Evaluating the Role of Tourism in National Economies

The provided assignment content comprises a collection of articles, books, and online resources that explore various aspects of the hospitality and tourism industry. The content covers topics such as organizational culture, benchmarking, resident perceptions, special event tourism, social entrepreneurship, and employee attitudes. It also touches on issues like sustainability, competitiveness, and stakeholder theory. Furthermore, the content includes case studies from countries like Spain, Canada, and South Africa, highlighting trends in tourism numbers, visitor economies, and industry statistics.

Tourist Destinations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................4
TASK 1 ......................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Analysis of two main tourist destinations- England and Spain .....................................................4
The Alhambra and Generalife Gardens, Granada.................................................................................5
Barcelona's Sagrada Familia and Gaudi Sites.......................................................................................5
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao...............................................................................................................5
Tourist attractions .................................................................................................................................6
London Eye...........................................................................................................................................6
British Museum.....................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Analyzing statistics to determine trends and predicting future trends.............................................6
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................................9
LO 2.1 Cultural, Social and Physical features of the worldwide destination........................................9
LO 2.2 Comparison of features of the two tourism destinations.........................................................11
TASK 3.....................................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Compare the appeal of current leading destination with a currently developing tourist destination
.............................................................................................................................................................12
LO 3.2 Effects of characteristics of tourist destination over its appeal...............................................13
Task 4.......................................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Analysing issues that affect the popularity of destinations ..........................................................14
LO 4.2 Potential for responsible tourism............................................................................................15
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................16
References................................................................................................................................................17

Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Number of tourists visiting England...................................................................................7
Illustration 2: Number of visitors to different tourism destinations...........................................................8

INTRODUCTION
A country, state or region which markets itself as a place that can be visited by tourists is regarded
as a tourist destination (Williams, 2006). Certain characteristics, accessibility and amenities are shared
by all the tourist destinations. Tourist destinations are naturally formed. These may even be constructed
by the residents of a place. The present report is on United Kingdom and worldwide tourist
destinations. It makes an attempt to understand the social, cultural and physical features of tourist
destinations like England and Spain. The ways, in which various characteristics of destinations affect
their appeal to the tourists, have been analyzed. Lastly, an understanding has been developed related to
the issues that are likely to affect the popularity off tourist destinations.
TASK 1
1.1 Analysis of two main tourist destinations- England and Spain
The two main tourism destinations can be explained as follows:
Spain
This is officially known as the Kingdom of Spain. It is a sovereign state which is located on
Iberian Peninsula in the South Western Europe. Spain is one among the three countries which possesses
both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. By covering an area of 505, 990 km, Spain is the second
largest country in the Western Europe (Conrady and Buck, 2011). Spain is known for creation of a
mass tourism industry. It is one of the top tourism destinations due to various reasons. These reasons
are its climate, diverse landscapes, vibrant culture, popular and extended coastlines, historical legacy
and excellent infrastructure. In the last five decades, Spain has the second largest internal tourism in
terms of spending.
England
England is a country which is a part of United Kingdom. Much of the central and southern part of
the island of Great Britain is covered by England. The terrain of this country comprises of the pains as
well as low hills. The south west and north of England comprises of uplands. London, which is the
capital of England, is considered to be the largest urban zone in the European Union. Millions of
visitors are attracted to England every year (Dale and Oliver, 2005). It is one of the top tourism
destinations in the world because it consists of exciting cities and historic places which are rich in
heritage. There are beautiful coastlines and stunning countryside.
There are various tourist attractions in England a well as Spain. Each of these has been identified in the
tables below with the number of visitors and income generation.
Spain

