Education and Learning Theories

The provided assignment is a compilation of educational theories and models, including Piagetian theories, family life education principles, and instructional models in physical education. The document also covers human capital theory, ethics in education, and research methods for education. Additionally, it discusses the transfer of learning, example-based learning, and causal agency theory. The assignment includes references to academic sources such as Routledge publications, Springer books, and online resources like slideshare.net.

THEORIES, PRINCIPLES
AND
MODELS IN EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Analysing the principles, theories and models of learning ..................................................4
1.2 Describe ways in which theories and models of learning can be applied to learning ..........6
1.3 Analyse the models of learning preferences ........................................................................7
1.4 Explain how learning preferences enables learning assessment ..........................................8
2.1 Analyse models and theories of communication .................................................................9
2.2 Describe the ways in which models can be applied to learning and teaching assessment .11
3.1 Evaluate the theories, principles and models of assessment ..............................................12
3.2 Explain the ways in which theories can be applied to learning and teaching assessment . 14
4.1 Evaluate the Theories and models of curriculum and development .................................14
4.2 Explain the theories and models of curriculum development in curriculum specialisation.
...................................................................................................................................................15
5.1 Evaluate the theories and models of reflection and evaluation ..........................................16
5.2 Explain the ways in which theories can be applied to reviewing own practice .................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................20

Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Principles of learning................................................................................................6
Illustration 2: Models of learning....................................................................................................7
Illustration 3: Learning styles..........................................................................................................8
Illustration 4: Principles of assessment .........................................................................................13
Illustration 5: Gibbs reflective model ...........................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
In order to describe the principles, theories and models in education and training, this
report will evaluate various models of teaching and learning. Furthermore, it will also describe
the ways in which these models can be applied to learning and teaching programs. In addition to
this, this report also displays how learner’s preferences assist to learning assessment as per the
teaching and learning systems. To understand the training and education programs, there are
various aspects considered as learning, communication, assessment, curriculum development and
reflection to reviewing the practices. This report explained the theories, principles and models of
all these aspects (Bompa and Buzzichelli, 2018).
Models included Behaviourism, Cognitivism, Humanism, Andragogy and Constructivism.
These all are connected to various criteria. In addition to this, learning preferences includes
Hermann brain dominant instrument, Myres-briggs type indicator and Multiple intelligences
which are enables learning assessment as well. Apart from this, there are furthermore preferences
of learning as Visual, Auditory, Read and kinaesthetic which are known as VARK. This report
also included different communication models as Aristotle model, Harold Laswell model,
Shannon and Weaver model, Willbur Schramm model (Carraccio and et.al., 2016). All models
have different communication process to convey the message. Furthermore, curriculum
development models and theories of reflection or evaluation are also developed to explain more
effectively the concept of education and training.
1.1 Analysing the principles, theories and models of learning
Learning is a process of getting modifying ideas, knowledge, skills and values. Learning
theories are the framework which explain how students will absorb and gain knowledge during
learning program. There are various learning models, theories and principles which are as
follows:
Principles: It refers to the proper framework of learning. There are various principles
such as readiness, exercise, effect, primary, recency, intensity, requirement and freedom.
Learning pyramid includes different phases as lecture, reading, audiovisual, demonstration,
discussion, practice doing and teach others which can be understood by following chart:

First Principle of learning is known as readiness. It relates to performance and outcomes
as well. This principle explains that a person will learn the best when he/she will be physically
and mentally ready. Instructors can boost their learners by creating interest by viewing the core
values of subject matter (Demetriou, Shayer and Efklides, 2016). Exercise principle refers that
things which have repetitive quality will be the best way to remembered and effect concerned to
emotional reactions of learners. One of the best principles of learning is intensity which implies
that learner will learn more things and knowledge from real things rather than substitutes. It is
essential that things must be freely learned. For example: In colleges learning is done through
demonstration and freedom is given to each every student to put their opinions and views.
Example 2: In army school, students are prepared with sincerity and readiness. They exercise
daily and their mind is prepared for future struggle.
Theories: It includes mainly five types of models such as behaviourism, cognitivism,
humanism, andragogy and constructivism. These are related to different aspects as:
CONNECTION
Behaviourism Stimulus
Cognitivism Discovery
Humanism Self-worth
Andragogy Adult learning
Constructivism Active
Source: (National training laborateries, 2016)

