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Literature review of Cyber Bullying : Essay
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Added on 2020-07-22
Literature review of Cyber Bullying : Essay
Added on 2020-07-22
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Nafeesa IqbalContemporary issue- Part 2 IQB13073649This essay will highlight literature review of Cyber bullying within a contemporary context. It also outline impact of it on Youth and Community. The essay will then further analyze the key themes of Cyber bullying such as, effects of Cyber bullying on children, psychological factors, Cyber Bullying Education and E-Literacy/Safety. Knowledge of these issues will help in reducing the cases of cyber bullying and will make children aware about the hazards of cyber bullying. They will get to know how they can deal with such situation and what preventive measures they can take (Kowalski and et. al., 2012). Finally, throughout the essay appropriate policies, research and theory will be discussed.21st Century is an era of Internet and has brought revolution in the world. There is an approx. 3 billioninternet users in the world or it could be said that almost half of the people are engaged in this. It has made life easier because it has lots of benefits attached to it. As every coin has two sides, same in the case of Internet For almost everything from personal work to the corporate work people are dependedon internet and this has become the best way to communicate with other people. With advantages such as online shopping, accessing material for studying and communication it has also brought some disadvantages also,one of them is Cyber bullying(Kowalski and et al., 2012). Internet has brought revolution in world however it does not go without its advantages and disadvantages which shall be further evaluated in the assignment.Cyber Bullying is when young children are threatened, harassed, targeted by another child and humiliated through the use of electronic technology such a computers, mobiles and tablets. This all occurs when children have open access internet without supervision from elders, which allow them to access social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Snapchat, (Stopbullying.gov, 2017) However, once adults become involved, it is plain and simple Cyber-harassment or cyberstalking. Adult Cyber-harassment is never called Cyberbullying (Hinduja and Patchin, 2014).Graham (2017) states how children have open access online without correct adult supervision, which continues to lead to more cases in regards to cyber bullying and is leading to mental health issues suchas depression and anxiety. In 2013 statistics have shown that children have easy access to technology which exposes them to higher risk of using technology in a manner that has a negative impact on them (KidsMatter, 2017). Cyber bullying has been one of the top five concerns every year since 1989.Children that are victims of cyber bullying have been provided with counseling sessions about online bullying last year -2016. However, it has shown 88 per cent increase in counseling about online bullying over the past five years. Waal (2017) states that how cyber bullying is becoming a bigger problem than ever through social networking site. It is widely affecting the youth and communities. Bullying UK (2016) found that 43.5% of respondents aged eleven and sixteen have been bullied via social networks. 51% felt that 1
Nafeesa IqbalContemporary issue- Part 2 IQB13073649blocking the bully from further contact or communication was a vital tool. Majority of the population consume internet content for school work, social use and for entertainment, however some people use it to release their anger and frustration which is known as cyber aggression. This defines cyber bullying as an intentional act, that is carried out electronically (Kowalski and et al, 2012). However, it is important to look and identify an individual when classifying a bystander as a bully, Erikson was one of the first psychologists to examine the views of identity, he defined identity as the attitude of an individual towards different situation and conditions which a person faces in hs or her daily life. Whatever a person faces, shapes his or her attitude towards society (Mishna and et. al., 2012). A person facing any harassment will automatically develop the feeling of revenge, which is a dangerous sign for a society. Bystander is a person who had already faced cyberbullying or any other harassment. Many bystanders are victims of bullying which in many cases is unseen as who do not intervene or report bullying often suffer. This increase pressure for them to participate in the bullying as in many cases they do not know what to do Eyesonbullying.org, (2017). However, Tajfel and Turner (1979) argued against Erikson (1950) views as they defined identity as people that tend to categories themselves into groups to gain a sense of their self-worth from a digital prospective. At thisstage it is important to understand cyberbullying from an individual prospective,it helps to understandhow children are affected by cyber bullying.This will also ensure that support is available for both the victims and bullies of the victims as both are facing high risks(Whitty and Young,2017). According to Chadwick (2014), it has been analyzed that almost half of the population uses internet and every day they come across different websites. Such ease of access can lead to problems such as cyber bullying. It is reported that approximately half of the young internet users have experienced some sort of cyber bullying (Tokunaga, 2010). People have easy access to the internet because almost every gadget is connected to it and it has increased the potential of cyber bullying. This is considered as harmful than the normal physical bullying because it hits the physiology of teenagers. Normal bullying is aggressive behavior of a person towards another individual. Internet does not have any restrictions and policies which define privacy. Internet providers will hardly put restrictions because if they do so their business will be go down. This issue is arising in a bigger way and if no preventive measures taken, it can cause big harm. As stated by Hinduja and Patchin (2014), there are many ways through which children are affected byCyber bullying. It has been noticed that most of the damage is done by social media. This has become the easiest way to communicate with someone, a child sitting in UK can contact other teen who is partof USA. According to a report, youth of age group of 16 to 24 spends almost 27 hours a week on internet. The number has been doubled from the statics which was 10 years before. . In these hours 2
Nafeesa IqbalContemporary issue- Part 2 IQB13073649they share photos, videos, posts on social media and this also include the messaging. It is affecting their day to day life because now they don't like outdoor sports which can help them in developing their mind and also make them physically strong. By continuously engaging on the internet they are cutting themselves from other activities as they are also not spending time with their parents. Many children use internet to release their anger and frustration and this can be considered as an intentional act. Their daily routine gets disturb from this because most of the time they think of the activities which has happened on the internet (Wade and Beran, 2011). Their thinking and analysing skills reduces and they are not able to make proper decision. Whatever they do, reflects their condition and present state. For example; a teen who has beentalking to a girl on Facebook from last 2 months. All the time he is busy in this and continuously ignore some of his important tasks which he has to do. But after a month he came to know that one ofhis classmate is operating that profile and is a boy. He has never felt this much low and depressed in his life, so he started eating sleeping pills (Parris and et. al., 2012). It can be analysed that teenagers are easy targets because at this stage there is variation in hormone level. Whatever they experience, will set their mindset. It could impact their relations with parents, teachers and friends. They can develop some sort of phobia in them. They are not able to judge what is good for them and do whatever they want without knowing their consequences. According to Menesini and Spiel (2012), it has been analysed that there are various psychological factors that is affected by cyber harassment. It directly impacts their mental health and which can bring anxiety in them. It is observed that victims of cyber bullying develops some sort of fear and phobia. They are not able to concentrate on their studies and day to day activities. When someone is bullied on internet, they sets a perception that it has been noticed by everyone. It increase the stress level because all the time they think of that only and feel that the situation they are handling are much bigger. All this directly impacts their health and can make them ill and can experience the sysmpoms of depression and headache. With reference to Slonje, Smith and Frisé (2013), it can be understood that with cyber bullying education, things can be improved at great extent. It is necessary that people should understand the importance of E-safety. Parents who gives their children permission to use internet should also make them aware about cyber bullying terminology. E- safety should not only be followed on internet but some emphasis should also be given on other things through which teens communicate like mobile phones and tablets. It is the duty of their guardians that they should protect their ward from any harm and make sure that internet is used for a good cause. Those individuals who are connected to their life should guide them to proper path and make them acknowledge about hazards of internet. 3
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