Tourism Destination Image and Management

This assignment delves into the concept of tourism destination image and its impact on visitor decision-making. It examines various studies and research papers that have investigated the role of push and pull factors, tourist perceived value, relationship to satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in shaping destination choice. The analysis also considers the influence of cinema, word-of-mouth, and sustainability on destination image and competitiveness. A critical review of existing literature provides insights into effective management strategies for maintaining a competitive edge in the tourism industry.

TOURIST
DESTINATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Analyse world leading destination in terms of income generation.......................................1
1.2 Assessment of destination trends..........................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Identify the culture, social and physical features of tourist destination................................7
2.2 Relation between attribute of developing and directing traveller locations..........................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Covered in PPT...................................................................................................................11
3.2 How characteristics of the Bankok destination affects its appeal to tourists......................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Issues that impact the popularity of tourist destinations for Edinburgh and Bankok ........12
4.2 How Bankok and Edinburgh could sustain its appeal as a destination, with an emphasis
on Responsible Tourism............................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Tourism is one of the basic segment for economy of UK and the various nations which
are having huge number of guest places. Indeed it gives occupations, structures and also gives
chances of speculation all through the countries (Beritelli, 2011). Essentially, abroad explorers
chose UK to spend their late spring or winter excursions like London is major or noteworthy goal
for visitor in European market because of its uniqueness. Along with this Bangkok is one of
impressive city for tourist because it consist of vibrant street life with attractive temples. This
assignment is segmented into four parts for highlighting top most places which is selected by
most of the tourist for numerous purpose. Along with this it shows emerging trends in this sector
and various issues encountered by industry while facilitating their customers. Physical, cultural
or social features of visitor places are also outlined in this project for appropriate comparison
between tow leading destination that is ; Edinburgh and Bangkok.
TASK 1
1.1 Analyse world leading destination in terms of income generation
Tourism assumes an extremely imperative part in the accomplishment of world economy
due to noteworthy goal which pull in a large number of clients and aides in creating greatest
income in a base era (Choi, Tkachenko and Sil, 2011). UK is developing and building up its
country steadfastly by presenting inventive thoughts which pull in number of customers and
enables an association in benefit boost to process. Therefore numerous of companies are
emerging in a tourism sector for facilitating their customers by earning maximum benefits.
Alongside this they offers sensible lodgings, reasonable eateries and furthermore have joint
wander with other voyaging organizations for procuring most extreme income by fulfilling needs
of traveller (Chen and Myagmarsuren, 2010 ).
Consequently, it has been analysed that entire world is full of impressive places for
visiting tourist by having attractive places with fully unique features. Edinburgh and Bangkok
both of them are very famous for its characteristics and impressive themes which attract millions
of customers towards their beauty of surrounding (Forster and et. al., 2012).
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Edinburgh:- It is a capital of Scotland and consider as a seventh famous city of united
kingdom in terms of tourist destination. In fact, this city is a house of national institutions for
instance ; national museum of Scotland, national library and gallery. Apart from this, this land is
also popularize for its international festival by having totally different norms, culture, traditions,
Cumbric language and values (Llodrà-Riera and et. al., 2015).
Another leading place selected by most of the tourist are Bangkok that seems as a most
populous city of kingdom of Thailand that occupies large area of Thailand around 1568.7 square
kilometres and locally ruled by Bangkok metropolitan administration (BMA). In fact this area is
famous for its ornate shrines and vibrant street life due to which numerous of visitors attracted
towards it for experiencing beautiful night life (Di Pietro, Di Virgilio and Pantano,2012).
Additionally, they are also consist of various temples and popularize for its speeches, slogans
and values for example; Wat Pho temple, Wat Arun temple and so on.
These two destinations are attracting billions of tourist because of their splendid beauty
which resulted in generation of maximum revenue for UK economy and develop it more and
more. Therefore, top most leading destinations of UK that plays a major role in income
generation are described as follows:-
Ranking Nation Places for
tourists
Visitors
number in
2014
Visitors number
in 2013
Amount (USD billion)
1. Italy Florence,
Amalfi
coast, Rome;
Colosseum,
iconic art,
Canals and
carnival and
San Marco
square,
75.9
million
76.8 million 46.3
2

Lakes, safari
parks and so
on.
