Topic in IT Ethics

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Topic in IT Ethics

Topic in IT Ethics 1
Contents
Doing Ethics Techniques..............................................................................................................................1
Case Scenario 1........................................................................................................................................1
Case Scenario 2........................................................................................................................................3
Case Scenario 3........................................................................................................................................4
Essay............................................................................................................................................................6
Essay Topic 1............................................................................................................................................6
Essay topic 2............................................................................................................................................7
Essay topic 3............................................................................................................................................8
References.................................................................................................................................................10

Topic in IT Ethics 2
Doing Ethics Techniques
Case Scenario 1
1. What is going on?
 Under the give scenario, Departments of Health, Aged Care and the Health Insurance
Commission are outsourcing their work to the IT software companies. IBM GSA was one
of the tenderer who was selected to work for the organization. While the process of
tender was going on, the company IBM-GSA received a computer disc that was having
information about the pricing of other tenderers competing with the, resulting to which
the company revised its tender that made the minister of department to select the
company for its operations. The minister post three years of this event explained that this
event of $350 million should have been canceled as he thought that the project would not
successfully run with integrity now. But the contract continued as the probity auditor was
unable to hold the rights to his power to run properly in this event.
2. What are the facts?
 Department of Health, Aged Care and Health Insurance Commission wants to outsource
their work with IT organization.
 Three tenders are raised for the organization.
 IBM-GSA being one of the tenderer received information of the pricing of other two
tenderer.
 IBM-GSA revised the tender amount (Caron, et. al., 2016).
 Later minister admit tender should be cancelled
 Limited power in the hands of probity auditor
3. What are the issues?
 Continuation of the contract even if the company IBM-GSA gained information about the
price that other two tenderers are quoting.
 Accepting the revised price from IBM-GSA after attaining information that the company
knows the private information about the contract. And giving the contract to IBM-GSA
knowing that the company has not initiated the tender process with integrity.
 Levying the call made by oppositions to halt the tender process.

Topic in IT Ethics 3
 Less participation of Probity auditor in the contract (Vella, et. al., 2017).
4. Who is affected?
 Other two companies competing with IBM-GSA in the tender.
 Probity Auditor
 Department of Health, Aged Care and Health Insurance Commission
This leads to ETHICAL Analysis
5. What are the ethical issues and implications?
 According to the deontology theory of ethics, a person or organization should always
initiate the activities that are right irrespective of the outcomes of the event. So, the
minister of the department should have cancelled the tender.
 The tender was received to the organization IBM-GSA due to their unethical means in the
environment. Eve after gaining the information about the activities of the company, the
probity officer was unable to stop fulfillment of their actions (Warren, and Burmeister
2017).
 According to deontology theory the department of health should have halted the contract
to implement rightness in their activities irrespective of outcomes.
6. What can be done about it?
 Probity auditor should be given more power to control, monitor and penalize the
tenderers if they implement activities with their wrongful actions.
 The minister should maintain confidentiality of the private and price sensitive
information.
 Cancel the transaction if found that the tender is quoted through wrong activities.
7. What options are there?
 Implementation and fulfillment of rules and guidelines
 Giving more power to respective authorities
 Do no delay in implementation of a decision (Al-Saggaf, Burmeister, and Schwartz
2017).
8. Which option is best and why?
 Halting the contract and providing it to the organization that actually placed the right
amount of tender at the first place and providing more power to probity auditor

