Ways to Industrialize Cement Production from Bauxite Residue in Australia

THESIS
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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Bauxite reside is a highly alkaline waste product which is produced as wastage of
by product during extraction of aluminium ore. It is produced in tonnes and has a negative
impact upon environment and can result in increasing environment pollution. BR can be used as
a raw material in production of cement in such a manner that can increasing quality, durability of
cement and can also help in production of environmentally sustainable cement. The main
purpose of this thesis is- to analyse ways in which cement production made from BR can be
industrialized in Australia.
Research methodology: It is a qualitative type of research in which Secondary data had been
collected by the researcher from earlier credited research reports and mass media regarding the
use of BR in the production of cement. For analysis of this secondary data, Systematic literature
review analysis method had been chosen so that main research questions can be answered in a
proper and effective manner.
This research had successfully answered all the main research questions and has also helped in
understand ways in which Bauxite residue can be used for production of cement and ways in
which it can be industrialized in Australia.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................5
Research Background..................................................................................................................5
Research questions, Research Aim and research objectives.......................................................5
Significance or justification of research......................................................................................6
Outline of thesis or dissertation...................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................9
Introduction..................................................................................................................................9
Theme 1: Disposal of Bauxite residue.........................................................................................9
Theme 2: characteristics of bauxite residue and ways in which bauxite residue can be used in
production of cement.................................................................................................................10
Theme 3: Bauxite Residue a viable product or not....................................................................11
Theme 4: Importance of Bauxite residue affect cement quality................................................12
Theme 5: Drivers and barriers in reuse of BR in cement production........................................13
Theme 6: Recommended ways though which barriers to adoption of BR in cement production
can overcome.............................................................................................................................14
Summary....................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................16
Overview....................................................................................................................................16
Research type.............................................................................................................................16
Data Collection method.............................................................................................................16
Research design.........................................................................................................................17
List of key words used in literature review...............................................................................18
Literature search strategy...........................................................................................................18
Research Approach....................................................................................................................19
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................19
Research Limitations.................................................................................................................20
Ethical Considerations...............................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION................................................................................................21
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CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS........................................................................................................26
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................28
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................28
Scope for further research..........................................................................................................29
REREFENCES..............................................................................................................................31
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Research Background
Bauxite Residue is a highly alkaline waste product which is basically produced due to production
of aluminium ore. It is one of the largest industrial by- product which is been produced in tonnes
in this industry (Zhu and et al., 2018). It has become a common practise so that provision of safe
storage can be provided, its social and environmental impact can be reduced. It is important for
industries to focus upon management of this Bauxite Residue because it is not only costly to
dispose of Bauxite Residue (BR) but it can also increase environment pollution. This material is
produced in in large quantity globally, even in Australia it is produced in approximately 77
million tonnes annually (Cusack and et al., 2019). Today various kinds of advance technologies
has been developed that ca not only help in resolving BR disposal problem so that its negative
impact upon environment can be reduced. So that not only cost associated with it can be
maintained but can also result in reduction of pollution created by this Bauxite Residue (Kong
and et al., 2017). Various kinds of research have taken place in this field that clearly helps in
explaining that it is used for bricks, glass ceramics as well as in road beds but in Australia it is
not used much at industrial scale for cement production because in Australia Ground Granulated
Blast furnace slag is used more instead of cement especially for concrete. So, this research will
focus upon ways in which cement production made from BR can be industrialized in Australia.
Research questions, Research Aim and research objectives
Research Aim
To analyse ways in which cement production made from BR can be industrialized in
Australia.
Research Objectives
Main objectives of this thesis are as follows:
 Identify possible ways in which bauxite residue can be used in production of cement for
fulfilment of cement demand.
 Determine whether Bauxite Residue provide structurally viable product or not
 access ways in which application of bauxite residue affect cement quality.
 Identify drivers and barriers in reuse of BR in cement production.
 Recommend ways though which barriers to adoption of BR in cement production can
overcome.
