Android App Development Report 2022

Running head: ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
Name of the Student
Name of the university
Author note

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Abstract
The paper provides the development process of a user-friendly mobile application that is of
great help as it helps its users to remind themselves of their medication dosage. The
application is developed on Android Studio and has been tested on smart phones. This
application has made use of agile methodology for keeping pace with the contemporary
projects like this. The literature review for the same has been given in report to make the
users understand about the development of such applications. The design, process of
implementation and testing and evaluation has also been given. Finally the report concludes
by summarizing the report and pointing out the key points in the same.

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................4
Methodology & project management.......................................................................................16
Design......................................................................................................................................20
Implementation........................................................................................................................21
Testing and Evaluation.............................................................................................................22
Conclusion................................................................................................................................22
References................................................................................................................................24

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Introduction
Smart phones have been the popularly used computing devices with a wide
predominance of Android platform. The technology has been evolving and along with this
there has been a surge in the Android applications as well. This has become a wide field of
study with many researchers putting in enormous efforts to develop numerous applications
that can assist humans in different sectors. The Android applications have gained a lot of
popularity and since its evolution people are getting aligned to online activities. With each
passing day use of android applications in spheres such as shopping, medical and many more
have attracted the users. The increasing usage of smart phones can be attributed for this surge
in the Android applications. The main problem with patients especially the aged patients is
that they forget the time of intake of medication and suffer for the same. Taking medication
in wrong time or skipping the doses has adverse affect on their health. Studies suggest that
many doctors complain of having patients who do not take their medicines on time or rather
they forget about the time of dosage (Ameta, Mudaliar & Patel, 2015). The application being
developed will be of great help to solve the problem. The application will be include steps
such as registering the users, logging them in, adding medication, adding alarm for taking the
medicines as per the time prescribed by the doctor and remove medicines from the saved list.
This application will also provide the users with the facility to search for medicines that have
been recorded in the list previously. The main aim of the application is to help the patients
with their medicine dosage and check that the patients are taking their medicines at right
time. In this paper, the previous work on such android applications, project management to
build the application, requirements for building such applications, implementation procedures
will be discussed.

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Literature Review
With the advancement of technology, many different types of applications are making
our phones “smart” and there have been a drastic transformation in the way we function
today. Skilled and proficient programmers are busy in creating and developing apps and
stacking those with the required features. As per the research done by Choi et al., (2015), the
various Android fundamentals that should be known are as follows;
1. Expertise in the language- The two important programming languages utilized in App
development in android is XML and Java. Therefore having excellence and mastery over
these languages are the prerequisites for the application development. Some fundamentals of
Java include Packages, Inheritance and interfaces, Objects and classes, Strings and numbers,
generics, Concurrency and Collections.
2. Being familiar with the proper Development tools- It is necessary to familiarize with the
automation tools before starting the application development process. Android app studio,
Eclipse or IDE which help in the basic understanding of the code (Ma, Ovalle &
Woodbridge, 2018). On the other hand Apache Ant, Gradle and Maven provide for a set of
powerful tools which helps in managing the builds. It is also necessary to make one familiar
with source control concepts and tools.
3. Information about the Application Components- The important building blocks of
Android application development are the application components. The different types of
application and component which serve a distinguished purpose with a different life cycle
and defines its creation and destruction. This includes the following:
Activities
This component represents an user interface with single screen for example an email
application may be having single activity, showing a stack of new emails, other activity is to

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compose emails and yet another reading those. So these types of activities bind together
forming a cohesive user experience in the application, though each one is independent.
Content Providers
Through this, data that is stored in the file system, or the web, a SQL database can be
modified or even queried (Fathi, Hashim, Ibrahim and Hassan, 2017). This is also utilized for
reading and writing the data that is not shared or is private to the application.
Broadcast Receivers
These respond to the broadcast announcements. Most of these receivers generate from the
system and though they are not into displaying the user interface, a status bar notification is
created which alerts the end user during the occurrence of a broadcast event. Basically, it acts
as a gateway for the other components and does very less work.
Activating components
Intent is referred to as a synchronous message which activates 3 of the four components like
broadcast receivers, services, activities (Obugyei & Raman, 2018). These bind the individual
elements to each other during runtime irrespective of it belonging to the app or not.
4. Consciousness on Loaders and Tasks, Threads, Fragmentations and Android
Application- Android is a shattered market with numerous different devices and OS
versions. If the device supports a number of other devices it requires more testing and
maintenance and this results in the increase of cost as well. Proper font’s layouts and assets
are required which ensure the best experiences. The sensors supported by android and UI
facilities should also be considered (Abel, Gavidi, Rollings and Chnadra, 2015). Every
android application has an application class, fragments and activities. Sometimes there can be
services for background tasks which continuously run but at other times it may not. For
delivering a smooth interface, it should be ensured that the thread is not blocked. Thus, the
longer operations like computations, network and input output should all run asymmetrically

