Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training - Desklib

This article discusses the theories, principles and models of learning, communication, assessment, curriculum development, reflection and evaluation in education and training. It covers topics such as behaviourism, constructivism, humanism, andragogy, pedagogy, Kolb learning, Honey Mumford learning, and the Shannon and Weaver model of communication. The article also provides insights into learning preferences and the importance of meeting students' needs.

Unit 502 Theories
Principles and Models in
Education and Training

TABLE OF CONTENT
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Analysing theories, principles and models of learning and ways in which it can be applied
to learning, teaching and assessment ..........................................................................................3
Analysing models of learning preferences ..................................................................................4
1.4 ................................................................................................................................................7
TASK B ..........................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of communication ................................................7
2.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied to
learning, teaching and assessment.............................................................................................10
TASK C ........................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment.......................................................12
3.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in assessing
learning .....................................................................................................................................14
TASK D.........................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of curriculum development................................14
4.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of curriculum development can be applied
in developing curricula .............................................................................................................15
TASK E..........................................................................................................................................15
5.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of Reflection and evaluation..............................15
5.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied
to reviewing practice..................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

TASK A
1.1 Analysing theories, principles and models of learning and ways in which it can be applied to
learning, teaching and assessment
It has been said that learning and teaching may appear to be a universal experience in the
world of educational field. After all, each and every student goes to school to learn new things to
achieve career goals (Costa and et.al., 2020). Basically, learning is a systematic process that
brings together personal and environmental experiences and motivate students or teachers to
acquire skills and knowledge. Learning plays a vital role to modify one's skill level and
knowledge level by adopting different techniques learners can easily brings something extra
while studying process. Learning process develop and improve knowledge level of people and
describe about their experiences.
Behaviourism learning theory
This theory basically provide an idea about how a student behaves in the classroom and
how this behaviour is based on the interaction they make with their learning environment. With
the help of learning theory educators and experts inform successful approaches for learning
process (Costa and et.al., 2020). This is the most effective way of attaining learning process in a
most efficient way. This theory suggests and recommended that behaviours of learners are
influences from external forces rather than internal forces. This theory is used by learners to
observe surrounding behaviours and by doing, so they are directly motivated towards learning
process. For example- educators and teachers in the classroom using this method to help students
better understand about their behaviour and also apply this as a powerful method in process of
learning and teaching, so they can better learn a concept. Teachers are utilizing this method so
that they can reinforce positive environment where students can learn new chapters more
effectively and retain information (Wenger, 2018).
Constructivism learning theory
This theory is based on the effective idea that learners actually create their way related to
learning which is totally based upon their previous experiences. According to this theory,
learners take deep knowledge about what they are being taught in the classroom and add it to
their previous learning courses and experiences to gain lots of knowledge. By using this method,
students is creating a reality that is totally different to them (Wenger, 2018). The major
concentration of this theory is focusing on learning as an active process which is personal for

each learner. With the help of this theory, teachers can help themselves understand that each
student is achieving learning clearly or not. Plus, it helps them to know that learners will bring
their own past experience to the classroom activity on daily basis. Nowadays, teachers are using
this method to help learners create their own development and understanding related to learning
process. Sometimes it is very difficult for teachers to provide help and support many kinds of
students with different nature and so teachers feel that it is very crucial to take responsibilities of
various types of students and includes them in the learning activity (Chan and et.al., 2018).
Humanism learning theory
Basically this theory is related to constructivism as humanism is directly focuses on the
detailed information and idea of self actualization. According to this theory of learning, everyone
in the world functions under a hierarchy of needs says Maslow. As per his views, self
actualization is one of the top priority people make where they feel all of their requirement are
met properly and that they are the best possible version of themselves. With the help of this
method, people can create and enhance self actualization which leads to positive impact on
performance (Chan and et.al., 2018). Nowadays, teachers are using this method to create positive
environment for students where they can get closer to their own self actualization. As a Teacher I
usually help fulfil learners physical needs like taking concerns seriously and students emotional
needs. It is important for teachers to provide safe and healthy place where students can learn
plenty of knowledge and have support from team-mates. Hence, this kind of environment is the
most effective and conductive to helping learners.
Analysing models of learning preferences
Andragogy- Andragogy is basically a facilitation learning for adults who need some
guidance and direction to learn effectively in the classroom. It is a concept used by teachers to
provide detailed information about learning to adults. Hence, it is also known as the adult
learning theory which create meaningful learning environment for adults so that they can learn
things effectively. In today's learning and teaching environment, this method eventually
improves the experience of employees and motivate teachers to support them (Chan and et.al.,
2018).
Pedagogy- while on the other side, pedagogy is the teaching of children who want more
attention as compared to adult. Hence, it is said that this learner is a dependent personality as
they require more support from teachers when anything is learned. They learn new things in