Tourist Attraction Number of visitors
The Alhambra and Generalife Gardens,
Granada
2012- 3 million visitors
2013- 2, 402, 473 visitors
Barcelona's Sagrada Familia and Gaudi
Sites
2012- 2.3 millions
2013- 3.177 million
The Great Mosque of Cordoba (Mezquita) 2012- 700,583
2013- 850,875
The Prado and Paseo del Artes, Madrid 2012- 2. 8 million visitors
2013- 3.2 million visitors
San Lorenzo de El Escorial 2012- 650,000+
2013- more than 500, 000
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao 2012- 1,014, 104 visitors
2013- 1.8 million
Seville Cathedral and Alcazar 2012- 759,000
2013- 671,000
Toledo's Old City 2012- 450,000
2013- 620,00
Plaza Mayor, Madrid 2012- 970,000
2013- 874,000
The White Towns of Andalucía 2012- 670,000
2013- 780,000
The top three destinations of Spain are the following:
◦ The Alhambra and Generalife Gardens, Granada
◦ Barcelona's Sagrada Familia and Gaudi Sites
◦ Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
These top three destinations are the most visited in Spain due to their unique features. The

Generalife comprises of a series of gardens (History of Generalife, 2015). Here, every corner
provides a surprise to the eyes of the visitors. There are plants and water in these gardens which
depict a continuous interplay with light and its sounds. A number of visitors come to the
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, which demonstrates modern and contemporary art. Barcelona's
Sagrada Familia and Gaudi Sites cater to a number of visitors every year. These are a work which
depicts a world of architecture. It is also one of the most ambitious ad modern buildings (La
Sagrada Familia by Antoni Gaudí, 2015.). The country experienced a significant amount of rise in
the number of tourists as well as the spendings that they make by as much as 8%. It was observed
that revenue from tourism increased nearly 14% above from that of income generated through this
sector in 2007 & 2008. In 2010 the country earned €1500 million. This clearly indicates that
tourism industry of Spain is thriving despite the recent economic crisis.
England
Tourist attractions Number of visitors
Hadrian's Wall 2014- 3.5 million
Warwick Castle 2014- 810,000
Lake District 2014- 16.4 million tourists
Tower of London 2014- 3,075,950
Stonehenge 2014- 1,346,177
Big Ben 2014- 1,589,217
London Eye 2014- More than 3.5 Million visitors
British Museum 2014- 6,695,213
Windsor Castle 2014- 5,458,621
Durham Cathedral 2014- more than 600, 000 visitors
Top three tourist attractions in England are the following:
 Lake District
 British Museum
 Hadrian's Wall
The highest number of visitors come to these attractions. This is because, Lake District is the
largest national park in the country. Lakes are the main attractions which bring nature lovers to this

place. British museum attracts people as it is dedicated to human history and culture. It consists of 8
million works which arouse curiosity in the visitors. Majority of visitors come to the Hadrian's Wall
because it is not only a great central place to stay but it also it also allows the visitors to explore
activities at Kielder Forest. Income generated from tourism and its allied activities in the UK amounted
to £21 billion during 2013. While in 2014 the country was visited by some 34.4 million tourists who
spent £21.8 billion (Visitor economy facts, 2015). Total revenue earned from this industry amounted to
£125.7 billion in 2013 (UK TOURISM STATISTICS, 2014).
1.2 Analyzing statistics to determine trends and predicting future trends
Tourism trends can be defined as the general tendency or direction of behaviour of tourists
(Phillips, 2003). It comprises of the new changes that take place in the demand of consumers. It also
includes the developments in destinations. The following graphs provide information on the tourism
trends prevailing in England. These show the number of tourists visiting England from 2009 to 2012.
(Source: Travel Trends 2012: Key Findings, 2012)
The graph below shows the number of visitors to various tourist attractions of England in the year
2012.
Illustration 1: Number of tourists visiting England

(Source: Travel Trends 2012: Key Findings, 2012)
In the year 2013, 8.3 million tourists visited Spain in August. There were a total of 60.6 million
international tourists who visited Spain in 2013. as compared to this, London itself welcomed 2.7
million visitors in the year 2014. Rest of England had 14.2 million visitors (2014 snapshot, 2014). It
can be analysed that the number of visitors to Spain are much more than those to England.
The top three tourist attractions in Spain are The Alhambra and Generalife Gardens, Granada,
Barcelona's Sagrada Familia and Gaudi Sites and Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. These three top
tourist attractions are the most visited places in Spain. This is because these destinations also provide
the tourists with facilities and convenience in terms of transport, accommodations of various types and
other amenities.
Trends in terms of income generation
The spending by foreign visitors in Spain increased by about 59 billion euros in 2013 (Spain sees
record tourism numbers in 2013, 2014). It can be analyzed that increased spending was due to two
Illustration 2: Number of visitors to different tourism destinations