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in the background. It is necessary to be aware of the concurrent facilities in the Java
language.
5. Choice of Tools should be correct- Mac, Windows PC, Eclipse, any type of Linux,
Android SDK or the ADT plug in are among the simple tools required for android application
development. The unique parameters that should be considered while writing an Android app
are as follows:
Execution and Responsiveness
There should always be a response to the input by the user within 5 seconds or else the OS
will assume that the application is not responding after which the only option would be to
close the app forcefully. If there is a lag of more than 1ooms, it will be noticed by the users.
Limited Resources
Wake-lock is a mechanism which forces the device the system to execute a certain thing
inspite of the recommendation for the device to be in sleep mode by the battery manager.
Battery Efficient App
Users do not prefer to use an application which consumes high battery power. It is required
for mobile app developers to create such apps which are functional as well as battery efficient
because users don’t think twice before uninstalling an app which does not satisfy the battery
needs.
Reduction in memory consumption
This is one more factor which determines the success or failure of a mobile application.
Developers are required to focus on the usage of memory space (Farhadyar, Safdari,
Behpajooh & Nematollahi, 2018). If the application utilizes more space then it affects the
processor and in turns the device. In such cases apps lose high customer engagement.
Security of users should be prioritized

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As per the research done by Nate, Navele, Mote & Naik, (2016), security is the major
concern in today’s world and if an app fails to meet the security measures then everything can
be futile. Thus it is important to integrate effective security features while developing mobile
or android apps. The core of Android development is knowing the activity lifecycle is
necessary when it is related to the creation of a bug-free app. It is for supporting the dynamic
and flexible User Interface designs on tablets and large screens. Debugging application is an
important skill set for a developer and this is provided by android studio. The understanding
of the context is important for android development. Java Virtual machine provides for an
application to have numerous threads of execution concurrently running and the advantage of
multi-threading environment should be known correctly like threading performance, android
threading, memory threading, and performance patterns. Database, SQL, REST and HTTP
should be known. Content providers are utilized for sharing information between the
applications. Mechanisms are provided for data security and encapsulation of data. Learning
about Intent Service and service in which a service is used for operation performance in the
background like interacting content providers, playing music, handle network transactions
and it does not have an User Interface. Having knowledge about the tools is important for
getting the data of CPU and memory utilization and certain caching implementations.
Network request frequencies should be optimized and developers should have the knowledge
about creating a Custom View, which helps in the development of Android App. It is not a
good practice to hold the reference of objects that do not have any kind of requirement.
As per the research done by Tadvi, Ansari, Kapasi & Desai, (2017), making the
object’s reference free after being used is helpful for the garbage collector to destroy that
object and this helps in preventing memory leak issues because keeping unnecessary object
reference leads to memory leaks. But a developer should also know the process for fixing the
issue at the same time. Studying the performance patterns in Android applications and the

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garbage collection methods is important. Knowledge about the Invalidations, performance,
layouts, Android UI, GPU, battery improvement, app launch time is necessary. Developers
should know the process of reducing the AOK size and work on the lacunas for improvement
in the applications. There should be an understanding of the Bitmaps as it utilizes a huge
amount of memory and can tend to OOM easily. The application users like content,
especially when it is nicely formatted, for example if content has images those will get the
attention of the users but the drawback is that they will consume too much memory. One
more important thing is the RXJava which has now become mandatory for Android app
development. Android Jetpack on the other hand has been created for making the app
development faster. The next generation of the Android elements brings in the benefits of
instant updates, support library and backward compatibility. It monitors activities like
lifecycle management, navigation for which developers can eliminate overlapping code and
concentrate on those things which can make the application better. Business needs today can
get solutions in a single step via mobile application technology, whether the app is developed
internally or by engaging the services of a mobile application development organization,
people need to understand the complete process. Developers should adhere to various
important techniques so that they are able to perform dynamic application development. If the
right strategies are not followed it is difficult for application developers to get the required
solutions. Developers need to create apps which not only keep the business engaged but also
should help in the enhancement of the sales of product and services, find customers, enhance
client base and concentrate on target audience. Now there is an increasing demand for
application among a number of businesses. Most of the enterprises across the world are
showing interest in app development. Application should be able to function smoothly to
attract user attention. 77% of the Americans are the owners of smartphones today and
majority of their time is spent on the applications. Reports state that in 2017, 197 billion