order to advance to the next stage (Hsu, Wang and Levesque-Bristol, 2019). They are motivated
and encouraged by their teachers, parents and external sources and internal supporters. With the
help of both parents and teachers, students can store knowledge and grasp opportunity to go for
next stage like next class.
Kolb learning- According to Kolb learning theory, there are majorly four stage cycles of
learning to provide detailed information about this to people so that they can easily apply this
while learning process (Wallace, 2019). Based upon this theory, Kolb says that it involves the
acquisition of abstract concepts that can be applied in varieties of situation. By using this
method, one can develop new concepts and new experiences.
SOURCE: (Wallace, 2019)
Concrete experience- in this stage, student might encounters a concrete experience which
may be his new situation or any kind of experience they have faced (Chiu, 2019). In this step,
they reinterpret their existing experience to find new ways and concepts.

Abstract conceptualization- In this stage, student reflect upon themselves as reflection
provides rise to a new techniques and idea. Plus, they can modify their existing abstract concept
by learning from past experience and any situation.
Reflective observation of the new experience- while in this point, the student reflects on
the new experience to increase their level of knowledge and light of their existing skills (Hsu,
Wang and Levesque-Bristol, 2019).
Honey Mumford learning.
As we all know that every person has different learning style, so, this theory states that
each people will prefer to learn to use one most effective learning style or at most two of all of
them (Dantas and Cunha, 2020). This style is invented by the famous person peter honey and
Alan Mumford they have identifies four different styles that people use to learn and understand
something new.
Activist- This type of people like to get their hands dirty and most hard-working people
who are more enthusiastic about learning (Bhatnagar and Sinha, 2018). Hence, they are people
who learn best by doing work effectively. They always try something new and want to explore
more by taking challenges. They always love to handle situation and tackle difficult problems
using brainstorming sessions with their team members to find out solutions. These type of people
immediately start to look for the next challenges which enhance their motivational level and
enthusiasm for experiencing new things. Nowadays, activists listen actively to lectures provided
by educators and teachers and read about a problem to find out solution on their own. Activities
like puzzles, role-play and group discussion is most used by them (Yousef, 2019).
Theorist- They are the people who learn best by knowing deeply and understanding the
theory behind why something is the way it is. With the help of concepts and models they are able
to learn new things more effectively. Theorist people are more focused on analysing information
to form their own theories. All the members ask questions to each other so that they can easily
form their point of view. While learning in the classroom people are more focused on sharing
opinions with each other (Bhatnagar and Sinha, 2018). Theorists learn best when there is a
logical model behind learning things. They can also see the purpose and reason behind
everything they learn. Hence, in this type of learning style emotions and feeling are involves
which helps the people to understand in a better way (Yousef, 2019). Activities like storytelling,
facts and figures and models are mostly utilized by people while learning.

