crime and they are with juvenile case.
The risk factor is those which may provide the information which is associated with the harm of
the individual whereas, at the same time the protective factor is used in order to reduce the issue
which may create issue with the public service. The information regards with the juvenile
offender and adult offender provide an aspect which promote the understanding behaviour that
play role to reduce the complication or consequence that enhance the crime.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Biddolph and et. al., 2021. Queering crimes of torture: A (re) imagining of torture in
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia jurisprudence. Australian
Journal of Human Rights, pp.1-10.
Bondy and et. al., 2020. Crime is in the air: The contemporaneous relationship between air
pollution and crime. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource
Economists, 7(3), pp.555-585.
Castanho Silva and et. al., 2017. The elite is up to something: Exploring the relation between
populism and belief in conspiracy theories. Swiss political science review, 23(4), pp.423-
443.
Lokanan and et. al., 2020. Mapping the individual and structural theories of financial
crimes. Journal of Financial Crime.
MacNeil and et. al., 2021. Crimes Against Humanity: Introduction, Development and
Acceptance. In Legality Matters (pp. 81-118). TMC Asser Press, The Hague.
McAlinden and et. al., 2017. Desistance from sexual offending: Do the mainstream theories
apply?. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17(3), pp.266-283.
Nanninga and et. al., 2019. Religion and International Crimes: The Case of the Islamic State.
In Perpetrators of International Crimes (pp. 192-207). Oxford University Press.
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