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Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach

   

Added on  2021-04-17

8 Pages2258 Words196 Views
Running Head: PsychologyPsychologyTop Down – Bottom Up Process

Psychology 1Perception is a principle as to how exactly humans perceive the knowledge or information of thepeople or objects that surrounds humans with the help of their senses and as to how thisinformation is processed that it allows humans to interact with the nature and the environmentthat surrounds us[ CITATION LuZ10 \l 1033 ]. In our surrounding environment, huge number ofsensory information exists which humans easily sense but humans tend to intake only a smallamount of information at a time. Perception of some of the objects automatically handles actionswhich can be made towards the object[ CITATION Yan05 \l 1033 ]. The purpose of this essay isto do the general principle research and to know about a two way theory flow of the knowledgewith the help of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach. The theorists involved in this approachare Gibson and Gregory[ CITATION Ric76 \l 1033 ]. There are direct and indirect theses whichare stated by Gibson and are based on the visual perception and both are compared and alsocontrasted. Bottom-Up approach is the data driven process in which the data is always influenced by thesenses and then is driven for whatever is perceived by the brain of the humans[ CITATIONOrq13 \l 1033 ]. Huitt proposed that this theory has a basis of believing that humans gain theworld’s understanding in the way directly by analyzing input of the senses[ CITATION Lut03 \l1033 ]. Information that is stored in the memory of the humans about the surroundings that are based onthe factors related to the human brain like eagerness is known as the top-down approach and it isknown as an indirect processing of visual perception. The space that lies between the objectsperception in the theory always depends upon the shapes against the usual background and alsoon the impression of the surface behind the other. Direct bottom-up processingBottom-up approach always uses the aspect of the recognition which depends on the knowledgeof the stimuli which drives to the memory of the brain from senses of humans. Gibson hadbelieved that genetics and biology are dependent on each other for human senses for reactingover stimuli and humans require no prior knowledge of the environment but should just have thistheory of processing information which is not done cognitively but neutrally[ CITATION Con04\l 1033 ].

Psychology 2During the World War II, Gibson formed a film for training the fighter plane pilots who werehaving trouble in the taking off and the landing the planes. He named the available informationas optical flow pattern also known as OFP. Gibson also advice that the light bounces off thevarious surfaces with many dissimilar gradients which create designs with help of the perceptionof eyes. Light is then extended over period of time and space which is known as optical array.Knowledge which is worked upon by the optic array consists of 3 forms: affordance, optical flowdesigns and gradients[ CITATION Khu16 \l 1033 ]. One of the Gibson’s notions is affordance which links perceptions and the actions both inopposite inclination and one can say that the perception does not depend on the action.Connection is actually between environment and the one who perceives it[ CITATION Faj08 \l1033 ]. Draper about affordance stated that it may be a sound weird to the humans who feel that theperception is a measurement of the quality of the objects as affordance is not the quality of theobject but it is a relation in between perceiver and the object[ CITATION Gav91 \l 1033 ]. Whenhumans measure the object in a careful way with the scale, humans are already using theirperception that they have with the relationship of the ruler with the object for deriving acomplete property. By usage of the OFP, Gibson was able to share with the pilots the information of the speed andthe altitude. Giving directions will also be a part of the information as to where the pilots weregoing to land. He also argued that optic illusions do occur when inadequate information isavailable in optic array and that he could not see the distinction in between the sensation and theperception[ CITATION Lee05 \l 1033 ]. Hence, he suggested that perception in the end is alwaysa direct process which involves both senses and perception. Top-down processing approach starts from the bottom, passes on to the stimulus for proceedingat the higher cognitive phase. Stimulus is used in the direct way for forming of the pattern oflight and if it gives the observer hints of the surroundings and the relationship. This approach isin contrast to what Gregory’s indirect approach of top-down processing which used the state ofcognition as the point of starting and then goes to the bottom in order to pass the visual data onprior information of the environment[ CITATION Lar00 \l 1033 ].

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