Topic in IT Ethics 4
Applying Ethical Theories
According to Utilitarian theory, the matter is ethical if the minister agrees to halt the process of
tender according to the appeal of other two parties and thoroughly go through the case. As the
aspect reduces the utility of other tenderer, so the department should not give the tender to IBM-
GSA.
Therefore the action is unethical because the department gave the tender to the company IBM-
GSA even after knowing that they have gained knowledge about the amount quoted by the other
tenderers. This made the company perform unethical activities and the department quietly
looking at implementation of unethical act by IBM-GSA is also unethical (Kahane, et. al., 2015).
According to deontology theory, the matter is ethical if the organization follows the rule of law
and do not perform any act that aims to break it. Under this case IBM-GSA on gaining
information of tender should have stated it to the department and should have asked them to take
ethical actions.
Therefore the action is unethical because neither the company nor the minister took any action
against the act. Even on knowing that IBM has raised the tender through wrongful means, still
the department gave the tender to them which was unethical (Paquette, Sommerfeldt, and Kent
2015).
According to virtue theory, the matter is ethical if the company IBM-GSA did not make use of
the information received by them. Looking at the ethical thinking theory, the company should’ve
informed the department prior to the revelation of the decision.
Therefore the action is unethical because IBM-GSA did not perform the actions according to
the ethical thinking present in the theory of virtue. Also, the minister on knowing that the
company has information about tender remained silent explained that their thinking was also
unethical (Rohr 2017).
According to contract theory, the matter is ethical if the company also ethical fulfills their
responsibility of trust and integrity against the tender. IBM-GSA should not have changed the

Topic in IT Ethics 5
amount of their tender even after gaining information about other tenderers, so as to remain in
competence. The company should have followed to contract of secrecy and responsibility in the
environment.
Therefore the action is unethical because neither the organization nor the department
performed their contract in the environment. The company raised by amount of tender by
unethical means and the organization on the other hand gave the tender to them knowing the fact
that the company has performed unethical activities (Martin 2016).
Case Scenario 2
1. What is going on?
 Anna is a programmer who is working in a small IT organization that works in
developing software for web based services. She joined other additional tertiary course
study that helped her gain knowledge about ICT’s impact in different countries and
communities. In the course of her job she developed a user interface for the remote
communities. With the help of this technology, she helped the aboriginal people to
connect with the software by looking at the culture images. The system performed
successfully in the external market ad Anna received employee of the month award and
the company received national award for this software. However, the praises that Anna
should receive was taken over by Brian, her manager.
2. What are the facts?
 Anna developed software for the aboriginal user to get attach with the software culturally.
 Software became famous
 Anna received best employee award and company received national business award.
 Anna’s work credit was taken over by Brian.
3. What are the issues?
 Issue in this case is the issue of hiding the real person behind the success of the software.
 Hiding the truth from the customers present in the market is the real ethical issue
(Carbonell 2016).
4. Who is affected?
 Anna is the first person who is affected with such activity implemented in the
environment.

Topic in IT Ethics 6
 Customers at large are also affected with the issue as they did not get real information of
the person who developed the software.
This leads to ETHICAL Analysis
5. What are the ethical issues and implications?
 According to the theory of justice, it is important for the people or organizations
prevailing in the society to initiate their activities in such a way that result of justice and
fairness is received to the community (Luppicini, and So, 2016).
 The current organization in which Anna is working should adequately satisfy her by
providing her monetary as well as non-monetary reward for the achievements made by
her the services that she provided in the market to increase the satisfaction level of the
customers in the market. The manager took all the praises and rewards that Anna should
receive in the market.
6. What can be done about it?
 The manager and other employees should consider the work done by Anna and they
should provide her services according so as to increase her satisfaction level and motivate
her to work more for the organization.
 While receiving National Business Award, Brian should come forward and tell people
about the accomplishment of the company on a whole and contribution of Anna in the
software development (Humphery, and Jordan 2016).
7. What options are there?
 One option is to make the success of Anna as the success of the organization and move
smoothly by promoting the company with respect to the software developed by Anna.
 Another option is to praise Anna and tell the market about her hard work and contribution
in the success of the project.
8. Which option is best and why?
 According to the theory of justice explained above, it is important for Brian to identify
the caliber and work done by Anna on the project and help the customers present in the
market to know the real person who created and developed the software for the assistance
of aboriginal people present in the society (Wolf, and Fresco 2016).
Applying Ethical Theories