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applications were downloaded which ensured that the career of an Android app developer is
stable and there are numerous growth opportunities in it.
As per the research done by Rattanayotin & Vanijja, (2018), the utilitarian and user-
friendly nature of the mobile devices it has been used as an indispensable expedient for
human essentials. The mobile software developers need to release software within a specific
time and budget. Software estimation plays a vital role and it provides accurate sizing figure
for building confidence in the relationship of developers and stakeholders. There are many
such approaches that are made used for estimation of traditional software and the same are
adapted for development as well as testing of mobile application. The estimation of the
efforts for software testing includes estimating test size, effort, price and the entire schedule
by the means of various methods along with tools and techniques. Android applications have
access to a premier open marketplace for distribution that is Google Play. No sooner a
company publishes a new application on Google Play there are millions of users who access
the application. There are many such interesting facts that can be learned from the data sets
on the application markets and aggregations of the volumes of data. There exist official
application stores that include Google Play containing several million applications for the
Android platform. The official and in official market places host executables and metadata
generated by the developers along with users for each of the applications. Data from Google
Play can be accessed via the medium of public web interface and undocumented API that are
made use of by Android smartphones so that the app installations can be managed (Hecht,
2015). There are commercial databases available that are responsible to mirror metadata from
the platform of Google Play and other such applications’ market selling access to
informations. Among these commercial databases there are comprehensive metadata of
numerous applications but this lack in linking to other available resources that include source
codes or executable artifacts. Data from the market place is made use of in wider fields

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despite of the difficulties to access the data. The user reviews on the applications are yet other
data point from the market places that help the developers to come up with new features of
the applications.
As per the research done by Acharya, Gokani, Chauhan & Pandya, (2016), there are
privacy concerns with these kinds of medical applications. There are many studies that relate
to privacy and security implications of the users within the healthcare sector. The widely
available mobile applications have little or no such security measures incorporated in them.
The application will be recording the medicines of the users and this is personal thus leak of
this data can lead to serious consequences. The cyber criminals can make use of these data to
harm the patients and hamper the integrity and confidentiality of data. The use of smart
devices by the health care professionals has been able to transform various aspects related to
clinical practice. The popularity of the android applications is due to increasing use of mobile
devices which has been the base for development of medical software applications for
distinct platforms. The applications that are available have been developed in such a way that
they can assist health care professionals with various important curriculum that include
managing informations, health records, accessing communications, information gathering,
patient list management, decision making and other medical education along with training.
The applications need to be laced with better standards and certain validation practices that
relate to mobile medical applications (Hussain et al., 2018). The researchers are of the
opinion that android applications as such that can keep a record of the time of medication
intake can be of great help in this particular sector. The volumes of information of the
patients in the medicals sector can be organized by the help of new applications and this will
be helpful in dealing with the complicacies of the work as well.

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As per the research done by Fallah & Yasini, (2017), android based healthcare
devices are effective in transforming the healthcare sector in many ways that include the
following:
1) Enhance point-of-care coordination- In traditional hospitals, after a patient gets
discharged he is provided with prescriptions and certain instructions by the nurses. The time
and dosage of medication can be recorded that can save the not only the hospital staffs but
also the patients from skipping their dosage. There can be miscommunications when the
nurse is explaining the prescription thus leading to mishaps. Misunderstanding of the time of
dosage of medicines can affect the health of the patients directly leading to recurrence of the
ailment. Studies suggest that prescription errors are responsible for almost 70 percent of the
medication errors. Mobile devices have showed their potential in changing the dynamic by
helping the doctors and nurses to coordinate in a better way with the patients relating to the
diagnosis, medication and associated follow up processes (Gogate, Marathe, Mourya &
Mohan, 2017). The advanced applications are effective in monitoring whether a patient has
got a good understanding of the instructions. Thus point-of-care coordination can has been
found to make huge level of difference in the field of patient recovery thereby bringing in
decrement in the re-admissions.
2) Seamless flow of large amount of data- The healthcare system is complex in nature and
there is continuous flow of data in between patients and healthcare providers. Mobile
technology is helping in making the complex ecosystem move the informations in a more
efficient manner as they are not required to take heed about the misplaced papers, different
files and multiple folders. Cyber security is considered to be a major concern in this case