pragmatist- They are more focused on learning by using real world examples. They
learn best when they can see how what they are learning can be put into best practices in the
realistic world. The learners are more focused on taking new idea they have learned, and they
take immediate action into practice . By using new ways they can easily make connection
between what they are learning and its use in the learning practice. By using this learning theory
people can get feedback from experts on whether they are doing well or not. Activities like case
studies and problem solving method are mostly used by learners while learning in the classroom
(Dantas and Cunha, 2020).
Reflector- This type of learning are mostly learnt best when they can make observation
effectively. They can easily observe their surrounding person and think about what they have just
observed and noted Nowadays, teachers give enough time to them so that they can think before
they have to take action. By using this method, people can easily investigate by themselves
before implementation any practice and actions. Activities such as coaching, feedback and
observations is mostly used by people (Stander, Grimmer and Brink, 2019).
1.4
It is essential to identify the students needs and meet it properly in order to boost their
motivational level and their morale (Yousef, 2019). By using learning models, teachers and
students can encourage themselves which can gain so much of knowledge and instructions. As a
teacher when I provide individual instruction to my students it significantly helps them to
understand concepts and grasp each and everything immediately. In my opinion inclusive
teaching and learning process recognizes the benefits of improving learning and enhance
diversity among members.
TASK B
2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of communication
Nowadays, communication plays a vital role in the organization especially in learning
and training sessions it is an essential element. The learner must use communication system in a
proper way to interact with lecturer . Hence, it is said that every interaction between student and
lecturer involves effective communication of some kind. In a traditional communication system,
people mostly use simple communication model which is a sender passing some kind of

important information or any message to a receiver. An effective Communication between two
learners normally proceeds in a two way manner. It can be challenging for students and teachers
both if not done in proper manner (Kubota, 2019).
Shannon and weaver model of communication- this is the most commonly used method,
especially in learning sessions. This model is designed to improve the effectiveness of
communication between receiver and sender . By using this method, they can easily able to
determine the factors they may impact the communication system and make necessary changes
accordingly (Kubota, 2019).
Source: (Lee and Kim, 2018)
Sender- They are those people who have the detailed and important information which
needs to be shared while learning. The important information source begin with by choosing a
message to send. Sender think whether to send particular message or not, or with which channel
they are going send the message. For example- in learning and training sessions people usually
use body language, oral communication and writing skills to share information (Lee and Kim,
2018).
Encoder- it is basically a person or any machine that converts the informed ideas into
signals to share information and which can be sent from the sender to the reviver who wants to
achieve important information. By using this, the person can communicate with each other such
as computers and mobile phones. They can send important information via electronic gadgets, in
learning courses teachers are using computers to share information and encourage people to use
this method (Miazga and Królikowska, 2020).

Channel- it is a medium used by people to share information, the most commonly used
medium in this world is world wide web. People usually email other person just by using this as
a medium, they get important information from the sender (Miazga and Królikowska, 2020).
Noise- This can interrupt the learners understanding level, it is basically divided into two
categories that is internal and external noise.
Internal noise- whenever learner makes a mistake encoding an information or a receiver makes a
mistake decoding that particular information then it is known as internal noise (Cargill, 2019).
While on the other hand, external noise happens when something external create noise. Let's say
two people are discussing something very important about task on mobile phone, but suddenly
something impedes the message, and they are having trouble hearing over the sound of loud
music. Hence, it is said that in order to improve quality of the message while learning the
students needs to minimize the causes of noise whether it is external and internal (Miazga and
Królikowska, 2020).
Decoders & receiver - In learning process, nowadays, decoder are using this methods so
that they can decode a secret message and turn written words into something good that makes
sense in their mind. This can be done through just by reading any information loudly, or they can
interpret the actual meaning behind a picture that was received by them. While on the other hand,
receiver are those people who are on other side of a telephone or any other medium. In this step,
the person finally receives the important information or anything what's left of it because of
some reasons (Cargill, 2019).
Feedback- This is the last step in Shannon weaver model, where learners get feedback on
their performance and can receive guidance whether they have to make changes or not.
Nowadays, teachers are using feedback system while taking personal conversation and using
emails (Cargill, 2019).
Johari model of communication
As we discussed that communication plays a vital role in the education and training
sessions, but if students feel that they need to improve their communication (Koca and Erigüç,
2020), so they can apply the Johari window model in order to develop and increase their level of
communication and productivity at work.