Topic in IT Ethics 7
According to Utilitarian theory, the matter is ethical if Brian would have understood the hard
work done by Anna and gave her the utility in the environment by praising her. This act would
have increased the satisfaction of Anna and many other employees at large.
Therefore the action is unethical because Brian stole the appreciation from Anna which she
should get because of her hard work on the project. This act also decreased the satisfaction of the
employees and Anna from the organization. Thus, this act is unethical (Kahane, et. al., 2015).
According to deontology theory, the matter is ethical if Brian would have considered the right
activity in the environment and announced publically that the main reason of their success
through the software is due to hard work done by Anna. Brian should have followed the rules in
order to be right.
Therefore the action is unethical because Brian overtook the success and respect that Anna
was supposed to get her work. As she has worked on the software, so she should get
identification in the market but Brain did not let people know about Anna (Paquette,
Sommerfeldt, and Kent 2015).
According to virtue theory, the matter is ethical if Brian had though ethically with respect to
the interest of the organization at large. He should’ve have told people about the work done by
Anna and praised her in the environment.
Therefore the action is unethical because Brian became selfish on looking at the growth and
success and did not perform ethically. He should’ve have told people that the software is
developed by Anna and she should get the rewards in the environment as she is the real reason
behind the growth of the company (Rohr 2017).
According to contract theory, the matter is ethical if Brain would have told the truth to the
public. It is the responsibility of every person present in the society to let people know about the
right and wrong behind the case. However this did not applied the social contract theory in his
actions and took the reward from Anna.
Therefore the action is unethical because Brian kept it secret from the public that the software
was developed by Anna. The customer believes that he has made the software that is wrong. He
should not have hided anything from the public according to this ethical theory (Martin 2016).

Topic in IT Ethics 8
Case Scenario 3
1. What is going on?
 Andrew is the new software developer of the Government health department who started
working on a project that was underway from last 9 months. He has replaced a novice
developer who was working on this project earlier but has shifted to new project in
another organization. Andrew found out the software is all corrupted and information is
also getting lost from it, it is complete even then also the organization is using live data
on it. He analyzed that the former developer was not having adequate knowledge of the
system due to which he developed the system into more complex structure. He further
spent a long time in retrieving the data by failed in that as well. Lastly, he suggested it to
his supervisor that they need to change the technologies and quality control measure so as
to safely develop the software as well. However, the supervision rejected to his
suggestion stating that the department will not agree in changing the technology.
2. What are the facts?
 Incapacity of old employee to develop software
 Poor and inefficient software
 Corruption in data with the use of software
 Important to change whole technology and quality control to develop software
 Unwillingness of supervisor and department to change.
3. What are the issues?
 Andrew wants to change the quality control measures and technologies formerly used by
the department in order to increase the effectiveness of the software but the supervisor is
not allowing for the same (Babe 2018).
4. Who is affected?
 Andrew
 Government health department
This leads to ETHICAL Analysis
5. What are the ethical issues and implications?
 Andrew on understanding his responsibility towards the efficiency of the organization
and work given by the organization wants to change the technologies used by them on the

Topic in IT Ethics 9
prior basis. According to the virtue theory of ethics, it should be noted that character of
an individual is the key element of ethical thinking. On the basis of Andrew’s ethical
measures the organization is not allowing him to do the same. This result in
ineffectiveness of the software.
6. What can be done about it?
 The supervisor can understand the critical dilemma that Andrew is facing and allow him
to work on the project by using new technologies and quality control measures
 Andrew can convince the department to let him make changes in the system for efficient
functioning of the process (Kinder-Kurlanda, and Boos 2015).
7. What options are there?
 Andrew can work according to the guidelines of supervisor irrespective of the negative
results received from the software
 Andrew can convince the department on allowing him to use different technology and
quality control measures.
 Andrew can convince the supervisor to convince the department to allow him to use the
technology and make changes (Trentesaux, and Rault 2017).
8. Which option is best and why?
 Andrew should convince the supervisor and make him understand the need and
importance of the department to make changes for the good functioning of the software.
Then the supervisor should aim to convince the higher authorities of the organization
(Ruiz -Jiménez, del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, and Ruiz-Arroyo 2016).
Applying Ethical Theories
According to Utilitarian theory, the matter is ethical if, the department and supervisor
understand that it is important for Andrew to make use of innovative technology and quality
control measures in order to become competitive and make use of the software efficiently.
The change in the process only will drive utility for the organization.
Therefore the action is unethical because the department knowing the fact that Andrew
cannot work on such process and rectify it is disallowing to make changes in the process. In
order to gain full utility from the software, the company should adopt changes (Kahane, et.
al., 2015).