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3) Provides convenience- Mobile applications are convenient to use and these can make the
work of the users easy helping them with arranging their medical records and in this
particular case reminding them of the time of taking medicines.
As per the research done by Cinar, (2015), mobile computing technology are being
increasingly used in the healthcare sector. These types of systems provide the users with
convenience to use it in a proper way and take full advantage of the technology. The various
advantages that the wireless technology is laced up with paved way for the development of
various mobile applications. With increase in the usage of mobile devices programmers and
application developers have come up with new applications that make the work of humans
easy and they can do the same in less time than before. The use of mobile technology in
healthcare sector can be well understood from the fact that there have been many such
applications developed such as intelligent biomedical clothing for the purpose of disease
management along with personalized healthcare. The development of various mobile
technologies have steered not only the manufacturers but also the solution developers to
come up with new as well as unique applications making use of the mobile technologies. In
the domain of healthcare making use of mobile technology has been effective in developing
new applications as per the requirements of the patients and demands. The primary necessity
in this case is to have a balance in between the deployment cost and use of the device. The
benefits of the mobile technology have been huge and recognizable and it has proven its
potential to bring a revolution in the healthcare industry. It is said that the main barrier to the
adoption of mobile technology in the healthcare sector is systemic issues (Malgaonkar, 2015).
Mobile technology provides great potential to bring in improvisations in the rendered level of
service. It provides productivity gains reducing costs in this particular sector. These
applications can be made use of for accessing as well as updating patient records, taking
inputs of the test results, monitoring patients at the same time providing clinical information

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that aids the doctors and other healthcare professionals. The recent trends prove that adoption
of the mobile technology should increase at a rapid rate. These comprise of the growing use
of mobile devices owing to their affordable prices along with the reliable as well as usable
technology and associated telecommunications infrastructure. Studies suggest that though the
potential of mobile technology has been recognized in bringing in revolution in the healthcare
sector still it has not been that popular and accepted by the users. There have been many
studies that investigate the role of mobile technology in healthcare application development.
Information technology is the basis of these applications and is required for the transmission,
storage, modification and retrieve of these volumes of data. The mobile applications give the
users provision to use the same anywhere and anytime. In the healthcare sector mobile
technology has many administrative as well as clinical applications and the users include
doctors, administrators, patients and nurses. In this sector each of these applications has
certain specific benefits as well as some issues that are mainly associated to the adoption.
As per the research done by Shin et al., (2018), the use of mobile technology in the
healthcare sector provides the users with many benefits that are as follows:
1) Improvisations in communication- In the healthcare domain work are done in various
locations that include hospitals, emergency sites and many other such places. This requires
storing of wide range of informations as per the task as well as location. These devices have
proved to be of much importance that facilitates communication, can be easily accessed as
well as updated as and when required. The integration of technology in the healthcare devices
will make them more efficient and user friendly.
2) Improves efficiency- Mobile technology in the healthcare sector can help improve
efficiency and aid the professionals in delivering quality services to the users or patients.
Unlike the traditional system of paper and pen it can help avoid inaccuracies as well as