Source: (Koca and Erigüç, 2020)
Johari window is basically a model used by people so that they can easily manage the
things in the workplace. It is a technique that teachers and educators can use to help improve
communication skills and self awareness. By using this method, students will be able to help
themselves to better understand their relationships both with classmates and outsiders too. It is a
useful method for improving self awareness among people and focus on development in group
situations. This technique is also aids two-way communication which will improve the
relationship among people. The exercise takes the form of disclosure from the participant and
feedback from the other people (Koca and Erigüç, 2020). In this method, an adjectives list is
drawn up, discussing attributes which may or may not apply to the students such as helpful,
supportive etc. with the help of this information one can relate to the attitudes of person, their
feeling, habits, emotions and behaviours. With the help of this method teachers can get the best
out of their students- not to psychoanalyse them (Mathew and Sebastian, 2020).

2.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied to learning,
teaching and assessment
As we know that different people respond to different forms of communication while
providing lectures in the class. When teaching I give attention to different types of students such
as aural, visual and readers etc. my major focus is to design lessons in such a manner that it
include all the styles so that every student will get deep knowledge (Mathew and Sebastian,
2020). As a teacher, I use on regular basis is the use of feedback whereby I support my students
by giving them idea about what are the areas of improvement to improve their skills and what are
their strengths. In my opinion, it is the best way to communicate with my students and build
relationship with them this will enhance my students motivation level and ensure they remain
encourage to continue their learning process and development (Yousef, 2019).

TASK C
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment
In today's learning environment, it is important that students learn new things by using
models of assessment (Emmert-Streib and Dehmer, 2019). It is necessary that learning has taking
place, as a result it is more essential to keep eye on whether the students are understanding or
not. Nowadays, teachers check that learning has occurred in a proper manner or not, this is
completed in the form of assessment. With the help of assessment ranges quick and simple
learning check can be done to know about students learning and understanding level. By using
this method, teachers can make their students brilliant before final exams which could form the
entirely of the requirements of awarding the qualification (Cai and et.al., 2020).
Formative theory- with the help of formative assessment, one can yield real time
information about if and how learners are learning in the classroom. By using this theory,
teachers can know about what might be impeding the performance and progress level of
students. Insights gained from this ongoing assessment process in classroom can help educators
and teachers shape detailed instruction and guide learners efforts and contribution as well. By
applying this theory of assessment, teachers clarify student learning and provide them feedback
too on individual and group performance (Hatz and et.al., 2020). By using this method on regular
basis, generally in combination with a behaviourist approach in which teachers can explain how
to implement something in the class. They can also explain what the goal is and then allow the
learners to handle the issues, difficult challenges and problems and guide them about how well
they have implemented it. For example- quiz competition, group discussion and presentation is
mostly used by teachers (Emmert-Streib and Dehmer, 2019).
Competency model- basically it is a model developed and enhanced by HR department
that sets out the specific skills, behavioural and knowledge level requirement which can give
idea about students level of understanding and enable them to performance their task
successfully. By using this model, teachers can get idea that students are actually engaged in
their activities or not, they develop their skills and knowledge by applying motivation
competency. In short, this theory is a combination of behavioural, cognitive and affective
elements which is required for effective performance of a real world project or any other learning
activity (Cai and et.al., 2020).