Topic in IT Ethics 10
According to deontology theory, the matter is ethical if, the organization should apply the
change management program and initiate changes that are right for the organization.
According to this theory the board and management should understand the importance for
Andrew to make changes in system and help him to work accordingly.
Therefore the action is unethical because the supervisor denies that department will not
make changes in the technology and in quality control as well. Knowing the fact that the
software is corrupting the live data presented in the software, still the company is using the
software is unethical (Paquette, Sommerfeldt, and Kent 2015).
According to virtue theory, the matter is ethical if, supervisor understand the criticality of
the event aims to rectify it by helping Andrew to perform his actions. His actions would be
regarded as ethical only if he agrees to the suggestion given by Andrew.
Therefore the action is unethical because the supervisor without asking from the said it to
Andrew that the IT department will not change their functions. The corrupted software can
help the hackers attack the software; still the supervisor is disallowing Andrew from making
changes in the use of technology and quality control (Rohr 2017).
According to contract theory, the matter is ethical if, the department and the supervisor
understand the consequences of the event if they do not allow Andrew from making changes
in the system allow him to use relevant technology. According to this theory the company
should keep their algorithms private in order to secure hacking.
Therefore the action is unethical because the supervisor disallows Andrew from making
changes in the system. With respect to the theory he should understand his responsibility in
the environment and allow him to make changes so that no person can easily hack the private
information of the organization (Martin 2016).
Essay
Essay Topic 1
This essay will discuss ethical measures in an organization that are related to the whistle blowing
concern to a person who implements such activities. The essay will explain about the activity of

Topic in IT Ethics 11
whistle blowing, whether it is ethical or unethical and the employees initiating such activities are
expected to lose their jobs. Further, it also discusses about two ethical theories relating to the
case and ACS code ethics as well.
On one hand concerning the matter according to the theory of deontology, it should be noted that
it is the duty of all the employees to work according to the rules initiated by the organization.
Irrespective of the outcomes of the event the person should initiate such activities. This concept
works on the basis of rule of law that is implemented in the environment. Relating the concept to
this case, it should be noted that the whistle blower technique expose the activities of the
organization in the external environment (Hartley, Medlin, and Houlik 2017). It is deemed
responsibility of the employees to work for the betterment of the organization. Thus, use of such
techniques should be prohibited by the employees and they should comply with all the guidelines
created by the organization irrespective of their outcomes. The organization should suspend such
employees who initiate such activities in the organization (de Bruin, and Floridi 2017).
On the other hand talking about the utilitarianism theory of ethics, it should be noted that a
person should initiate specific activity if the utility derived from that activity satisfies the society
at large. A person should look at the utility present the consequences and then implement actions
that are best suited for the community. In the given case, it should be noted that the actions of the
company are unethical as they stop employees from becoming whistle blower. This activity helps
the organization to realize their responsibilities and stop performing unethical activities as well.
So, the company expels employees who become whistle blower then they are performing
unethical activities (Lourenço et. al., 2014).
In addition, according to the perspective of ACS Code of ethics, the actions of the company are
unethical because primary of public interest theory states that all actions should be initiated by
the organization that increases the satisfaction of public at large. According to this theory, the
organization should continuously work to bring integrity and utility in their actions. The
company is harming public interest at large so they are performing unethical activities with the
employees (Hilty 2015).