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inefficiencies. For example healthcare related technologies including Computerized
Physician Order Entry systems, Electronic Medical Records and other such applications like
electronic prescriptions help in facilitating improvements in patient care along with efficiency
in administration (Kang, Cho & Kim, 2015). This brings in reductions in the medical errors at
the same time lowering healthcare costs.
3) Accessing more information- The ease of access that mobile technology provides is of
great help in the long run as it provides secure access from different locations. This can be
considered as the major advantage of usage of mobile technology in the healthcare sector.
4) Leveraging expertise via greater efficiencies- The scarcity of skilled healthcare
professionals are the main factor for implementation of mobile technologies in this sector.
5) Community healthcare- The use of mobile technology helps in taking the information from
the environment of static desk into workplace and then finally out to the community. The
nature of healthcare includes attending huge number of patients and moving through work
areas. The technology is of great help in enhancing patient care by permitting home visits in a
more efficient manner. This also helps in enhancing response time which so that services can
be provided to the patients in remote places as well. Community healthcare is considered to
be an area where mobile communication is helpful as we as sophisticated enough to provide
many new provisions to the users (Nirmala & Sathya). This may need reengineering of the
existing systems and the work protocols.
7) Centralized systems- Healthcare administration as well management has come a long way
along the centralized lines with development of larger hospitals for bringing in
improvisations in the economies of scale. The rapid development in the healthcare system
can be attributed to the firm support by the centralized by the IT systems.

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In this particular application the users will be provided with the provision to save their
medication in the list and set alarm so that they do not forget to take medicines which can
affect their health conditions. The application will help the user in remembering the time to
take medicine so that he does not miss any dose which can have adverse effect on his health.
Referring to the literature it can be said that there are many such applications already
available in the market. These types of applications provide better convenience along with
high level of accessibility to the patients as well as the healthcare service providers. These
technologically advanced applications can save time as well as cost of individuals. The
application is best for elderly people who generally suffer from chronic diseases and require
taking medicines more often as per the prescription. Among the common factors that affect
medication adherence is the forgetful nature of the elderly people mainly and it can happen
that they are unable to manage so many medicines at a time. Thus this application can be
savior for them and help them in keeping a track of the medicines they need to take to keep
them healthy and get cured as fast as possible. One such existing example of this kind of
application is Automated Pill Dispenser by the MedMinder. It is a rectangular tray consisting
of multiple compartments for storage of medicines for each day over a week. This is
supported by wireless technology and this application can be programmed by the user to send
video as well as audio reminder (Boyer & Mew, 2016). This tray has been found to be very
useful in a homely environment but is bulky in nature to carry to different places by the users.
Several mobile applications that act as medication reminder are already in the market and
these applications permit the user in managing the prescriptions at the same time providing
reminders. These applications give the users the provision to set time at which the reminder
can be triggered and the user gets reminded of his pill. In all these applications the reminder
is generally in the form of audible alarm or visual reminder with functions such as snooze
function, text reminder, interval auto calculation and visual reminder. The available

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applications do not provide voice reminder in a specific language or some dialect that is
chosen by users. This can be something new if added to the application. This particular
feature can be useful for those elderly people those who are not familiar with the commonly
used languages and find it difficult in managing these applications only for this particular
problem. The main aim of this project is come up with such an application that will be able to
provide reminder services to the users helping them to adhere to medication regime. The
applications that are already present in the market help the users by creating medication
schedule by setting a specific name to the schedule and in these schedules the date and time
will be set for receiving the first medication notification. In these applications once the
schedule is created and the details of medication stored in this, the users can view the
schedule list as and when they want to. The application will sent a notification to the user at
the time the user sets the timer and by getting the alert in his smart phone he can take the pill
on time.
Methodology & project management
As per the research done by Santos et al., (2016), at present there are 2.5% of the
companies in the world are able to complete a project 100% successfully and in this case the
IT industry is one of the worst offenders. The researchers are of the opinion that companies
focus on various rational factors such as the process itself rather than the workforce deployed
to accomplish the task, cooperation among the team members and their emotional status. The
companies try to suit people to various processes of project management and doing this they
make the process more vulnerable. Studies suggest that the projects become unsuccessful due
to exceeding budgets and extending deadlines. The software to be developed requires
following a proper organized methodology to be followed so that it is completed within the
stipulated time (Schwalbe, 2015). Agile methodology has been used while working on the
project. Agile project management methodology requires involving the end users in all steps