There are different types of assessment used by teachers, and they have put more efforts to break
down these assessments into groups to create a better learning environment.
Diagnostic assessment- with the help of this method, students and teachers can know
about their current abilities and specific future requirements. It is necessary to perform this
before the learners start the course if possible, as this method will assess whether the learner is
suitable for the course or not (Emmert-Streib and Dehmer, M., 2019).
Summative assessment- with the help of this method, and subsequent feedback system
inform students of their overall progress and achievement level. By using this method students
can easily know about overall grade and student believe that they need opportunities to explore
progression options which may differ depending on whether they have achieved success or
failed. For example- at the end of each semester is week of examination, in which learners
complete an exam for the majority of their units and complete task given by teachers. For this,
students will get marks or grade based on their performance (Cai and et.al., 2020). These exams
can take in various types of forms such as practical exams, presentations, multiple choice
questions and essay. While designing an assessment, one should always consider factors such as:
Reliability and Validity- It has been noted that the validity and reliability of an
assessment is how accurately the assessment measures the performance of learners and if an
assessment provided by teachers were totally reliable (Ünsal Altuncan and Tanyer, 2018). On the
validity side, the primary focus is whether the assessment given by teachers measures what it is
intended to measure, it means one can know about it is appropriate for the criteria or not
especially at education level. On the reliability side, teachers ensure that assessment is reliable as
two independent assessors have done the same judgement of work done which is based on the
brief of assessment (Emmert-Streib and Dehmer, 2019).
Developmental feedback- This method is commonly used by teachers, they go beyond
just by simply telling the students what they did well and wrong. Majorly, they concentrate on
students weaknesses with the objective and goals of developing and improving knowledge level.
The teachers focus on enhancing skills rather than simply evaluating progress and performance
(Hatz and et.al., 2020).
Medals and Missions- missions is information about what the learners need to develop,
work on completely and correct things. While on the other side, teacher provide medals as an
information about what exactly was done correctly or in proper manner. This method is best

when it is forward-looking and effectively and positive. For example- the teachers must provide
more evidence for views (Cai and et.al., 2020).
Declarative knowledge- with the help of this technique, teachers and students store
information in the memory that is taken into consideration. In this they describe things, processes
and attributes and also their relationship with each other (Hatz and et.al., 2020).
3.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in assessing
learning
By using formative theory of assessment and method on regular basis, generally in
combination with a behaviourist approach in which teachers can explain how to implement
something in the class (Hatz and et.al., 2020). As a teacher I can also explain what the goal is,
desired targets and then allow the learners to handle the issues, difficult challenges and problems
and guide them about how well they have implemented it. For example- As a teacher, I use
formative assessment method in which I apply classroom polls, observations and strategic
questioning. During the assessment, students complete written and practical exercise, by taking
part in short quizzes, group discussion, reporting back and engage people to solve problems by
using problem solving skills and activities. The teachers' engage students by giving short
presentations and make groups or teams to give presentation. I find all these techniques effective
in my teaching but I like to use practical exercises rather than written exercises. To motivate my
students in learning process, as a teacher I give medals as an information about what exactly was
done well while learning (Ünsal Altuncan and Tanyer, 2018).
TASK D
4.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of curriculum development
Curriculum development plays a vital role in the educational field because it is a
systematic process provide a structure for teachers to transparently map out the rationale for the
utilization of particular learning, teaching and assessment models. Especially in the classroom,
teachers use this models effectively for being successful teachers (Bhuttah and et.al., 2019).
Student centred model- curriculum development designing is an ongoing systematic
process which have value beyond achievement of learning objective such as problem solving,
socialization and thinking etc. with the help of this model student will be able to define their own
learning goals and enhance them to be active in learning process. With this approach students
emphasizes adult learning methods hence it is shaped by experiences and beliefs (Palupi, 2018).

Linear model- According to this model, teachers can get an idea about what learners
should be able to do at the end of the course. With the help of this method, one can construct the
course effectively so that goals can be achieved by identifying the aim and objectives in the very
beginning. After that they can test capacity of the course in order to accomplish task. At the end
they can explain the curriculum to teachers in the classroom. The major benefit of using this
method is it enable subject benchmarking which is good (Bhuttah and et.al., 2019).
4.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula
With the help of curriculum development, teachers can get direction and guidance in the
curriculum planning process. By this theory, one can get guidance about development, how to
implement and evaluation among others. Nowadays, teachers are using both process and
objective based theories and models (Palupi, 2018). According to teachers, the best and effective
model is linear model especially if there is an exam or any class test at the end of the course. It is
essential to have clearly defined objective to achieve success. As per teachers, it is necessary to
have active learning needs which needs to be incorporated to ensure multi sensory learning is
accomplished. As a teacher I use linear model in which students interaction is not must
appropriate, and the session is delivered in an entire package. My main aim is to build self-
confidence among my students and progress towards self actualization which can increase their
true potential. At the end, I also provide feedback and discuss everything about students
performance and guide them about what more is needed for development (Palupi, 2018).
TASK E
5.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of Reflection and evaluation
Reflection theory is basically an idea that our knowledge and skills reflects the real world
while on the other side evaluation means how people evaluate it, and they use this process to
reflect experience. The teachers and students reflect experience by making judgements what
works well or what didn't (Goh, 2019).
In education and training sector, self reflective, self evaluation and self assessment plays
a vital role as it is a powerful tool and way used by people to enhance themselves. For example
teachers use this method to motivate a student's learning experience. All the methods are very
important in teaching learners not just what to learn but also how students learn and what are the