Behaviourism theory is considered with an aspect of conditioning and targets in
education. There are two types of conditioning i.e. operant and classical. In order to explain the
operant conditioning, the learners are able to create connection with situations which are related
with his/her behaviour (Fägerlind and Saha, 2016). It includes positive and negative
reinforcement.
Behaviourism: As per this theory, it can be stated that observable and measurement outcomes
ascertained to focus on classical conditions. Classical condition stimulates and present to get
effective response. In classrooms, it is also place as reward, punishments, etc.
Cognitive: This theory present and grew with positive responses to behaviourism. Hence,
knowledge could be stored as cognitive symbol so that learning process connect meaningful
results.
Social learning theory: This theory emphasis on positive response that framed with meta
cognition. Learning also take place as observation and sensorineural experience.
For example: Prime example of cognitive theory is ability to solve problems with brain
functions. Second example can be considered as ability to reason any question through logic is
example of cognition.
Models
Dun & Dunn Learning style model: This model focuses on different activities and procedures. It
has emotional, sociological, physical and psychological preferences connected with it. This
models involve identifying the individual's style and planning and implementation learning
activities. For example: By appling Dunn & Dunn Learning style students can structure itself in
various circumstances and relate themselves to motivation, responsibility and persistence.
Kolb's Experimental Learning model: This model aims at addressing individual's differences in
learners. It goes with concrete experience and reflective observation.
For example: A physical classroom can be arranged to accommodate various learning styles and
students might opt for informal settings. Each and every student is responsible for understand
and developing his/her learning preferences like assignments, role plays, writing a journal etc.

1.2 Describe ways in which theories and models of learning can be applied to learning
Competency based model is the best way to applied the theories and models of learning
in education and training. It is an instrumental system which is based on performance based
learning program (Fitzsimons, 2015). It focuses on results and outcomes of learning. This is the
process of moving from teacher focused to student focused. It is an alternative way to gain skills
and knowledge from employees by employers.
CBE selecting the competencies with very carefully which is the main characteristic of it. It
includes various modes as downloaded mode, read only mode, classroom interaction and practice
orientation. There are 6 main components of competencies based learning as choose a learner,
identify the competencies level, find out gap between group, develop the plan, implementation
and last is to monitor the outcomes (Leberman and McDonald, 2016).
Apart from this, the another way to implies theories in teaching and learning is
organisational behaviour of learning. which includes reinforcement, classical and operant
conditioning or social learning. Process of social learning has consisted various phases as
attention process, retention process, motor reproduction and reinforcement process. Principles
regarding to OB are mentoring programs, discipline and self-management (Metzler, 2017.).
Theories of Communication
1. Classical Theory: This theory consists of two more theories i.e. Authoritarian and
Libertarianism. According Authoritarian freedom of expression is controlled and result
was advocacy of entire dictatorship.
Illustration 1: Models of learning
Source: (Models of learning, 2014)

2. One Step Flow Theory: In this theory, mass communication was directly communicated
to large audience and the messages were not being filtered. For examople: Political
leaders used this theory to convey their messages to mass audience.
Principles of Communication:
1. Complete content should be linked with the actual words and symbols used. Written
words and phrases combined can create grammatical mistakes.
2. Effectiveness of message includes physical environment, cultural and developmental
factors.
Models of Communication
Brain based learning: In respect to consider brain based learning in teaching, there are several
kinds of learning in teaching. In order to regulate systematic work, more than 12 governing
principles exist that support to focus on parallel process.
Multiple intelligence: In the classrooms, different ways consider in which theories could be
implemented in systematic manner. In this regard, proper medium implement to support
communication.
Social constructive: It considers experience of different activities that assist to concentrate on
dynamic results of classrooms. Personal focus needed to perform tasks and develop effective
learning.
1.3 Analyse the models of learning preferences
Each person uses different styles and techniques of learning. There are various styles
such as visual, aural, verbal, physical, logical, social and solitary. These all learning styles are
connected to various aspects. If a learner knows about the learning styles then it will help to be
more productive, creative, innovative, better skills to solve problems, able to make better
decisions and learn more effectively (Newby, 2014). Basically there are three types of learning
preferences as visual, auditory and tactile. Explanation of these are as follows:

Visual: In this, learners are able to learn through seeing and reading method. There are different
sources which makes it good like pictures, illustrations, photos, graphs, diagrams and maps.
Auditory: In this, learners learn from listening and talking sources because intensity principle of
learning states that learner will obtain more knowledge from real rather than substitutes. It
requires existence of some skills like listening and hearing skills (Peters, 2015).
Read: It includes lists, notes, essays, headings and handouts.
Tactile: In this, learners learn through doing which includes physical activity. They use their
senses as sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing.
Apart from this, there are several more models as Hermann brain dominant instrument,
Myres-briggs type indicator and multiple intelligences. These all models related to different
kinds of areas as:
TYPES
Hermann brain dominant instrument  Analytical
 Sequential
 Interpersonal
 Imaginative
Myres-briggs type indicator  Extraversion
Illustration 2: Learning
styles
Source: (Learning styles,
2015)

 Sensing
 Thinking
 Judging
Multiple intelligences  Interpersonal
 Intra-personal
 Musical
 Naturalist
 Verbal linguistic
 Visual spatial
In addition to this learning preferences includes the model of VARK which stands for visual,
aural, read and kinaesthetic. It also assists to indicate the learning style which is preferred by
learner. It is necessary to understand the learning preferences because it can provide advantages
as academic, personal and professional (Reece and Walker, 2016). It helps to overcome the
limitations, reduce the stress level, motivate learners for more learning, improve self-esteem,
manage team spirit and attain more benefits over the competitive environment.
1.4 Explain how learning preferences enables learning assessment
There are different learning preferences and models which can be sued by instructors and
teachers to assess their learning programmes. Learning assessment is a process which is needed
to promote learning achievement (Renkl, 2014). It helps in learn about the aim and goal of the
learning and why do they require learning it? Learning preferences helps to assess learning in
teaching as it provide six-point scale which includes:
 Excellent
 Very good
 Good
 Satisfactory
 Poor
 Very poor
Through learning models, they are able to assess the needs and requirements of teacher as they
need to determine what is going to be learnt in a specific academic session, specify the learning

objectives, transmit the acquisition aims to the learners, accumulate questions and create tasks to
assess learner's knowing of the acquisition goals, justify to the learners the prospectus which will
be utilized to measure their activity, determine how response is going to be furnished, specify
how learners will yield a progressive part in the evaluation process, program chances for learners
to exercise the response supplied on the assessment conclusion to advancement (Shogren and
et.al , 2015).
VARK model
It considers important role that helps to learn with several activities. Therefore, learners
able to take online quiz and results will be gain in successful manner. It is also available in term
of visual, aural, etc. Higher score will be get on the basis of preference. With the help of this
model, it can be stated that learning preferences determines successfully. Therefore, it assists to
do significant work performance at workplace successfully. This is because, as per this model,
activities determine on the basis of priority. As a result, it helps to gain successful results at
workplace.
Honey and Mumford model
In this aspect of learning, four elements generally included that help to take important
decisions successfully. There are several aspects included such as activist, pragmatist, theorist,
reflector, etc. On the basis of 80 questions, it assists to contain creative results for learner. Hence,
challenges could be face to increase knowledge and skills. Learning preferences must be
developed as per answering of 80 questions that helpful to attain more significant advantages at
workplace.
2.1 Analyse models and theories of communication
Communication is a process to transmit thoughts and knowledge of a person to another
one. There are various sources to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication
has different types as intra-personal, verbal and non-verbal. Models define the system and
process of communication (Stoeckel, 2017). These are the ways to develop better theories.
Aristotle, Harold Laswell, Shannon and Weaver, Willbur Schramm and many more models are
the best models of communication. The explanation of these models are as follows:
Aristotle model: This model includes six main things as content, manner of delivery, pathos,
logos, ethos and arguments. It does not consider different media to convey message. It includes