2 USA Walt Disney
world,
Central park,
statue of
liberty,
golden gate
bridge,
Magic
kingdom,
Las Vegas
strip.
59.6
million
55 million 103.5
3 Turkey Istanbul ;
historic city
straddling
Europe and
Asia,
Beaches,
Roman
ruins,
Bodrum
castle,
Myndos gate
and nightlife.
26.9
million
24.2 million 34.7
4 United
Kingdom
Buckingham
palace and
British
28.1
million
28.2 million 30.4
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museum,
Lochs, peaks
and
armadale
castle etc.
5 Spain Gaudi
buildings,
Gothic
quarter and
tapas, Ibiza
town,
nightclubs
and beaches,
Timanfaya's
volcanic
resorts.
54 million 55.7 million 45.8
Bangkok Edinburgh
Purpose of visitors/ profile of
tourist/ reasons
Number of tourist are arriving
in Bangkok for numerous
purpose because of their
number of quality which
attract travellers towards it.
For example; for experiencing
street food, temples, floating
markets, shopping and many
more things. Therefore, profile
of tourist that are visiting
Bangkok are mainly
An individual choose
Edinburgh due to various
reasons such as; to take picture
of beautiful sites or scenario,
charming country side, modern
architecture, splendid palaces,
literate city and so on.
Therefore visitors select
Edinburgh belongs from
various profile for example;
media, photographer, students
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youngsters for shopping, aged
people for seeing different
spiritual places, middle class
people for foreign trip at
affordable price.
for knowing the history of
palaces, engineers for
acquiring idea from beautiful
architect of city.
Income generated Income rises during festival
time period because of their
uniqueness for example;
Sangkran and generate almost
15 billion baht in these
duration.
Almost 4 million travellers
arrived in a year insert £1.32
billion into local economy.
Along with this nearly
4,217,000 visitors are visited
in 2014
1.2 Assessment of destination trends
From the most recent couple of years tourism has developed in number of nations to
produce greatest income by leading increasingly traveller exercises. According to above data and
information it ha been examined that Italy, Spain, USA, turkey and UK are considered as most
mindful country for travel or tourism assignments because of great spots or goals which pulled in
number of local and in addition remote customers (Kim, Eves and Scarles, 2013). Investigating
the present thoughts or patterns of tourism in UK it can be surveyed that number of individuals
are available which are keen on wandering around the whole Europe in view of its uniqueness.
Moreover, regulatory bodies of UK assumes an extremely famous part in tourism
segment by supporting with the assistance of various of acts, laws, standards, convictions, tenets
and directions since it shield people from misuse or any separation. Aside from this
administrative bodies additionally attempt to build the business open doors for jobless
individuals by doling out them employments because of rise of a huge number of organizations
and off kilter prevailing with regards to augmenting increasingly pay. Design sense additionally
changes with the presentation of imaginative and alluring patterns for instance expanding in
western dressing like pants, shirts, one pieces, leggings and so forth.
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(Source:- Pond, 2014)
Consequently, according to statistics reorganization in patterns is a noteworthy
explanation for development or achievement of UK in light of the fact that the vast majority of
remote organizations are completely pulled in towards western thoughts and embraced them at a
huge degree (Laws, 2011).
Bangkok and Edinburgh is a very growing country by attracting billions of tourist
towards their splendid structure and architecture. Therefore various trends of both the nation are
stated as follows:-
Bangkok:- Number of changes are occurring in this nation for seeking attention of tourist for
example;
 Modification in local dresses such as; Gucci, Prada , Pucci and so on.
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Illustration 1: Tourism trends and forecasting

 Impressive quality of community malls fir roaming here and there.
Edinburgh:- Trends in this city si highlighted below:-
 Changes in way of celebrating festivals.
 Musics.
