Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines

This document contains study material for Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines. It includes solved assignments, essays, and dissertations. The document also covers topics like Super Position theorem, solving the circuit by Thevinon Theorem, How complex wave are produce from sinusoidal waveform in common electrical devices like iron cored inductor, switching transformer, Weather Condition in DoHa, and SI units Conversion. The course code, course name, and college/university are not mentioned.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT ENGINES
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Contents
1. Super Position theorem............................................................................................................3
2. solving the circuit by Thevinon Theorem.................................................................................6
3. How complex wave are produce from sinusoidal waveform in common electrical devices
like iron cored inductor, switching transformer..............................................................................8
4. Weather Condition in DoHa...................................................................................................12
5. SI units Conversion................................................................................................................14
6.References...............................................................................................................................15

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1. Super Position theorem
Figure 1circuit diagram to be solved by superposition
Table 1Data Analysis of Problem
Data
B1=7V B2=10V R1=4Ω R2=6Ω R3=6Ω
CALCULATIONS USING B1 AS A SOURCE
By using super position theorem short the B1 voltage source and find the current across each
resistance (R1,R2 and R3) as the current(I1,I2 and I3)respectively.
Such that I1=I2+I3
As shown in the circuit diagram R2 and R3 are parallel to each other find their equitant
resistance

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Figure 2 B2 is shorcircuter
Equation 1calculation for B1 as a source
CALCULATIONS USING B2 AS A SOURCE
By using super position theorem short the B2 voltage source and find the current across each
resistance (R1,R2 and R3) as the current(I1,I2 and I3)respectively.

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Such that I3=I1+I2
As shown in the circuit diagram R2 and R1 are parallel to each other find their equitant
resistance
Circuit Diagram
Figure 3 B2 as a Source

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Equation 2 calculations for B2 as a source
TOTAL CURRENT
TOTAL CURRENT THROUGH R1=0.286A
TOTAL CURRENT THROUGH R2=0.96A
TOTAL CURRENT THROUGH R1=0.69A
2. solving the circuit by Thevinon Theorem
Using the same data as represented in table1 and same circuit diagram as represented in figure 1
solve it for Resistance R2 and find current and voltage across it[1].
Equaling circuit diagram for Ethevenon theorem is

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Figure 4 Equaling Circuit Diagram
Here we first find the Ethevenon and Ethevenon such that load is in series with the Rthevenon
resistance
By removing the load form given circuit diagram new diagram will show as
Figure 5 removal of load resistance

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3. How complex wave are produce from sinusoidal waveform in common electrical
devices like iron cored inductor, switching transformer
Explanation:
In the circuit of AC a control carries von in the same way it does on the circuit of DC in its
course. This implies that the voltage will vary significantly with the obstacles that are present
over the circuit. The effect is achieved through moderation of a resistor in a very straight
contraption. In the event that the related voltage is of a sign wave then, the recursing will take
place through the sample. This will give zero as the stage refinement between the available
sinusoids. The management of the trading voltages in the electrical circuits is normally
characterized by processes of unadulteration.This happening in connection with the solitary
repeat regard.

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The repeat process is commonly referred to as “critical repeat “The acceptance is possible
despite the fact that it is not always the case. In the cases of the electrical circuits with the
trademarks of equivalent current value present and also in the electronic device, the present that
is cursing through it is not in any way related to the voltage. The waveforms of the trading will
be in one way or the other related to the contraption. The result will show a bigger variation in
the degree of foulness of the other forms of the sinusoidal. The recommendations of such sorts of
waveforms are preferred in the cases of complex waveforms or non-sinusoidal. The typical
electrical contraptions make the complex waveforms(Zhang and Zhang 2012).
These are found in the trading transformers, inductors of press cored, changes of electronics in
the visible lights alongside other inductive weights. Such application will be found in the
generators, alternators and other machines that are electrical in nature. The possible results that
are obtained will not exactly reflect the sinusoidal characteristics hence this will pay very little
focus on the waveform of the voltage.
A part from the electronic circuits of power supply that includes silicon controlled rectifiers,
others like converters that are used for control, transistors for control, rectifiers are all known for
hacking the system of the sinusoidal waveform that regulates the motors present. The waveform
will change from the AC sinusoidal to the DC. The introduced changes that are known to be
drawing current in the circuits will operate at the summit of AC.Considering that the present
known waveform is non-sinusoidal, the resultant current load will posses Harmonics.
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The operation of the non-sinusoidal waveform is based on the process of checking all other
developments of the frequencies of the other waves. This phenomenon is commonly referred to