speaker, speech, audience and effect. In which speaker plays an important role. It is sued when
speech has to be given to large audience.
Harold Laswell model: It includes various medium to convey the message from sender to
receiver. This model consider speaker, message, medium, listener and its effect (Stoeckel, 2017).
Shannon and Weaver model: The focus of this model is on information theory. It also
considers noise factor (Shogren and et.al, 2015). The process of this model is as information
source, encoder, channel of transmission, decoder and destination. Concepts are entropy, noise,
redundancy and channel capacity.
Wilbur Schramm model: This model explains that it is necessary of commonality about field of
experience between sender and receiver. If they are not belonging from same field, then
communication does not exist. It also reckons the feedback aspect and allows interaction
between both parties.
Speaker Speech Audience Effect
Speaker Message Channel Audience Effect
Information
source Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
Noise

Apart from these, there are several more models and theories of communication which
describes the process of communication.
Communication process is one of the most essential factor in the context of education and
learning. This is the way by which instructors and teachers can communicate with students and
Encoder
Interpreter
Decoder
Decoder
Interpreter
Encoder
Message
Message

learners. If learning programs do not have better communication skills then they cannot provide
better results (Renkl, 2014).
2.2 Describe the ways in which models can be applied to learning and teaching assessment
Communication is a process to convey the content and information effectively. There are
various theories and models which can be used by instructor or teacher to in learning or teaching
programs. Teachers try to develop their lesson in effective manner with including all the learning
styles (Reece and Walker, 2016). It is essential to be analysed the sensory areas of brain to
communicate in effective manner through using various learning styles. Furthermore, Teacher or
instructor can use any of the model according to requirement as there are different models are
developed. Usage of theories are varied upon their requirements (Peters, 2015). As Aristotle
model will be useful when teacher or instructor has to give speech to large audience or student
because it is speaker centred model. In addition to this, Harold Laswell model is useful when
teacher is providing information or message regarding to culture between different generation. It
is also useful to research and analyse the mass communication (Newby, 2014). Furthermore,
Shannon and Weaver model is used in social science fields as education, psychology,
organisational analysis and communication science. Moreover, Willbur Schramm model is used
when both instructor and listener are from same field. If both components of the communication
are not belonging to same field, then communication does not exist.
3.1 Evaluate the theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment is a process to determine the values of things and collecting the information
about learner's response to an activity. Principles of assessment includes reliability, validity,
authenticity, objectivity, practically, interpretability and wash back effect.

Reliability has different sub divided methods as test retest reliability, equivalent, Inter-Rater,
Intra-ratter, split half and test administration reliability (Metzler, 2017.). Factors which may
affect reliability are test factor, teacher and student, environment, test administration and
marking factor. Furthermore, validity have various sections as face validity, content, construct,
concurrent and predictive.
Theories and models of assessment:
There are various theories and models of assessment but mostly it is known as formative
and summative assessment. Formative assessment is used during the learning activities while
summative is used after accomplishment of programs. Activities which are used by students and
teachers to attain data and information about learning programs are known as formative
evaluation while assessment which is created to be used to ascertain marks of performance level
is known as summative evaluation (Leberman and McDonald, 2016). Furthermore, methods of
formative assessment in classroom are peer assessment, self-assessment, feedbacks and
questionnaire. Self-assessment is a process which is applied during the work in order to identify
the improvement and revision criteria. Apart from this, assessment can be done by peers as well
but it is necessary to develop proper planning to get successive peer-assessment. It includes
Illustration 3: Principles of assessment
Source: (Principles of assessment, 2014)