areas which needs to be developed. In addition to this, teaches can also find out how to improve
their learning outcomes. By using reflective practice teachers and students will be able to reflects
in their work which allows then to learn effectively from their own past experiences. By having
self assessment and evaluation method, they can easily engage themselves and others too
(Markkanen and et.al., 2020).
Gibbs reflective cycle- it is one of the most famous and popular model of reflection which
explains about the six stages exploring an experience.
Source: (Markkanen and et.al., 2020)
Description- according to Gibbs model, this is the first stage in which students or
teachers can have a chance to describe about the detailed information of the situation. Such as
what happened during the class session, what was the outcome of the particular situation and
others (Adeani, Febriani and Syafryadin, 2020).
Feelings- in this stage, they can easily explore their feelings or thoughts on particular
situation, and they explain how the situation may have impacted the experience.
Evaluation- after second stage, they can evaluate what worked well and what didn't work
in the particular situation while taking class or learning. In this stage, they ensure to be as honest
as possible, they are focusing on negative and positive aspects both (Markkanen and et.al.,
2020).
Analysis- after evaluation, they have a chance to make sense of what happened, in this
they focus on what knowledge they are getting and help them understand the particular situation.

Conclusion- this is the last second stage of Gibbs reflective cycle, in which learners or
teachers can conclude about what happened in the whole situation. This is where they summarize
their learning and highlight about what are the changes required and how to change things via
taking action so that it could improve the outcomes in the near future (Adeani, Febriani and
Syafryadin, 2020).
Action plan- Gibbs says that it is essential to make proper action plan in the end, like in
this stage teacher and learners will develop the required knowledge and skills that is important.
They make sure that how they can act differently next time to achieve success (Goh, 2019).
According to Schön reflection is a systematic process used by teachers so that they can
engage students to learn things effectively with in order to consider any kind of problems and to
resolve it properly. The expert suggest that there are 2 types of reflection one during and one
after an event. By using reflection model, teachers and students together will be able to
overcome an issue. Modern teachers are using this model while working in an environment of
mixed abilities in which their major role is to make sure that all students needs are met properly
and therefore being able to reflect on work positively. As per Schön views, constant and
regular reflection practice in order to evaluate will provide teacher the best opportunity to be the
best person which can impact other people too in a positive way (Ziebart and MacDermid, 2019).
5.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied to
reviewing practice
As we all know the ability to evaluate and reflect is an important tool for any successful
teacher. As a teacher, by using and assessing method of reflection and evaluation I have
developed self awareness among my students and myself. By doing so, I have improved the
factors that control and prevent learning (Ziebart and MacDermid, 2019). While providing task
or any assignment I use strengths and weaknesses method in which I find out student's strengths
and weaknesses and provide them proper guidance to develop the skills which they are lacking. I
am developing self awareness on regular basis that prevent my own learning and my students
learning process. The process of reflection will also help me understand myself and the way I
teach my students in the classroom (Goh, 2019).
In my reflection and evaluation method, I focus on lesson observation which is a great
tool to provide detailed information on performance of student. It gives performance based
feedback and motivate the teacher in the reflection process and make sure to solve challenges. I

allow my students to use other peers and support team to help evaluate their own abilities and
performance and must be embraced in order to improve as a teacher (Ziebart and MacDermid,
2019).

REFERENCES
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Hsu, H. C. K., Wang, C. V. and Levesque-Bristol, C., 2019. Reexamining the impact of self-
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