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Research Questions
Main research question of this thesis study is:
 How the application of Bauxite residue in the production of cement can reduce or eliminate
the costly and harmful disposal issues?
 How bauxite residue can be used on commercial scale for cement production in Australia?
Scope of the research
This study mainly focuses upon Aluminium ore production in industries in Australia that
leaves highly alkaline waste material known as Bauxite residue or BR which is a harmful
material which is produced in tonnes in Australia. Due to this it becomes important to focus upon
safe disposal of BR so that its harmful effects can be reduced but this disposal of BR is
extremely costly (Wang and et al., 2018). So due to this, this research study has focused upon
identifying ways in which possible ways in which bauxite residue can be used in production
of cement and ways in which cement production made from BR can be industrialized.
Significance or justification of research
Bauxite residue is a highly alkaline waste material which is produced due to production of
aluminium ore (Xue and et al., 2019). It is harmful and a toxic material which is mainly
disposed-off. From economic point of view as well it is extremely costly to dispose of BR in a
safe and secure manner. Using this Bauxite residue in production of other materials can not only
help in reducing wastage but can also help in recuing cost of disposing this harmful material
(Xue and et al., 2019). It has also been observed that significance of applications of Bauxite
residue is also ignored especially for industrial use. It is important to focus upon using Bauxite
residue for some useful purposes as it will help in resolving various kinds of problems associated
with this wastage such as cost of disposing BR can be reduced, environmental pollution can also
be reduced.
This research topic is worthy and important to be focused upon because if Bauxite residue
is not disposed of in a proper manner then it can create environment pollution. Due to its large
volume of, high alkalinity, and storage complications risk to environment increases. Significance
of use of Bauxite residue in production of cement is important to be focused upon so that
environment pollution can be reduced and usage of this harmful waste material can also be
increased.
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Outline of thesis or dissertation
This thesis has five main chapters: First chapter is introduction in which research topic has
been introduced, second chapter is literature review in which review of secondary data collected
has been don. Third is research methodology chapter in which all the methods chosen and used
within whole research process has been discussed. Next chapter is analysis of results and
findings chapter in which analysis of secondary data collected for research has been analysed.
Last is conclusion chapter in which conclusion of whole research study has been focused upon
that can help in answering main research questions and achieving main objectives of the
research. All the main chapters of this thesis have been briefly outlined below in a proper and
appropriate manner:
Chapter One: Introduction
This chapter focuses upon introducing research area in which this research project will be
focusing upon. In this chapter main aim and objectives of the research study are identified and
main research question which is required to be answered is also focused upon. This chapter helps
the researcher in outlining main importance of the research and reason because of which this
research topic is being focused upon.
Chapter Two: Literature Review
This chapter focuses upon reviewing secondary data collected from different resources
such as Books, Journals, articles, reports, online websites, and many other sources. Review of
secondary data helps the researcher in developing a base for the research so that main objectives
of this research can be achieved and main research question can be answered in a proper and
appropriate manner.
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
In this chapter all the methods that are applied and adhered throughout the research study
has been focused upon. This chapter also provides justification of all the methods chosen for
achievement of research objectives. Other than this method using which data has been collected
for this research and method using which data will be analysed has also been explained and
justification for the same has also been applied. This chapter can help the reader to understand
reason because of which chosen method are appropriate and most suitable for the research.
Chapter Four: Analysis of Results and Findings
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In this chapter analysis of data collected though literature review has been done, other
than this discussion of results and findings gathered from analysis of secondary data has also
been focused upon in this chapter. It is one of the main and important chapter of this thesis as it
will help in achieving all the main objectives of the research and will also help in answering
main research question of this thesis.
Chapter Five: Conclusion and recommendations
This chapter focuses upon conclusion that has been gained from all the analysis of
secondary data and whole research study. It is another important chapter of whole research study
that helps in analysing whether research question has been answered properly or not and whether
it is sufficient for achieving main research aim and objectives or not. Other than this in this
chapter need for future research in the same research area is also identified in a proper and
appropriate manner.
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