reasons. One of the reasons was higher number of tourists and the other was larger spending by
each person. As compared to this, the visitors in England spent an estimated amount of £7.3
billion. Tourism in England contributed £106 billion to the economy.
There are various changes and developments that could happen in UK tourism industry in the
next 20 years or so, indicating that future of the industry is in a very volatile state. One of the major
change that could happen is related to very 'reason for travelling'. Until now everyone used to believe
that travelling is more of related to packing the bags and going off on a holiday for some time. But in
coming years, this very concept can change upside down. It is expected that people would start to
'travel with a purpose', i.e. they would have a reason or motive for travelling to different places. It can
be supported through fact that aspects such as pollution, green house gases, etc. have gained a lot of
popularity in recent years, and people get a feeling of guilt when they undertake different travel related
activities such as air travel, which usually results in substantial rise in pollution levels. Therefore it can
be expected that people would try to develop a sense of purpose or reason for why they want to travel.
This way they would attempt to reduce the emission of harmful gases as well as try to protect the
natural environment. Future trends that could change the shape of travel industry in Spain is the
emergence and development of different alternative means of transportation. As air travel is becoming
expensive day by day, it can be said that people in the coming years may start to prefer such methods
that may help them to not only save the cost of air travelling, but also provide a new and more social
experience to them. For instance travelling and commuting through trains, boats, bikes or biking could
gain popularity in coming years. This way the face of travel and tourism industry could change
dramatically.
TASK 2
LO 2.1 Cultural, Social and Physical features of the worldwide destination
Introduction
One of the most important aspects of travel destinations is that of the various features and
characteristics that it possess. These can be categorized into cultural, social and physical. Cultural
factors are related to culture, religion and norms prevalent at a destination (Hong, . W., 2008). On the
other hand, social features are associated with environmental factors where social, i.e. general
environment of the region is taken into consideration (Olsen and et.al, 2008). While physical features
can be termed as those aspects which discuss about development and progress of the region in view of
geographical, technological, architectural, etc. can be seen (Boniface and Cooper, 2009). In the

following paragraph, cultural features of two countries – USA and India are discussed.
Indian food consists of a typical and unique taste which can be found in no other country. This
makes the country a very different place to travel to. Since India is such as vast nation which consists
of a wide number of regions divided into states, each of which have different taste and way of making
food. On the other hand to it, usually in USA a tourist can get to eat food which essentially are
American only (Moreno, 2005). In America there are numerous pubs and clubs which are visited by
large number of tourists as well as the locals; but in India, this concept is still at a very early stage.
There are not too many pubs in the country, but still they are becoming very popular. In India, Cricket
is given preference to any other sports; while in USA, games other than cricket like basketball,
baseball, etc. are very popular.
USA India
Food
American Food, Mexican and British Large variety of food products
Pubs
Highly popular; presence in large numbers Slowly popularizing; still at a developing stage
Sports
Preference to sports such as Baseball, Basketball,
Footbal, Hockey, etc.
Cricket is the major sport in India
Museums
Very popular places for bot locals and tourists Rarely visited by residents; but very popular
among tourists
Family Relations
Nuclear and Single Living Emphasis on Joint Family
In the following table, difference between the two nations in terms of their social environment has been
depicted:
USA India
Cost of living
Expensive Cheaper
Location of retail stores
They are located far from residential and
commercial areas.
Such stores are located near home and workplaces
so that they can be accessed easily.
Cost of Education
Low cost education Expensive