TASK 2
2.1 Identify the culture, social and physical features of tourist destination
In this task, Edingburgh and Bangkok is selected as tourist destination for cultural, social
and physical features which has been understand (Tortella and Tirado, 2011). The evaluation of
physical, social and cultural features of both the destination that are discussed as follows:
Physical Bangkok is the capital of Thai Krung Thep and its main port of
Thailand. This is the city of small town and villages. Bangkok is situated
on the delta of Chao Phraya River which is about 25 miles away from
the Gulf of Thailand. This is the major tourist destination which attract
large number of visitors. Bangkok name mainly used by foreigners as
per their interpretation. The importance of economic of Bangkok for
tourist are estimated more than The number of tourist is approx. 59000
who visit Bangkok for seeing attractive places in past years and country
will earn approx. 12 billion by tourism sector (Žabkar, Brenčič and
Dmitrović, 2010). The country also provide employment to the various
nation people who come for searching the job and almost more than 0.02
million people has gain employment opportunity. The impact of tourism
sector are totally depend on economic development in effective manner.
The another selected country is Edingburgh which is capital of Scotland
and it is situated in London on the Firth of Forth southern shore. It is
second most famous city of Scotland and seventh most popular place of
UK. This destination will attracts large number of visitors towards their
famous places or locations. Mountain is the beauty of country which
make attractive place to the Bangkok city and various visitors are come
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for only seeing the mountains and hills of the country. Physical feature
of Bangkok represents the landscape and mountain which are popular
for their beauty and peaceful location. There are various mountain and
hills such as Khao Mokoju, Doi Chiang Dao, Khao Chang Pueak and
many other.
Social Tourism sector provide employment opportunities for an individual
which gives benefits to large number of people that includes working
persons, students, migrate people who are looking for job in the country.
Tourism activity are important for Bangkok and Edingburgh for their
social welfare (Cucculelli and Goffi, 2016). This will also became
source of culture, heritage and harmony through assisting localised
business and provide various jobs opportunities to the unemployed
people. For example, Water festival, Ghost festival, Lantern festival,
Rocket festival, Buffalo Racing festival and many other which are
famous in Bangkok.
Cultural All country has various values, norms, feeling, concept and orders which
has to be adopted by people and visitors are like western clothes, things
and dresses. These nations have different way for celebrating their
festival according to their beliefs and customs. Culture is directly linked
with historical places and location such as forts, museums, churches etc.
For example, there are many museums which are famous in Bangkok
such as Bangkok national museum, Jim Thomps house, National
Museum of Royal Barges, Bangkok Folk Museum etc.
Features Bangkok Edingburgh
Cultural The culture of Bangkok is
most famous because of their
Culture are famous for their
historical places which provide
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ancient museums and
historical places. It includes
Bangkok national museum,
Jim Thomps house, National
Museum of Royal Barges,
Bangkok Folk Museum etc.
identity to the country. There
are famous museums of
edingburgh such as National
Museum of Scotland, Museum
of Childhood, Museum of
Edingburgh and other.
Physical Physical feature of Bangkok
represents the landscape and
mountain which are popular
for their beauty and peaceful
location. There are various
mountain and hills such as
Khao Mokoju, Doi Chiang
Dao, Khao Chang Pueak and
many other.
Physical features represents
the mountain and landscape of
the country and this is also
famous for these attractive
points. For example, Arthur's
seat, Calton Hill, Blackford
Hill etc.
Social For example, Water festival,
Ghost festival, Lantern
festival, Rocket festival,
Buffalo Racing festival and
many other which are famous
in Bangkok. Approximately 15
billion people are come for
seeing famous locations of the
country.
Social features of country
shows the events and festivals
which celebrate by the resident
citizens. For example,
International Art festival,
Festival Fringe, International
children's festival,
International Film festival etc.
Along with this nearly
4,217,000 visitors are visited
in 2014
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2.2 Relation between attribute of developing and directing traveller locations
The research work on analysing the difference between tourism industry and major
destination and compare these destination for achieving the final judgements (Dwyer,
Tomljenović and Čorak, 2016). In below, the comparison among culture, social, physical,
technological, economical, legal and environment factors which are as under:
Basis Bangkok Edingburgh
Social factor The social factors are mainly
impact on country employment
growth rate and they are not
capable to focus on changes in
society and also they will
distribute culture on big
population.
In Edingburgh, every people
are adopt their culture and
country will also respect their
cultural values and sentiments.
Technological aspect Bangkok have latest
technology equipments and
techniques for increasing
growth and development.
Edingburgh required to update
their technologies in effective
manner. By this their, they will
attracts large number of
customers towards their
country places.
