Investigating the Operation of Private Photovoltaic-Battery Systems

Title of the Research Project
<Student Name>
<Student Number>
A report submitted for
300598 Master Project 2
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
<For example, Master of Engineering>
Supervisor: <XXX>
School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics
Western Sydney University
<Month Year>

ABSTRACT
An expansion in conveyed little scale age and capacity in private prosumer families requires a
comprehension of how household controlled activity of such disseminated advancements vary
from a framework ideal usage. This paper targets researching how private photovoltaic (PV)-
battery frameworks are worked, given distinctive expected impetuses, and whether a prosumer
initiated operational example varies based on what is attractive from an all-out power framework
perspective. The work joins household streamlining model which limits yearly household power
bill for two value zones in southern Sweden alongside dispatch model for northern European
power supply framework. The outcomes illustrate huge contrasts in charging as well as releasing
examples of private batteries. A household yearly power cost minimization provides numerous
hours where just a small amount of battery limit is utilized for charging besides releasing, for
most part determined by motivating forces to boost self-utilization of PV-created power.
Conversely, in complete power framework operational cost minimization bigger portions of
accessible battery limit are used inside single hours. In all-out framework improvement case,
batteries are charged and released less as often as possible and energy turnover in batteries is just
a large portion of that of household enhancement case. For every one of cases examined, hourly
power cost gives just a constrained motivator to household to work their batteries in a framework
ideal way.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research has been proposed as well as completed under strict supervision of my project
supervisor. In most sincere manner I would wish to express sincerest gratitude to him for
relentless guidance, advice, patience alongside encouragements throughout entire study. I owe
my colleagues from engineering department greatest appreciation for their unwavering patience
as well as support to my numerous excuses. I would not forget to express my sincerest gratitude
to my friends alongside family members for their generous support as well as attitude
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PV Photovoltaic
CCS carbon capture and storage
DSO Distribution System Operators
EV Electric vehicle
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
Background of Study...................................................................................................................1
Objectives of study.......................................................................................................................2
Proposed Structure of Study........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................4
Prosumer Communities................................................................................................................7
Prosumer Definitions, Objectives, and Motivations....................................................................7
Prosumer Roles............................................................................................................................9
Prosumer Community/Coalition Formation...............................................................................10
Prosumer Market Design...........................................................................................................13
Prosumer Management..........................................................................................................15
Supplier Consumer Relationship...............................................................................................18
Buyer Engagement.....................................................................................................................22
Financial Technological Aspect.................................................................................................25
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................29
Electricity Generation System Composition from ELIN Investment Model.............................33
Residential PV-Battery Optimal Capacity &Household-Optimal PV.......................................34
PV-Battery Systems for Extended System-Optimal Dispatch-EPOD Modeling.......................37
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS.............................................................................................................39
Patterns of Operation of Battery from System & Household Perspectives...............................39
Impacts of Prosumers on System Operational Costs & System Dispatch.................................45
Seasonal Variation in Charge & Discharge of Battery..............................................................48
Marginal Price Curve for Less-Fluctuation................................................................................51
CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION........................................................................................................53
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION....................................................................................................58
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................60
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
The demand for energy around the world has been noted to be on increasing verge with the
International Energy Outlook 2017 projects giving an increase by 28 per cent in world energy
consumption between the periods 2015 to 2040. The prevailing demand is heavily met by natural
gas, petroleum as well as coal. Nevertheless, exploitation of such non-renewable sources of
energy culminate into pollution of natural environment, greenhouse gas emission, global
warming among other harmful effects to environment. Hence, use of energy is changing from
non-renewable to renewable sources. Still, in management of rapidly growing demand, the
provider-consumer one directional model is changing into bidirectional energy as well as
information model. In supporting such transformation, adoption of digital communications in
energy network tends to be proliferating resulting in concept of smart grid (Agnew and
Dargusch, 2015).
The smart grid refers to an electric system that makes use of information, cyber-secure, two-way
communication strategies as well as computational intelligence in a manner that is integrated
across generation of electricity, transmission, distribution, substations as well as consumption to
attain a system that is safe, clean, reliable, sustainable, resilient, efficient as well as secure. It is
on the increasing popularity verge as a result of desirable features alongside possible promises
that are inclusive of self-healing, enhanced reliability, improved quality of power, regulated peak
demand, minimized congestion costs of transmission, enhanced utilization of assets as well as
enhanced resistance to possible malicious attacks or even unfavourable catastrophic occurrences.
There is a significant difference between smart grids and traditional utility grids in which
consumers adopt energy from utility provider and are often charged depending on their
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consumption. On another hand, the users of energy can produce, store or even trade energy with
other users in grid for the vase of smart grid.
The smart grid framework is made up of five major elements which allow seamless sharing of
energy. Such include smart energy as well as information structures, enhanced management
systems, bidirectional communication, sustainable integration with prosumer as well as standards
and legislation.
Objectives of study
This paper provides a report on an investigation of low voltage grids tariff design used for
distribution having high adoption levels DER which include solar PV as well as batteries
alongside electric vehicles that are still significantly unexploited concern in publications. More
specifically, it investigates the interactions of conduct of prosumer which can invest in
distributed sources of energy, DERs, with utilization of electric vehicles which to a great extent
is able to enhance the consumption of electricity of their owners (Ahmad et al., 2017).
The design process of tariff is modeled in form of non-cooperative game that takes place between
difference network users classes alongside regulator who is responsible for enforcement of
network cost recovery. Statistical case studies have been carried out with various scenarios of
electric vehicles diffusion and presuming alongside various tariff frameworks. The effects on
network tariff of enhanced proportions of prosumer as well as electric vehicle owners in network
with various tariff structured are studied. The method of sharing network costs is described
precisely between the various users. Alongside this, evidence of conflicts between adoption of
DER and adoption of EV via grid enforcement of costs recovery by regulator is as well provided.
Such conflicts often result in either cross-subsidy from owners of EV to prosumer or by a
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decrease in profitability of investments in DER. Also established in study is manner in which
structures of tariff drive such conflicts.
It was found out that more tariff structure offers incentives for DERs, less the benefit it offers to
electric vehicles and reverse is applicable. Besides, the paper has appendices that offer the results
on robustness of mechanism that have been described previously to alternative tariff structures as
well as the variable components in cost structure of grid.
Proposed Structure of Study
The paper is organized in such a way that:
Motivations of research questions are given as the opening remarks and accompanying literature
review of three research topics that are related to topic. This is followed by modeling framework
and assumptions that are made of linked simulations. The Results are discussed in section 4
which gives insights into effects of EV and presuming on design of tariff, spill overs between
adoption of DER and EV via tariff design. The last section of paper makes a conclusion of report
besides discussing policy implications of study.
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