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of the project and is effective in bridging the gap in between project team and client thus
bringing in high degree of collaboration. Delivering working software within stipulated time
in builds trust of the stakeholders and they believe in the ability of the team to deliver
software of high quality that in turn is a source of encouragement for them to indulge in the
project proceedings. In order to complete the project agile methodology was chosen as it
provides a unique opportunity for the stakeholders to get indulged in the ongoing project.
This approach will help in prioritizing the various features of the software, building iterative
planning; reviewing sessions thus helping in developing new features (Schwalbe, 2015). The
clients get a chance of knowing about the ongoing progress of the client in exchange of
transparency that serves as an added benefit. Agile methodology is of great help to manage
time of the project work. This provides an opportunity to test the software earlier than the
time planned and to check whether this has a sufficient business value. Agile methodology
requires breaking of tasks into smaller sprints and each of these smaller sprints are of fixed
duration of time, the cost of each of the sprint can be predicted and can also be limited to the
work amount that is to be performed. The estimated value that is provided to the client
before each Sprint helps the client to get a better understanding of the approximate cost of
each of the distinct features improvising the decision making procedure also providing the
need to add iterations as well. When it is required to focus on delivering an agreed-to subset
of the various features of the product during the iterations, agile methodology provides a
good opportunity which can help in refining as well as prioritizing the product backlog. The
new or the changed backlog items can be well planned for the various iterations thereby
providing a good opportunity to bring in some changes within stipulated time (Akbar &
Safdar, 2015). The mobile application that is to be developed is to benefit the patient and the
healthcare officials. The addition of medicines and alarm system will help the users in
remembering the time of dosage of medicines and they will be prevented from skipping on

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medicines. The provision to remove medicines from the list and alarm system will be of
great help to keep a record of the medicines and their time of intake. During the development
of the application many changes were required to be done to the system and following agile
methodologies helped in bringing in the changes to the software. Agile methodology needs
defining the features of the product and thus by focusing on the same the various needs of the
end users can be understood. Each of the defined features delivers values and does not just
deliver an IT component. Following the agile methodology also provides the developers with
an opportunity to beta test the developed software after every sprint thus obtaining some
valuable feedback in the initial stage of the project providing the r equired chances to make
necessary changes as and when required. Software Development Life Cycle helps in
designing, developing and testing high quality software (Silvius & Silvius, 2016). The main
aim of the developers to choose proper Software Development Process aims producing high-
quality software that can meet or even exceed the expectations of the customers, getting
completed in the time allocated and within the estimated cost. The iterative model in the
SDLC lays stress on initial, simplified implementation that progressively gains complex and
broader feature until the whole system gets completed. When the iterative method is
discussed, the underlying concept of incremental development is used as well and this
describes the various incremental alterations that are made during development of design and
implementation of each of the new iterations. The various steps of iterative model are as
follows:
1) Planning and requirements- In the project planning plays a vital factor and going through a
planning stage helps in mapping out the various specification documents, establishing the
software requirements or the hardware requirements and get prepared for the next stages of
the cycle (Kaur & Kaur, 2015). The planning of this specific project dealt with making a
statement of work and to plan about the essential elements for accomplishing the task. In

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making the medication application that would help the users in keeping a track of the intake
time of medicines of users has various requirements. In this stage all these analysis needs to
be made and then accordingly proceeded with the work.
2) Analysis and design- After completing the planning analysis was made to find out the
business logic, various models of database and those requirements required in this particular
project. The design stage was also included in this stage and the technical requirements were
established that included the languages, services, the data layers and many more utilized to
meet the various requirements at the analysis stage.
3) Implementation- In this stage of the iterative process the actual implementation and
associated coding process was started. All the planning, specification and the design
documents till this point were coded as well as implemented into the initial stage of this
specific project (Perera, 2015). The medication application includes many features that
include registration page, log in page and other features that were analyzed in this phase as to
how these can be incorporated in the application.
4) Testing- In this step the application goes through a testing procedure that helped in
indentifying as well as locating the potential bugs and related issues that had cropped up
during the project.
5) Evaluation- In this stage the proceedings of the application till a certain stage are evaluated
and the each of the sprints are checked for any vulnerabilities that are considered then to
modify the parts of the project where it is necessary and required
The various advantages to the project from the iterative model are as follows and are
the reasons why the model was chosen for this project. They are as follows:

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a) Inherent Versioning- It is nothing new that software development life cycles include some
particular form of versioning pointing to the release stage of software at specific stages but it
was found that iterative model made it easier and convenient for developers to ensure that the
new iterations are improvised versions of that of the old iterations.
b) Rapid Turnaround- One of the greatest advantages of iterative model that was understood
was that each of the stages in this process could be slimmed down into smaller time frames as
per the requirement of the project (Karthik & Sundarraj). The initial run through all the stages
took some time but iterative model helped in faster evaluation and analysis of each of the
stages.
c) Easy adaptability- The primary advantage of iterative model is the potential to adapt the
needs or requirements of the project and the demands of the customers. Fundamental changes
if made to the underlying code structure can be done within minimal time also at low cost
(Arora & Sharma, 2019). The iterative model helps in recognizing detrimental changes and
the same can also be reverted within a very short span of time to an old version of the
iteration.
Design
The project focuses on development of a healthcare mobile application which
provides the users with reminder service helping them to adhere to the medication regime.
The user can create a new schedule for medication by setting a specific name for the schedule
giving the date and time for the notification. When a schedule is created the name of the
medicine is to be entered by the user with the details of what is being used for. The frequency
in hours is also fed into the system by the user. The user can check on the reminders
previously added and delete the same once the dosage gets over. The name of the medicine
along with the reason why it is being taken can be entered by the user. The reminder set can

21ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
be deleted by the user as well. The application will help the users to avoid skipping their
doses. The application is easy to use as in order to add a medicine, the users has to enter the
name of the medicine and the user has the option to select and delete a previously stored
medicine. The application gives the provision to the users to specify when to notify that is
before 30 minutes of the actual time to take the medicine or 15 minutes and so on. The
notification will be displayed as per the time set by the user and the user can enable vibration
for the same as well. The addition of vibration to the settings will help a lot as if a user misses
seeing the notification he can certainly feel the vibration and get reminded to take his
medicines. The design of the application is user friendly and it can be said that all users can
easily use this as per their requirement. The design has been kept simple so that it can be used
by mainly the aged people those who tend to take their medication in time. This application
can help those people who tend to forget about their medication dosage and unknowingly
affect their health adversely.
Implementation
Android is the software platform in this case and it is a Linux-based operating system
that is designed mainly for the touchscreen mobile devices. The operating system can be
upgraded and new different features can be made available in each new version release. In
addition to this, Android is an open-source software platform that is freely available to the
application developers and the increasing use of Android devices makes the same an
appropriate platform that can be leveraged on. The medicine reminder mobile application is
being developed to run on Android platform. This has been tested on mobile devices that
include Samsung Ace and other versions of Samsung as well. The user interface of the
applications has been created in the XML format in place of Java class. This has been
separated from the logic of actual program ensuring that any modifications in the program’s
logic will not have any such effect on the user interface or vice versa. Each of the user

22ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
interfaces is developed by making use of the palette that is provided by Android Studio. This
palette permits the developers to design user interface by dragging and dropping the various
components into developed layout thereby generating the XML codes. Android Activity is
considered to be one among the basic building blocks that help to create Android
applications. This component of Android application which provides the users with a screen
or user interface that helps the users to interact with. Each created file of the user interface
will definitely have a Java class that is an extension of the Activity class. A resource termed
as R.java containing the references to the user interface XML file and the user interface
component that has been created for this application. The reference cannot just display the
user interface on the phone’s screen as the activity needs to be declared in the manifest file so
that it can be accessed. In order to obtain the input of the user, the Activity class requires
getting reference of a certain user interface component. The database in this application has
been implemented by using the SQLite database that is supported by the Android platform
and is a software library implementing self-contained, zero-configuration, transactional and
serverless SQL database engine. The codes can be defined in a Java class in the methods as
well so that queries can be accesses and data inserted into the database. The schedule
reminder implementation can be said to be as the core of the application and this reminder is
implemented by making use of Alarm Manager along with the Notification Manager that is
available in the Android platform. The alarm manager helps the application in accessing the
system’s alarm services that in turn can be made use of in scheduling the application for
making it urn at certain point in future. A broadcast reminder needs to be defined for proper
functioning of the alarm. The broadcast receiver has been created as a wholly separate Java
class. The notification that is sent to the user alerts the user at the time the medication is to be
taken and this can be programmed for displaying an icon on status bar on device’s screen. To
accomplish this reference to system’s notification requires to be developed.

23ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
Testing
After the development of the android application the app is tested on different devices and
functionality so that it can be ensured that the app is providing reliable reminders along with
easy to navigate user interface for better user experience. Through the use of this app it is
possible to support medication adherence as prescribed by the medical practitioner. Multiple
users are asked to use the app where people are of the age group 20-60. Users get the initial
screen in order to schedule the medicine in-take time along with some medicine description
for the specific medicine. The notification at the time of intake time invokes the automatic
alarm ringing system available in the android operating system.
When the app is tested in by the different users, it is found that, youths are very much
concerned with the new health care technologies. They are also interested in getting
information about the new technologies as well as techniques that are being developed.
The users/patients who are the targeted user of this app will be able to easily schedule of
medicine in-take time with starting and end time with the alarm system. Even though it is
planned to use recommendation for some specific medicines and some related specific
medicine, but for now the app would not suggest any kind of medicine which is not added by
the user in order to assure the safety of the patient.
Evaluation of the app
The app is developed using different android activities which is considered as the
basic building blocks for the applications. These activities are the components which is
responsible for providing the UI with the rich user controls through which users can interact.
Every User Interface has a concerned Java class which is extended from Activity class. In

24ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
addition to that the resource class called R.java is used and effectively helpful in order to
refer to the UI XML files and components. Another important component was persistent
storage in order to store the data as the app have to save the users saved input information
about the schedule. The input from the user is stored in the complex rational database using
plain text format in order make the accessibility easier from the activities. Therefore, the
database is designed for the developed application. Through this application, user will be able
to create single or multiple schedules for different medicines through the use of the graphical
user interface (GUI). By specifying a name of the medicine and time in 24-hour format the
schedule can be started for next alert reminder. After the schedule for a medicine is created
by the user the user will be redirected to the to the menu screen where the user will be able to
see the list of scheduled medicines. Here the user can either add or delete medicines
reminders which were set previously.
As the medication non-adherence is responsible for reducing effectiveness of any
treatment process for a disease and consequently imposes a financial load on health care
expenses. Through this app users or the patients will be able to add details about their
dosage schedules as prescribed. Using date field the user can enter starting as well as end date
for a complete dose of the medicines. The time field on the schedule screen depicts the time
as well as dosage so that the patients can be notified by the alarm when it rung. All the data
about the medicine and there can be stored and retrieved from the database. Once the alarm is
invoked the user will get a toast notification with the alarm that can stop by the user.

25ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
Conclusion
This can be concluded from the above discussion that this type of an application is
required at present times as people tend to forget to take their medication in time and do not
skip on the dosage. The literature review of the applications that is similar to this application
being developed has been done properly and in a structured manner. The details about the
Android fundamentals gives a better idea of what knowledge is required to develop an
application as such. The use of mobile technology in the healthcare sector and its importance
to make a match with the advancements reveals that it is highly required in an environment as
such. The application will of great help to people those who tend to forget taking their
medication owing to the busy schedule and hectic routine. The application is based on
Android studio which acts as an appropriate platform for such applications. The application
development process makes use of agile methodology which helps in dividing the project into
smaller sprints that help in structuring the project. The agile methodology is advantageous for
the project owing to the various benefits it is laced up with. The rapidly changing patterns in
project are considered to be a headache to the developers and thus in this project agile
methodology is used so that its benefits can be made use of to complete the project in time
and as per the requirements decided. In the making of the application, using agile provided
with the required level of flexibility and helped in embracing changes. The design of the
application is simple keeping in mind the customer’s needs it will cater to. The application
has been designed with very simple features so that the users do not find it difficult in using.
The design has been developed keeping in mind the end users and thus it can be said to be
appropriate for all the age groups. The implementation process has also been given in details
in the report and this application has been tested on mobile devices that include Samsung Ace
and other versions of Samsung as well. This has been separated from the logic of actual
program ensuring that any modifications in the program’s logic will not have any such effect

26ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
on the user interface or vice versa. The process in which alarm manager is inculcated in the
design has been properly given. The application can thus said to be user friendly and
appropriate in the market these days. Thus, from this project the importance of android
application in the market and how it has revolutionized the market is well defined. The
testing and evaluation of the application also gives an idea about the process this application
has been tested and evaluated because it is an important aspect as well. The benefits of using
agile methodology in android application development are also given and how this
application has been designed has been explained thoroughly so that it can be understood by
the users.

27ANDROID APP DEVELOPMENT
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