Economical factor Its growth rate is high which
provide best services to their
travellers and they are also
show them all the famous
locations.
Edingburgh is face the bad
condition of economics and
they are able for investing
capital in tourism sector.
Legal aspect Bangkok have latest security
and safety tools and
In Edingburgh, there are
various criminal activities are
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equipments which are help in
eliminating fear of crime.
take place because of the lack
of legal security.
Environmental features Bangkok face pollution
problem but they are adopt
latest measure for controlling
it.
Edingburgh is highly polluted
area where visitors are come
according to the season.
Physical aspect There are various famous
places in Bangkok which
attracts million of people for
travel.
Edingburgh have many
popular and beautiful locations
which gaining attention of
visitors.
Cultural aspect There are different culture
which exist in Bangkok.
Edinburgh also adopt various
cultural values and beliefs.
TASK 3
3.1 Covered in PPT
3.2 How characteristics of the Bankok destination affects its appeal to tourists
According to Tortella and Tirado (2011), there are different characteristics of Bankok
destination which affects its appealing to tourist which are explained below :
 Economical factors : The economical conditions of both Edinburgh as well as Bankok
is stable in present days and it supports nation to invest several resources in appropriate
manner (Oppewal, Huybers and Crouch, 2015). Such resources can be utilised in tourism
sector in increasing the profitability of foreign exchange from various nations. But most
of the revenue of this industry are leaking to other organisations like airlines, bars, hotels,
etc.
 Physical factors: Commonly travellers prefer Bankok as their facilities of transport and
network is very good in relation to other countries. Bankok has good infrastructure yet
they have absence of supplying several substitutes and due to that some of the visitors do
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not give priority to travel to this nation in any manner. There is also other issue of
communication channels and this generates problem in connectivity while travelling. On
the other hand , in Edinburgh such facilities of transportation is not good due to that
people have to suffer from various problems (Prayag, 2010). But various substitutes are
present here that draws the attention of large number of tourists.
 Social factors : There are two destinations that are trying to minimise the poverty levels
and are using several tools or techniques for the purpose of growth and development such
as Bankok and Edinburgh . But in Bankok social riots has been occurring very frequently
that gives bad impact on the tourism activities. Terrorism are also increasing in such
places which is lowering the number of tourists. On the contrary, these issues of social
riots are not found in Edinburgh. So, the environment is so peaceful for travelling
purposes.
 Political factors: Bankok is one of the best nation where tourism industry can grow
effectively as it consist of various places that attracts large number of visitors (Pandža
Bajs, 2015). But government is imposing high rates of tax that consumes high amount of
revenue of Bankok. Ventures also have to follow strict rules and regulations made by
them. The case of increment in taxation is also same in Edinburgh that adversely affect
on the tourism industry.
TASK 4
4.1 Issues that impact the popularity of tourist destinations for Edinburgh and Bankok
Tourism is very wide sector which is spread in all over the world and are becoming
famous as they are liked by most of tourists. But there are several issues that are affecting the
Bankok as a tourist destination that are described below :
 Economic impact : Tourism leakage has an adverse economic impact on the industries
of tourism as more than 70 % of the tourism money goes to airlines and accommodation
firms like hotels. They are also adding to the local businesses. In Bankok, import leakage
of around 50 to 60 % are occurring because most of the products and services needed by
the tourism are not present within the host nation (Prayag and Ryan, 2011). On the other
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hand, in Edinburgh similar situation is going on. Example : It has been recognised in a
survey that around 60 % of the money of tourism sector is going towards other ventures
like restaurants, hotel, flight, etc.
 Inclusive packages: Another factor influencing the tourism of Bankok is the rise of
enclave tourism as all the inclusive packages impacts negatively on the local businesses
like pubs, coffee shops, bars, etc. These packages are very costly or expensive in nature
and due to that people do not use such services or facilities. Where as in Edinburgh, such
packages are not so costly and can be afforded by all people. This is reason that most
people choose Edinburgh for travelling. For instant, regional businesses such as bars,
coffee shops, hotels, restaurants, etc. are very cheap. Hotel Ibis Budget Edinburgh Park is
one of the cheapest 2 star hotel that provides free parking and Wi-Fi facilities (Laws,
2011).