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as “music”. This is a common term that is used to describe the turning effect of the waveforms of
different frequencies. After such changes have been introduced, the wavelength can be
incorporated into the other forms of the wave regardless of its shape. The prefer wave is the
fundamental repeat that normally differ from the frequencies of consonants. The illustration is as
shown in figure 6
RLC Series Circuit
The methodology of the RLC normally incorporates a control, an inductance and a capacitance
that are connected the circuit of supply. Therefore, there are three principles of standoffish parts
e.g. resistance, induction and capacitance with a total diverse stage association with each other
when related with sinusoidal turning supply.
The voltage waveform that are found in the unadulterated osmic resistor are in deal with the
current. This is because an unadulterated inductance the voltage waveform driving the 90
degrees current thus a declaration of ELI. Though an unadulterated the voltage wave
Non|-sinusoidal complex waveforms are worked by "checking" together an improvement of sine
wave frequencies known as "Music". Music is the summed up term used to depict the turning of
a sinusoidal waveform by waveforms of different frequencies[5].
In the cases of the adulterated a head of the resistors the voltage of the waveforms handles
equivalent. In most of the cases of unadulterated inductance of the forms of the waves, the
current is driven by 90 degrees. This gives a declaration known as ELI. The capacitance of the
wave form voltage will also slack the current through 90 degrees hence giving ICE as a surge.
The responsive estimation will affect the phase difference of the sections that are under use. In
the modern set up, the value of reactance translate to zero in the cases of the resistive segment.

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The values will change from positive when it is inductive and negative when it is used in the
capacitive(Ma et al 2014).
In most of the methodology, the RLC will be incorporated with a resistor. The resistor serves as
the device of inductor. In such set the capacitor will be used as the source of the voltage. The
three regions are created and this include VL,VR and VC.The VC is at the center of phasing.
While building the triangle voltage, the current in the circuit is used in the points of refence.The
impedance of the circuit translate to the flood of current that is detained. In the practical
illustration, the drawing of the triangle of impedance confine each side of the triangle to a value
of 1.The drop of voltage in the section of the resistive is compared to multiples of This can be
obtained through using the formula 1*X=1*XL-1XC.The value of the source voltage will be
proportional to the obtained parameter of 1*Z.The stage edge will be 0 when comparison done
targets VS and I.
Figure 6 RLC series Circuit

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Data of RLC Series Circuit
R=14Ω L=0.5H C=100μF Vs=10V F=50Hz
4. Weather Condition in DoHa
The Qatar climate can be described as a sub-tropical dry. The desert region receives very little
annual precipitation. The temperatures are high in the summer season. There has been need to
achieve very minimum temperatures that is considered exceptionally basic in the inland zones.
The districts that are perceived to be waterfronts are completely impacted by the Persian gulf.

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These areas have had temperatures that are scarce in some parts of the world. The temperatures
have become unpredictable. This means that they cannot be easily be detected.
The summer season is characterized by very little precipitation. The temperatures are recorded to
be as low as 40 degrees celcius.The seasons of winter are very cool and they are characterized by
very much sporadic rainfall. Other seasons like Spring and also the pre-winter are known to be
warm. The season is incredibly dry. Some of the places record as high temperature as 25 degrees
Celsius. And others 35 degrees. The night temperatures are cooler and are sometimes around 15-
22 degrees celcius.In the period of March till August, the weather is characterized by the
blowing dusty wind. Sometimes these breezes becomes very much strong thereby leading to the
occurrence of the sandstorms. The occurrence of the sandstorms is reliable though. The winter
season is characterized by the falling rainfall that is also having lots of storms and whirlwinds.

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5. SI units Conversion

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6.References
Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Raza, M., Wang, Y. and He, S., 2014. Experimental demonstration of a
multiphysics cloak: manipulating heat flux and electric current simultaneously. Physical review
letters, 113(20), p.205501.
Zhang, S.S.L. and Zhang, S., 2012. Magnon mediated electric current drag across a
ferromagnetic insulator layer. Physical review letters, 109(9), p.096603.