International Tourism System Annotated Bibliography 2022

International Tourism System
STUDENT DETAILS
STUDENT DETAILS

TOURISM SYSTEM 1
Annotated Bibliography
Akiyama, F. And Kitazume, K. (2019). Tourists flock to Japan -- but only splash out in
Tokyo. [Online] Available at: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/Tourists-
flock-to-Japan-but-only-splash-out-in-Tokyo [Accessed on: 8th January, 2020]
Tokyo city has a record-breaking inbound trend of inbound tourism. The tourism data issued
by the tourism department revealed that in from January to June 2019 over 16.93 million
people have visited in Japan. Tourist reviewed that they are highly fascinating towards the
Tokyo city because this city has major tourist attractions such as Koishikawa Korakuen,
Hama Rikyu, Imperial East Gardens, Imperial Palace, Sky tree, National Museum, etc. In
China, Tokyo city is marked as the major tourism city because this city is known for its
tourist attraction. Even, when making the plan for tourism in China, all the tourists or even
tourism houses suggest the travellers visit in Tokyo because of its world-famous tourist
attractions. According to the poll of TripAdvisor, Tokyo city has mentioned its name in the
world's most satisfying city for travel (as per the data of 2013).
Tokyo city infrastructure has designed by the government to give support to both travellers
and citizens. For example: the city has the world's most sophisticated railways, earth's biggest
fish market, etc. Such facilities not only provide benefits to the citizens but these facilities
provide major benefits to the travellers also with the immediate efforts. The guide for the
Tokyo tram and train framework resembles a wiring outline for Cray super PC, most little
avenues have no name, structures are numbered by age, delivers allude to a progression of
concentric zones and cab drivers react to milestones, not road numbers. Before setting out
anyplace it is a smart thought to have point by point bearings and a decent guide in English
and Japanese. Most stores and eateries can fax or email a decent guide to your inn on the off
chance that you call them ahead of time. However, tourist's faces challenge also while

TOURISM SYSTEM 2
traveling in Tokyo. Apart from this, Tokyo's department store which is connected to Shibuya
Station also allows tourists to buy branded goods.
Henderson, J. (2017). Global cities, Tokyo, urban tourism. International Journal of
Tourism Cities, 3(2), 143-157,
<https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJTC-01-2017-0006/full/html>
The key idea of this article is to explore the difference in experience that travellers get while
visiting Tokyo as compared to other parts of the international tourism. This article will help
in finding the key destinations that fascinate travellers from all over the world. From the
perspective of the travellers, Tokyo is a prominent example of a global city but has tended to
attract fewer visitors than others in that category. The recent significant growth in arrivals is
attributed to changes in the tourism industry and wider environment, yet some challenges
remain before it can catch up with its counterparts. Tokyo fascinates millions of travellers
because this city known as the house of sparkling skyscrapers, dream cuisine, renowned
intersections, etc. In this literature, the author has figured out the perspective of the tourists
that fascinate them towards the city. In the year 2016, over 9.8 million foreign visitors visit
the city, this brings the contribution of over $1.13trillion.
Apart from this, in this literature, the author has marked there are only 500 cities in the world
that have over 1million residents, Tokyo has a population of 9.2 million (data of 2015). In
general sense, visitors do not like to travel in the crowded but the vast tourism spots and
major attraction of the city fascinate millions of the tourist throughout the year. Analyses of
the author have also incorporated the European and American perspective of the travellers.
200 indices had kept in consideration in this formation and Tokyo stands at 15th number,
which describes that the city attracts the foreign population at the best efforts. Tokyo also has
strong financial and business hubs that attract FDI and contribute majorly to the GDP growth

TOURISM SYSTEM 3
of the country with effective and efficient efforts. In the end, sustainability is the primary
focus of the UN-Habitat city. This drives from the six measures such as productivity,
infrastructure, quality of life, equity and social inclusion, environmental sustainability and
governance legislation.
Holland, M. (2019). The Best Decision I Made in Tokyo Was Hiring a Guide — Here's
Why You Should Too. [Online] Available at: https://www.travelandleisure.com/videos-
travel-tips/hiring-a-tour-guide-in-tokyo [Accessed on: 8th January 2020]
The author has described her perspective after she spends the majority of her time in Tokyo
city during her China visit. The author is the seasoned travellers, she has mentioned that it is
a great idea to heir the travel guide while sight-seeing the beauty of Tokyo. By hiring the
tourist guide that knows the local cultural language of tourists enhances the tourism
experience in Tokyo. It is mention that the best part of hiring a tourist guide in Tokyo is that
he/she narrates the stories about Harajuku, Tokyo Bay, etc. The author has mentioned that
before hiring the travel guide, tourists should look for the basic skills in their travel guide
because if unfortunately, they appoint an incapable person they can ruin their complete trip
experience. Thus, a person should look at proactive, presentation skills, friendliness, time
management skill, knowledge of historical facts, skills. These are the basic requirements that
a person should look for before appointing a travel guide.
The author's ranger (travel guide) picks them up from the airport. After taking the rest in the
hotel, they started their traveling tour with the selection of tempura (deep-fried lotus root) and
a glass of sake. After that their traveller guide, took them for the sightseeing with the taste of
varieties of dishes. Apart from this, the historic market is also the major attraction point of
their trip and their travel guide helped them in purchasing items at the cheap prices.
Generally, it has been observed that shopkeepers take advantage of the tourists by charging