Quality of medical care
Good quality at higher prices, with insurance
money to pay the bills
Cheaper medical care; bills usually paid in cash
Basis for marriage
Based over emotions Social status of families precedes emotional
feelings
In following table, appeal for tourists in both the countries in terms of their physical environments
is presented:
USA India
Average rainfall per year (in depth)
715 mm 1083 mm
Coastline
19000 kms 7000 kms
Population Density (people per square km)
32.35 368.15
Highest Point
Mount McKinley Kanchenjunga
Forested Land
24.7% 21.6%
Conclusion
Through this investigation it can be seen that there are a large number of factors in terms of
culture, social and phycial make up of the two countries. In this sense, stating that one country is better
than the other from a view point of travel and tourism may be wrong. There are some aspects which
tourists may like in India while there are some because of which they may give preference to USA.
LO 2.2 Comparison of features of the two tourism destinations
Introduction
United States of America is ranked as the second largest preferred tourism destinations in the
world, while India is far below that of level set by USA. There are a variety of factors and forces that
create a point of differentiation between travel and tourism of both the countries. This section of the
report would compare features of the given tourism destinations.
Comparison
One of the elementary differences between the two countries is that USA is world's one of the

largest nations, which means that there are more places for tourists and travellers to visit. But since
India is not such a large country, tourists have very fewer options to visit in comparison to that of USA
(Petia and Peter, 2004). Due to this reason, USA is visited by more number of tourists than India.
Another prime difference between the countries is that climate of India is very hot in comparison to
European and American nations. In this sense, it can be said that this is a prime factor for more tourists
visiting USA than that of India. This is a reason why more people visit USA than that of India, as they
get a much cooler climate which is pretty much like what they get in their home country. Another
prominent point of differentiation between the two nations in terms of travel and tourism can be seen in
terms of development and urbanization (Kyriakidou, 2005). Since USA is a developed nation, tourists
get more amenities and facilities for the purpose of having a comfortable stay and improve their overall
experience of the destination; which they usually would not get while travelling in India, primarily
because of reason that the country is not as developed as USA.
Fees, tariff rates, etc. are much higher in USA than in India. This is also a very prominent reason
because of which slowly the travel trade is rising in the country. There are wide variety of options that
tourists can get when they travel in India. These can range from high class, high priced products and
services to cheapest options. Due to availability of such wide number of options, travelling to India can
be a very good experience (Sloan, 2014). Furthermore, there is a vast difference between India and
USA in terms of cultural and social norms. India is a country which is culturally very rich. Since it is a
multicultural country, travellers and tourists can get to see a very different side of the world and thus
improve their overall travelling experience by manifolds. Further, USA is one of the highly developed
nations of the world, indicating that it is economically very strong, while India is a developing nations,
meaning that it financially is not very strong. Due to this reason, more people prefer to travel to USA,
as they get much better and effective facilities in the country, as compared to those of which they get in
India.
Conclusion
Through the above study it can be said that there are various points of differences which makes
India and USA a lot different from one another. Herein, it was noted that people travel to India, because
of its rich cultural history; while some travel to USA mainly because of the development that the
country has undergone in last many years.
TASK 3
3.1 Compare the appeal of current leading destination with a currently developing tourist destination
Introduction

Tourism is a dynamic and far-reaching sector of economy that impact the GDO of country.
However, there are number of factors that attract visitors towards the destination. The appeal to tourist
is the tool that influence the visitors towards the destination (Gjerald and Oggard, 2010). In today's
competitive world the business entities are approving to verities of appeal to tourist so that they can be
attracted towards the business entity. This section deals with comparing appeal of current leading
destination on is in the form, of leading/ developed country and second is of developing country. In
this regard, Canada has been chosen as the destination among developed countries. In this line, next
developing country is chosen for this report is South Africa.
Main body
Being a second largest country in the world, Canada has beautiful landscapes and unique sites that
can be explored by travellers. Addition to the that country has incredible natural wonders that apples
visitors towards the destination. Further, the country has Banff National Park and the Rocky Mountains
that are used by traversable in the industry to gain attention of customers (Pigram and Wahab, 2000).
The destination has Vancouver that is a famous ski resort as winter sports area that apples most of the
visitors. This destination has gained wide international attention in 2010 because, it was the location for
Winter Olympic Games, the country is having National Historic Site that have also witnessed as a
significance role in presenting county in the eyes of visitors.
On the other hand, South Africa has own destinations that are equally attractive for visitors. The
mentioned country has been seen as the most diverse and enchanting country among the world that has
strange combination of landscapes, people, history and culture. These all characteristics of this country
provide a unique and inspiring experience to the travellers (Ruggles, 2008). The country has mixed
culture of third and first world. Along with this, it has the best and least crowded beaches of worlds. In
South Africa, one can visit beautiful natural scenery, a well developed infrastructure and a great
environment.
There are some of negative characteristics in both destinations that are also to be considered.
According to the national survey, it has been found that Canada has facing issues of negative
transportation services. In addition, the country also has less developed infrastructure that become
major concern issue for visitors (Jackson, 2008). On the other hand, South Africa has some language
issues that are to be faced by visitors. The cultural and language differences may affect the visitors. The
country is in need of warm, friendly people who work diligently welcome visitors in the country. Both
the countries need to give attention towards such negative characteristics.
Conclusion
From the above detail, it can be concluded that both the countries are having their positive