different phases in which fundamental stage is to collaborate with peers, then consult the
students, communicate the process of evaluation, involve all participants, provide proper training
and development. give coaching and feedbacks or the last but not least is to examine the quality.
Assessment process has to be include all the principles to be successive (Fitzsimons, 2015).
Initial or diagnostic assessment: Under this method, assessment made to ascertain what a
learner does and does not know about the study. It is developed to find out the learning
preferences and styles using by student. Generally, it occurs in the starting point of a study while
formative occurs during process and summative occurs at the end of the process. It is about
finding out a particular requirements and needs of learner (Fägerlind and Saha, 2016).
Standardized national assessment: It includes evaluation and measurement, types of
standardized testing, issues and complexities of standardization and new direction in the context
of Standardized national assessment. It is generally focused on five basic criteria as:
 Evaluation: Opinion
 Measurement: A number
 Assessment: Process of collecting relevant data and information
 Criterion: Referenced testing
3.2 Explain the ways in which theories can be applied to learning and teaching assessment
Assessment changes are might be essential to enhance the learning and teaching
programs. There are various models and theories developed which ca be used by teacher to
assess the progress of learning of their students. The choice of the topic depends on the
requirements. As summative can be used to replacing some tasks on the basis of solving
problems for themselves. Self-assessment is the best method to assess the performance level of
themselves. It can be one of the best way of feedback (Demetriou, Shayer and Efklides, 2016). It
is also plays a role as a motivational factor and focus is on the quality of the activity. Assessment
plays a role as learning as the aim is to increase the autonomy of learner and evolving students in
critical situations. In addition to this, peer assessment allows students to assess the work and
activities of their peers. It creates many advantages as student develop twenty, actively engaged
and increase the level of coordination. Formative assessment is provided guiding to teachers in
decision making process regarding to future context and also give feedbacks to students so that
they can better their level of performance. It also helps instructors to find out the current skills
and knowledge of learners (Carraccio and et.al., 2016). Assist to develop lessons and grouping.

Furthermore, summative assessment provides information about the attainment of knowledge to
teachers and students. It also evaluates the outcomes of the process. In addition to this, it
furnishes the information regarding to final projects, chapter, semester tests, college admission
test and standardized test while formative helps in asking questions, writing the assignment and
developing the projects. Both assessments are relating to different criteria as formative is an
assessment or learning and summative is an assessment of learning.
In order to consider theories, it can be stated that learning and teaching assessment
develop successfully. In this regard, different methods could be applied in the assessment: Alumni survey: Surveying program consider information that help to maintain proper
satisfaction, preparation, employment, etc. Survey also ascertained to identify things that
are changes to maintained improvement in enterprise. Capstone project of course: In these kinds of project, integrated course includes
conceptual skills, knowledge, etc. Hence, students must consider their study to
accomplish study course.
 Certification or Li-censure exam: Standardised tests also develop outside knowledge and
understanding. In this regard, professional enterprise develops their knowledge with
certification. In the assessment, perception of people helps to focus on development of
effective knowledge.
4.1 Evaluate the Theories and models of curriculum and development
Curriculum and development is a process of providing activities to grow the consensus
among teachers and students or learners and instructors. It also provides the framework by which
teachers can pick out most suitable teaching activities to accomplish their task or activity
(Bompa and Buzzichelli, 2018). Different authors develop different models which are also linked
various aspects as:
Brown's view of curriculum development: This model explained that curriculum development
provides a proper framework which help both teacher and students. It considers the evaluation
process as need analysis, objectives, testing, materials and teaching.
Richard's view of curriculum development: This model describes the curriculum development
as the range of planning and the process of implementation of development. It focuses on need
analysis, planning and development outcomes, situational analysis, effective teaching and
selecting proper teaching materials, evaluation and course organisation.

The process of curriculum development includes various stages as:
Curriculum development stages Scope
Situation analysis All external factors should be reasoned
Setting objectives Assortment of proper aims and goals
proportionate to explanation of the study
Assessment Evolution of proper origins of assessment
Planning of syllabus Determination devising program about
verbalise the course
Selection of materials Judgement respect to materials
Planning for effective teaching Assuring about correct objectives and systems
There are various principles of curriculum and development in which fundamental principle is
that the aim of all curriculum activities should be effective and efficient teaching, it should be
reflection of total aspiration, perpetuate of education, truthful and realistic (Demetriou, Shayer
and Efklides, 2016).
In order to make creative aspect, it can be stated that for class 3 translating educational
ideas assess with hypothesis in practice. On the basis of specifying behavioural objectives,
presently model of curriculum theory must be consider. Practices also content students work that
together develop teachers and students work as well. Systematic process also includes regular
development which includes level of experience with equality and diversity. All individual needs
also focused with traditional weighing scale due to difficult learning.
Furthermore, philosophical theory considers for several people which implemented to
make sure that systematic work develops to attain more desired results. These types of theories
defined that assumptions and belief also develop as effective development. With using
philosophical and humanistic theory, normative assessment defined systematic review of
activities. It emphasis on melding emotions and physical elements.
For class three, this theory builds as important concept that process of theory and
development. Means of accumulating and summarising variety of inquires included on the basis