 Increasing inflation rates : Due to the alteration occurs in macro as well as micro
factors, the prices of tourists spots and cost of travelling gets increases as these all
elements are associated with one another. Thus, it can be said that price and demands are
inversely proportional to each other. This means if the price enhances, demand will
decreases and if demand gets increased then price get automatically lower. Hence, it is
acting as obstacle for the travelling places as if the inflation rates get higher, then few
people will take interest in visiting those places (Prayag, 2010). As a result, popularity
gets affected. Same situation is seen in Edinburgh as costing and demands are two
fundamental factors that have similar features (Eves and Scarles, 2013).
 Social riots : This is another factor that creates adverse affect on the popularity of
Bankok. Sometime disputes arises among regional citizens which impact tourists in
various ways. For instant, traffic increases, blockage of roads, economic crisis, ban in
moving to various places, political instability, etc. These all things impacts on the income
of Bankok and reduces its fame as tourist destination. On the contrary, such activities are
less happening in Edinburgh so people prefer it for visiting in relation to Bankok
(Tortella and Tirado, 2011).
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 Terrorist attack : Different terrorist attacks had been occurred in Edinburgh that de -
motivates people in visiting there as a fear is created in their mind that they may loose
their lives. For example, in the year of 2007, there occurred a Glasgow Airport attack on
30th June. In this attack, a lot of damages occurred to the people. Citizens get injured
badly in that situation. This is giving major bad affect on the popularity of tourist
destination. But Bankok is considered as safest place as it experiences less criminal
activities (Prayag and Ryan, 2011).
4.2 How Bankok and Edinburgh could sustain its appeal as a destination, with an emphasis on
Responsible Tourism
In responsible tourism activities, it is necessary to minimise harmful impacts of tourism
on the several elements such as culture, economy and social lives in order to increase the desired
benefits of Bankok. It is important to note that 1 out of 15 civilians is directly or indirectly work
in industry of tourism which impacts on the sustainability of tourism activities. Various heritage
enterprises receives fund via this industry (Reza Jalilvand and Samiei, 2012). This leads to the
conservation of cultural as well as natural heritage of a nation. In the case of Edinburgh, people
are also getting job opportunities in travelling and tourism sector. This helps them in earning
money and spending their life smoothly.
Roles of responsible tourism in Bankok is to create positive affects on economy,
therefore it is generating more opportunities of employment and also are developing more local
businesses via high purchases. The ventures present in tourism industry in Bankok are promoting
tourism as a tool for reducing poverty and are imposing international ethics in industry of
tourism. Responsible tourism are concentrating on the rising issues in travel and tourism like
child sex tourism, drugs, etc. in United Kingdom (Žabkar, Brenčič, and Dmitrović, 2010). In
Edinburgh, there are also large number of organisation dealing with tourism and are giving good
benefit to the country in improving their current economic situations. People area also showing
interest in working in this sector as it is helping in earning good amount of income.
Ecotourism is another responsible tourism. Positive experiences of travellers, creating
awareness regarding environment, offering financial benefits to regional people, encouraging
financial supports for conservation, etc. are some main or key factors that are required to be
14

considered in ecotourism (Rodríguez Campo and et. al., 2011). Bankok has around 28 social and
natural UNESCO world heritage places which are wrapped up for introducing responsible
tourism in nation like :
 The new forest
 Green Dragon
 Business plan for green tourism
CONCLUSION
From the above project it has been summarised that tourism industries plays a very
crucial role in economy development of entire European marketplace because it attract numerous
of tourist towards their impressive destinations. Major objectives of this assignment is to
highlight significance of two best leading places which is mostly selected by customers that is ;
Edinburgh and Bangkok. Along with this, it also shows that tourism sector is also going through
certain problems and barriers while running their business due to emergence of number of recent
trends. Throughout the study it has been analysed that several destinations are there which act as
a revenant tool for generating maximum revenue by capturing minds of millions of customers.
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REFERENCES
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Kim, Y.G., Eves, A. and Scarles, C., 2013. Empirical verification of a conceptual model of local
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Laws, E., 2011. Tourist destination governance: Practice, theory and issues. Cabi.
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Pandža Bajs, I., 2015. Tourist perceived value, relationship to satisfaction, and behavioral
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