TOURISM SYSTEM 4
them high prices for their products. Thus, in such a case traveller guide act like the shield
because he/she helps the tourists in knowing the right value of the product. People do not hire
a travel guide person because of two prime reasons. Firstly, it increases their budget and
secondly, they want to keep privacy among their group. Although, it has been strongly
suggested to the tourists to hire the travel guide because it will enhance their trip experience.
From the perspective of the author, the travel guide will help in narrating interesting stories in
the local language and will also guide people forgetting the antique items at the right prices.
Song, S.G. and Kim, D.Y. (2016) A pictorial analysis of destination images on Pinterest:
The case of Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, Japan. Journal of Travel & Tourism
Marketing, 33(5), pp.687-701 <
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dae_Young_Kim/publication/303559020_A_Pictor
ial_Analysis_of_Destination_Images_on_Pinterest_The_Case_of_Tokyo_Kyoto_and_Os
aka_Japan/links/5d41c82da6fdcc370a712b0a/A-Pictorial-Analysis-of-Destination-
Images-on-Pinterest-The-Case-of-Tokyo-Kyoto-and-Osaka-Japan.pdf>
The key point of this literature is to conduct the pictorial analysis for the major tourist cities
of Japan that are Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka. The major catch about this literature is that the
author researched the most famous website: "Pinterest". The development of social media
technology has transformed the way for fascinating travellers to travel to different locations.
As of that, official DMO websites have the major information sources for promoting the
information over the website to convenience the visitors with their heritage culture,
architecture, etc. It is also noted that social media also has played a crucial role in the
decision-making model of travellers. According to the author, Pinterest is the rising website
through which travellers can seek answers from real people about their experiences in
specific cities. Such that, the author has specifically focused to figure out the experience of
the travelers after they visiting the Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka. The author has concluded

TOURISM SYSTEM 5
through Pinterest that travellers face the major challenge because of the language and
hospitality. People in Japan give priority to their language and they mostly discourage the
global language. Now, people who had travelled in these cities face an adverse effect because
Japanese people only know to speak their local language. Thus, it creates a challenging
situation for travellers for using sign language. Apart from this, the author also concluded that
people also marked over the Pinterest that travellers are not satisfied with the hospitality
services of these three major cities. Now, the city tourism department needs to focus on two
main aspects that are language aspect and the hospitality aspect. As per the author's
perspective, the tourism industry of Japan should start welcoming the global language so that
travellers will not face such difficulty. Apart from this, it is suggested if retailers are facing a
problem in learning a global language then they have the option to utilize Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
Williams, D. (2017). Tokyo 2020: a legacy or lethargy for tourism?. Josai International
University, Faculty of Tourism Bulletin, 25(6), 51-66.
< https://www.jiu.ac.jp/files/user/education/books/pdf/839-45.pdf>
The key article of this literature is to identify the legacy or lethargy for tourism in Tokyo.
This research will conclude that the legacy of the Tokyo (language, human resource power,
accommodation and hospitality skill) is ready to welcome over 40 million visitors in Tokyo
or not? Since 2013, Tokyo had successfully won the bid to host the Olympics games of 2020.
The administrations of the city now have the opportunity to fascinate tourism activities with
the legacy of the city to develop the hope to build effective tourism. Currently, Tokyo city is
facing an adverse effect due to its lack of world-class facilities for visitors. According to this
literature, it has been noted that visitors face adverse challenges to the communication barrier
in the city (only the Japanese language), a challenge from their human resource services and

TOURISM SYSTEM 6
their poor hospitality. Thus, this research paper operates with the objective to find out the
effective ways through which the administration can incorporate to deal with such challenges.
Apart from this, the tourism of Tokyo will increase by 3.5-fold due to this Olympic event.
The unpredictable increase number will force the government to put their concentration on
inbound tourism forecasts. This will empower major benefits to the country because there are
high probability chances that tourism of the whole will be increase and drive positive results.
These results are marked by the author after noticing the previous experience of the cities
which host Olympics events in the past, these cities are Barcelona, Sydney, Athens, etc.
Japan last facilitated the Olympic Games in 1964 and around then offered recently assembled
foundation, reason assembled present-day convenience for competitors, and an obvious one
of kind accommodations in Omotenashi. In numerous regards arrangements for 2020 have
reflected those of 1964 as Tokyo assembles new brandishing offices, updates foundation and
stresses its administration culture. Moreover, the government of the country should take
effective steps so they can meet with the requirement of the events and this will send a
positive message in the world.

TOURISM SYSTEM 7
References
Akiyama, F. And Kitazume, K. (2019). Tourists flock to Japan -- but only splash out in
Tokyo. [Online] Available at: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/Tourists-flock-to-
Japan-but-only-splash-out-in-Tokyo [Accessed on: 8th January, 2020]
Henderson, J. (2017). Global cities, Tokyo, urban tourism. International Journal of Tourism
Cities, 3(2), 143-157, <https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJTC-01-2017-
0006/full/html> .
Holland, M. (2019). The Best Decision I Made in Tokyo Was Hiring a Guide — Here's Why
You Should Too. [Online] Available at:
https://www.travelandleisure.com/videos-travel-tips/hiring-a-tour-guide-in-tokyo [Accessed
on: 8th January, 2020]
Song, S.G. and Kim, D.Y. (2016) A pictorial analysis of destination images on pinterest: The
case of Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, Japan. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(5),
pp.687-701.’
Williams, D. (2017). Tokyo 2020: a legacy or lethargy for tourism?. Josai International
University, Faculty of Tourism Bulletin, 25(6), 51-66.