Topic in IT Ethics 12
In conclusion, this essay discussed about the ethical and unethical measures initiated by the
organization when an employee becomes a whistle blower. There is presence of ethical dilemma
in this case between the deontology and utilitarianism theory of ethics.
Essay topic 2
This essay will discuss about the white, grey and black hat hacker from the professional and
ethical hackers. And the difference and similarity between white ethical hackers and white hat
hackers.
White hat hackers are those hackers are those hackers who choose to use their powers for good
activities rather than evil ones. Further grey hat hackers are those hackers who are a mixture of
both white as well as black hat hackers. These people will look for the issues in the system
without the permission of the owner, and if issues are found then they tell it to the owner and
charge some amount to fix it. Lastly, black hat hackers are those hackers who have extensive
knowledge of codes and hacking and these people use their knowledge write malware and earn
money by hacking the software (Quilici-Gonzalez et. al., 2014). It should also be noted that there
is a term naming ethical hackers or professional hackers. These are those people who hack the
computer network in order to test the security of the software and to protect the malicious intent
performed by other non-ethical hackers. On one hand relating this concept to the contract theory
of ethics, it should be noted that the theory states that it is the prime duty of the people living in
the society to work in such a way that they provide benefit to the society. People in the society
lives with an agreement to establish moral and political rules of behavior. So, it is the
responsibility of all the hackers work according to the social contract and enact activities that
assist the society for its betterment (Vandekerckhove 2016).
On the other hand according to the deontology theory of ethics, the hackers in the society,
irrespective of being black hat, white hat or grey hat should never implement actions that oppose
to the ACS code of ethics presented in the society. Thus, it should be noted that the work done
by professional hackers and black, white, grey hat hackers can never regarded as same as one
perform actions by fulfilling their rights and responsibilities and others perform actions
unethically (Witten et. al., 2016).

Topic in IT Ethics 13
In addition, according to the perspective of ACS Code of ethics, honesty is one of the codes of
ethics that explains that the activities initiated by the hackers in the environment are a
representation of their honesty policy in the environment. This is the basic aspect that
differentiates an ethical hacker from non-ethical one (Zhang, Liao, and Yuan 2016).
In conclusion, this essay discussed about types of hackers present in the environment and the
difference between ethical and unethical hacker and the theories related to the case. The essay
explained the deontology and contract theory related to the case.
Essay topic 3
This essay will discuss about the ethics related to the case storing of algorithms developed by
machine learning. The essay explains two ethical theories that explain whether maintaining
transparency in the system can be regarded as ethical or unethical (Xu, et. al., 2015).
It should be noted that algorithms developed by machine learning helps a business to forecast
details about their system and earn efficiency in the market. The algorithms are set of data that is
recorded on the basis of past transactions of the organizations. This system helps the
organization in gaining information about the future sales or progress of the company in the
external environment. So, if the organization reveals this algorithm in the market then other
competitors can make use it attain the key to gain success and reduce the competitive advantage
of the company in the market (Horvitz, and Mulligan 2015).
First let us discuss the ethical dilemma in this case study in the perspective of two ethical
theories namely utilitarianism and right. On one hand, matter is ethical because if the
organization will reveal the core information of their business in the target market then the
competitors can make use of it to reach to their position in the external market. Thus, according
to the utilitarianism theory, the organization should initiate activities that satisfy the market on a
whole and rive the best utility from their actions. So, restoring such information is the best action
as it gives advantage to the company to grow by using such personal information for the
business. Thus, according to this theory of ethics, it is agreeable that transparency is good but not
in all cases, so the company should not share the algorithms developed through machine learning
(Dua, and Du 2016).

Topic in IT Ethics 14
On the other hand the right theory of ethics states that rights are established in the society to
provide maximum benefit to them with maximum priority as well. Rights are ethically correct
and appropriate for the audience at large. Relating it to the case, it should be noted that it is the
right of the organization not to reveal their personal information that helps them to grow in the
external market. It is important for the organizations to be transparent but not in the way that can
hamper their growth (Chatterjee, Sarker, and Valacich 2015). Thus, it is the right of an
organization not to reveal the personal information of organization.
In addition, according to the perspective of ACS Code of ethics, the professionalism code of
ethics states that the organization should initiate all such activities in their business that increase
the satisfaction level of business. They should not aim to misbalance the activities of the whole
market with their activities.
In conclusion, this essay discussed about the importance of business to store their algorithms and
keep such information private in order to fulfill all the ethical responsibilities of the business.

Topic in IT Ethics 15
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Topic in IT Ethics 16
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