of taste and validation. There are several steps must be taken that is important to engage and deal
with certain symbols and facts.
4.2 Explain the theories and models of curriculum development in curriculum specialisation.
In the development of the curriculum program various factors are been implemented
within the organisation that will help in better improvement of the learning process and
implementation of the vocational skills at a learning institute. Some theories and models related
to the curriculum development is as follows:
 Curriculum Theory: it is based on the effective interpretation of the established
knowledge and learning process that are real and factually proved by the experts. The
aims and objectives and the assumptions are being followed by the firm that will help in
improvement of knowledge and skills set of an individual (Leberman and McDonald,
2016). It interprets that the deciding of curriculum must be based on the learning
capability, age group, behaviour and interest of an individual person. Failing to follow
these concepts, the learning process will fail and the education system will collapse.
 Curriculum models: different sort of physical, conceptual, mathematical and graphical
models such as MacDonald's model are being taken in consideration by the firm that will
help in proper helping of the execution of learning operations by a learning or training
institution (Metzler, 2017.). The implementation of these models will facilitate a good
development of learning and educational relations between a learner and his/her trainer.
This will help the developed curriculums to be appropriate, precise and as per the
requirements of learner or trainee. Besides this, it will give the learner and effective and
suitable chance to showcase his skills and knowledge and promote equality and diversity
at the educational institution (Peters, 2015).
There are different ways consider in theories and models for curriculum development. It
could be applied in own areas which helps to face difficulties and solve problems in significant
manner. Barriers also occurs in learning process which need to produce with different resources.
Strategy also helps to produce accurate pay scale on the basis of whole group performances. It
also helps to take peer support to solve issues and problems. Coaching is suitable way that helps
to understand potential activities and maximise it.
Along with this, different principles implemented that coached with resources. Teaching
process also help to set different principles as per individual resources. It has been suggested that

it is the best perspective to implement creative results. Actions are also undertaken that helps to
evaluate degree of success.
5.1 Evaluate the theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Reflection and evaluation both are two different concepts but related with each other.
There are various models of reflection in teaching and learning criteria as Jenny Moon (1999),
Gibbs (1988) and Kolb (1984).
Jenny Moon model of reflection: It includes five main phases of learning as step 1 noticing, 2
making sense, 3 making meaning, 4 working and step 5 is to transformative learning. Students
have to play different acts as per the phases as in first step learner has to register the incident or
topic, in next stages, they consider more about they have detected, next learners start to
communicate questions and gather more information, then learners design and create links with
those ideas and events and in last they have reached to the conclusion and get better outcomes
(Shogren and et.al, 2015).
Gibbs model of reflection: This model refers that practices of reflection and evaluation deals
with practitioners. It describes the reflective life cycle which is often used by learners and
students as a framework which need reflective writing. There are 6 stages in this cycle as
description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan (Demetriou, Shayer and
Efklides, 2016). The main objective of this model is to challenge the assumption of the case
study, to find out the new ideas and approaches, to boost self-betterment and develop linked to
practice and theories.
Illustration 4: Gibbs reflective model
Source: (Gibbs reflective model, 2017)