characteristics to apple the visitors' attention. Nonetheless, both have to improve their tourism
characteristics in such manner to gain the attention for foreign visitors.
LO 3.2 Effects of characteristics of tourist destination over its appeal
Introduction
The meaning of characteristic of a destination refers to the attracting things that a destination to
attract visitors (Kusluvan, 2003). The characteristics of destination promote appeal to tourist in the
country. In other words, the characteristics that a destination have lead to effectivenesses in attracting
visitors towards the country. The task herewith presents effectiveness of both the country's
characteristic of tourist destinations in affecting apple of tourism.
Main body
As earlier mentioned that Canada has beautiful landscapes and unique sites that can be explored
by travellers so it has emerged as the characteristic of a destination that apples number of customers
most of the visitors come across the country just to visit these beautiful landscapes. The mentioned
country has “The Bay of Fundy” located in Eastern Canada that is well known for amazing tides. In
addition, Grosz Morne National Park, Vancouver's Stanley Park, Banff National Park and the Rocky
Mountains along with Niagara Falls are the natural places to be seen by visitors and most appeals by
tourism operators. According to the survey conducted by Law (2015) The country is having natural
wonder at the most popular locations that gain the attention of visitors towards the country. The country
has backed at high visitation levels due to such all characteristics. It has been expected that aforesaid
characteristics of Canada will help in generating cumulative additive visitor spending around $5 billion
by the year 2020 (Law, 2015).
South Africa has unique characteristics that have helped tourism owners in attracting visitors
towards the country. According to the investigations made in prior section it has been revealed that
country is having full diverse and enchanting combination of landscapes, people, history and culture.
Within the country one can found, vastly varied parcel supports a rich diversity of animals, birds, and
plant-life. Because of beautiful natural scenery and adventures places the destination apples most of the
young visitors. Most of the visitors come across the country just to visit the animal beauty (Rogerson,
2012). The characteristics of tourism destination provide incomparable range of experiences and many
things to in country. In South Africa, visitors can enjoy safari as well as beaches. Along with this,
breathtaking drives and unspoiled wilderness can also be enjoyed. Additional a well furnished
infrastructures appeals visitors for coming across the country. There are range of adventurous activities
to do in South Africa such as hiking and 4x4 trails, sight seeing excursions, sports and leisure and so on

(South Africa Travel, 2015). In addition, the visitors are attracted towards more sedate activities such
as shopping and museums, visiting art galleries, collection of cultural experiences etc.
Conclusion
The section deals with explaining how characteristics of tourist destination affect its appeal in
Canada and South Africa. From the investigation, if can be concluded that beautiful landscapes and
unique sites of Canada attract the visitors whereas the rich history, landscapes and culture of South
Africa make the destination apples most effective.
TASK 4
4.1 Analysing issues that affect the popularity of destinations
Introduction
There are various issues which affect the popularity of destination like France and Brazil. The
popularity of a tourist destination is demonstrated by the number of people who visit it each year. The
natural and built beauty, historical significance, adventure, amusement an leisure opportunities makes a
destination more popular. In contrast to this, a tourist destination becomes less popular if it does not
provide adequate transportation and other amenities to the guests.
France
The following positive factors affect its popularity:
 A variety of sea, sun and mountains- France provides a variety to the guests. These include
sandy beaches, vast expanses along the country side, snow covered mountains etc. This makes
the people come to this place (Charles and Seabright, 2001).
 Strategic location- France is popular because of its geography. The visitors who come to France
also pass through Italy and Spain. This also increases its popularity.
 Art, history and culture- France has a tumultuous history which comprises of french revolution
and two world wars.
The following are the negative factors which affect the popularity of France:
 Travel costs- The travel costs to France are high which negatively impacts its popularity.
 Security- there are also certain security issues in France (Baron, Harris and Elliott, 2005).
These restrain some visitors to come to this place. Costs- The costs of accommodation, transportation and those incurred at the destination are
also high. This decreases the popularity of France.
Brazil
The following positive factors make Brazil Famous:

 Natural attractions- Brazil has a number of natural attractions such as the Amazon River, the
Amazon Jungle and other rain forests (Deuschl, 2006).
 Weather- the weather at Brazil is pleasant which is a source of attraction to the tourists.
 Multiculturalism- Brazil provides something for the people of every culture. This positively
affects its popularity.
Following are those factors which negatively affect Brazil as a travel destination:
 Low development in the region affects popularity of Brazil as a travel destination.
 Major differences in social and cultural norms is another factor that could negatively influence
popularity of Brazil (Moutinho, 2000).
LO 4.2 Potential for responsible tourism
Introduction:
In general responsible tourism can be defined as the tourism which encourages eco-friendly
environment and minimizes negative social, economic and environmental impacts. The main benefits
of promoting responsible tourism is that it generate higher economic benefits for local people as well as
enhances the well being of host communities (Cohen, McDaniels and Qualters, 2005). Moreover, by
the means of this, France and Brazil can improve working condition and access to the tourism industry.
This can prove to be a smart move in terms of attracting tourist to natural places of the countries.
Potentials for responsible tourism:
As studied above, all the tourism potentials have environmental, social and economic impact on
the industry. In terms of France, country is well proper balance of natural places and luxury of holidays.
People travelling to France expects high class of services and environment. In this regards, travel and
tourism sector the country has maintained certain level of responsible tourism and created awareness
amongst each of the companies operating in the sector and to the general public as well so that overall
environment can be maintained (Muller, 2010). As several companies has taken the initiative of
conserving the natural places like Gorges Du Verdon, Alpine wildlife, Lavender fields, Gaqvarnie falls
etc. So that overall natural beauty can be maintained and people can be attracted. Furthermore the
government of France organizes various campaigns related to cleaning of local areas that may be
visited by tourists. In addition to it, the government also has taken steps to ensure that water is
conserved, so as to use it later on. This way the national authorities attempt to make the country a much
responsible travel destination. While on the other hand, Brazil's immense wealth divide is well
documented with rich and poor living side by side as the inequality is enhanced. However, the
copacabana mansions back onto crime ridden favelas, whereas slum dwellers open make shifts curtains

to reveal white sand beaches and cruise ship filled bays. Brazilian culture is a mash-up of indigenous,
African, European and even Japanese can be revealed through its religions, languages, food, music and
art (Clow and Kurtz, 2003). On the other side of it, drug dealers and mafia's are the biggest threat that
responsible tourism in Brazil is facing from long ago. However, this needs to be taken care of otherwise
world famous football loving country might lose its tourist quickly and rapidly. The government of
Brazil is giving attention to reduce crimes and threats relative to drug dealers and mafias. They are also
giving lot of attention towards aspect of recycling and for this several steps have been taken to ensure
that people, i.e. the residents put their garbage by separating them into different bins according to
various categories, so that it can be recycled later on.
Conclusion:
In conclusion to the above it can be said that, it is the responsibility of travel and tourism sector to
ensure that responsible tourism is promoted and followed properly in maintaining the natural
environment as well as reducing the threats and uncertainties with tourists.
CONCLUSION
There are numerous destinations around the world which are regarded as highly popular places to
travel to. During the present study, it was observed that cultural, social and physical factors affect
tourism destinations in a very significant manner. There is a vast difference between India and USA on
basis of these factors. Further, it was also noted that responsible tourism has become a crucial part of
the tourism industry and countries such as Brazil are paying a lot of attention towards using it to the
greatest extent possible. This study also revealed that there are various aspects and features that may
affect the appeal of a tourism destination in a very significant manner.

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