hermal Management systems of EV Battery Packs
Added on 2020-12-29
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Thermal Managementsystems of EV Battery Packs
Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................11. Aspects affecting thermal management needs of EV battery packs ...........................................12. Quantification of key parameters of currently used thermal management systems used in EVpacks ...............................................................................................................................................43. Appropriate thermal management solution for test case .............................................................8CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTIONBattery electric vehicle (BEV) are classified as vehicles which uses electric motors orcontrollers for propulsion instead of internal combustion engines (ICE). These electric vehiclesstore chemical energy in rechargeable battery packs. Electric vehicle battery (EVB) are alsocalled traction battery and are widely used to supply propulsion power to BEV. The use of thesebattery packs not limited to only electric vehicles but their cell and modular structures are alsoused widely in technological equipments such as mobile phones, laptops and other electronicgadgets [1]. The report will provide a detailed explanation of various aspects which influences thethermal management requirements of EV battery packs. It will also identify the currently usedthermal management systems and parameters such as temperature and heat attributes, coolingtechniques, heat dissipation and removal associated with the discussed electric vehicle batterypacks. The study will also analyse the thermal management solutions for regular test case. 1. Aspects affecting thermal management needs of EV battery packs Multiple number of EV batteries are joined together to form a battery pack which iscapable of driving electric vehicle by supplying enormous power for propulsion. Most of theEVB are made up of Lithium and other components such as nickel, graphite and manganese. Thelow emission characteristics of these battery makes them more suitable for their applications.The basic cell structure of EVB must be highly reliable and stable so that they can withstandboth upper and lower temperature range [5]. The multiple numbers of these cells are combined inframe so that they can overcome effects such as heat and vibration. These joint frames are knownas modules. The interconnection of number of modules which is provided with battery managementsystem and cooling devices is called battery pack. The arrangement of such huge number ofbattery cells require proper management system which can manage its temperature, voltage,power dissipation and heat attributes. For this purpose thermal management system (TMS) areessentially used in electric vehicles. The overheating and extreme high temperature due toexcessive power dissipation can affect the life span of EVB. The TMS is used to provideprotection to battery packs against overheating so that its calendar life can be extended. In orderto achieve this objective different types of thermal management techniques can be used [2]. For1
example for NiMH battery forced air cooling TMS are preferred while for Lithium ion EVbattery strong liquid cooling technique is preferred. Thus, thermal management systems areimportant and necessary for EVB especially for lithium ion based batteries so that heatdissipation effect does not affect the quality and life span of battery. Mostly TMS employs cooling system but they are expensive and thus other alternativesystems such as phase change materials (PCM) which are cheaper are also used. Thermalmanagement systems are also essential to maintain the energy storage capability, cell longevity,driving range and safety [3]. TMS implementation assures that EVB performs satisfactory in allclimatic situations. The attributes such as cost, life and performance of battery are significantlydependent upon temperature. The variation in temperature can affect the fuel economy, driving ability, powerdissipation and charge acceptance. Thus, it is required that EVB operates in the specifictemperature range. Along with absolute temperature of EVB pack temperature deviations fromone module to other can also affect the charging and discharging attributes. It is reflected in theform of reduced performance and electrically unbalanced packs. Thus, for sustaining the ambienttemperature to range which can give optimum performance TMS are required. The selection ofTMS establishes a trade off between cost, performance, safety, functionality, volume andmaintenance [4]. Apart from managing a suitable trade-off between life and quality TMS must be compact,compatible to various locations, packable, cost effective, reliable and accessible for repairing andmaintenance. The implementation of these management systems must also support climatevariations so that EVB can effectively adjust as per the varying climatic conditions. The batterycan also emit hazardous gases thus TMS must also be capable to control and discharge theseemissions. These systems can use both heating or cooling systems or ventilations dependingupon the ambient environment of battery. The required temperature and packaging constraints of EVB also affect the type of TMSused. The heat generation capacity of each module in EVB will determine the size of heating orcooling system used. For meeting the needs of thermal management system it is required to haveclear analysis of thermal behaviour of EVB [8]. For instance transient and steady thermal2
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