Kolb model of reflection: This model includes four different aspects as concrete experience,
reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. Reflection helps
learners to realize new information in the context of their relation (Stoeckel, 2017). It also assists
to provide guidance for further learning. Personal reflection includes priorities, time
management, motivation, direction, strengths and weaknesses, or developing an activity plan.
The Kolb model of reflection consist four different stages of teaching and learning. It is also
essential that all these four stages must be followed in proper sequence. It also includes SWOT
analysis which defines strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Reflection is an essential aspect of the report of education and training which helps in to
analysing and quantifying the drawbacks and shortcomings of the project.
Curriculum theory also explain systematic work practices with behavioural approach. It
could be implement on the target basis. Psychological theories consist learning design to satisfy
development of adherences. As per past models, thinking also develop in systematic work
performances. It consists that immersed of current curricula developing also maintain to focus on
dynamic time. Theoretical knowledge could be understanding to accomplish practical purposes.
As results, it assists to attain more desired results with advance and valid knowledge.
Furthermore, performance could be developed in several ways that accomplish education
activities as well. It could be successfully relating with applicability of real issues and
challenges. It helps to take initiate actions towards vision that is not small. It is more complex
phenomena which existing to expand social and political dynamics. Theory design also suggest
important ways which teach important parameters. In different ways, asserted division of
knowledge consist important role to establish realm knowledge.
5.2 Explain the ways in which theories can be applied to reviewing own practice
Various assessment measures involving the theories and models like Kolb's theory, Jenny
Moon's theory, Gibbes model as well as the measures like SWOT analysis, session evaluation
and Scaffolder questioning will help in the elaborative and detailed accessing of the learning and
training process that will supports goods rise in knowledge and skill set of the individual trainee.
Besides this, it helps the person to identify the growth and development opportunities that have
been available to him. Other than this, various measures like recording an audio or video, writing

a report or blog, performing a group discussion will help in improving the knowledge and insight
of individual (Leberman and McDonald, 2016).
Other than this, it will also help in assessment of efficiency of learning and training
process under the curriculum and identify the loop holes and drawbacks which will support a
better rise in quality of learning process. The increase in the effectiveness of the learning process
will help in better imparting of knowledge and training process. Also it will promote the
collaboration of various clubs and learning institution to improve the performance and efficiency
of candidates Metzler, M., 2017. This will lead to the development of skills like problem solving,
better utilization of resources and developing an appropriate action plan for building a good and
sustainable learning network. Besides this, it will help the candidates to develop a positive
perception towards learning and training process.
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths include skills, education, experience, networking and character traits. However,
weaknesses include gaps in experience and networking. Furthermore, opportunity includes
technology, legislation, economy, demographics situation and sectors while threats consider
legislation, social values, economy and other negative impacts of geographical factors. It is based
on the concept of trying and trying again Fägerlind, I. and Saha, L. J., 2016.
As per cognitive theory, it can be stated that I have learnt so many things. It
increases knowledge and understanding with profession. It also assists to create multiple
intelligent approach so that instructions will be deliver with using multiple program. Brain based
learning also develop successful results to solve complex situations. It helps to boost students’
performances so that VARK model is the best to learnt different functions and operations. This
model also assists to expand knowledge with online test. Moreover, Honey and Mumford is also
useful strategy that assists to include activist, pragmatist, etc. Learner can easily improve their
skills and knowledge.
Behavioural theory could be applied with classical conditions that stimulate whole group
performance successfully. Team work also developed successfully that improve my own skills to
focus on group work performances. In learning theory, learners able to improve my skills
successfully. With the help of different programming, I have learned activities and cultural
things. As results, it increases mentality and cultural experience as well.

CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that, there are various theories and principles
in education and training. Furthermore, these all models are connected with their specific criteria.
It is resulted from the above report that the models of communication, assessment, learning,
curriculum and development. reflection and evaluation are very important to reviewing the
practices of teaching and learning programs. In addition to this, this report defines the types and
process of communication as verbal and nonverbal. Principles regarding to reflection also plays
an important role which includes the model of Kolb's learning cycle, learning styles and
preferences and approaches in the context of new situation, awareness of thoughts and
opportunities for blended learning. Moreover, this study also describes the SWOT analysis tool
to reflect and evaluate own practices. From this report, it can be interpreted that there are various
ways to implement the models of communication, learning, assessment, curriculum development
and reflection. Assessment theories include initial or diagnostic, standardized national
assessment and formative or summative evaluation techniques. Furthermore, this file also
showing the link between different theories and its impacts on planning assessment schedules.
Apart from his, the focus of this report is on describing the learning models as competency based
model and learning as change in behaviour.

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