Tourism Planning and Management

The provided assignment details a collection of research papers and articles related to tourism planning and management. It includes topics such as community engagement in national parks, carrying capacity assessment for tourist destinations, trust in local inhabitants and institutions, and destination leadership. The document also provides information on search engine ranking for tourist destinations, cognitive image dimensions for rural tourist destinations, and the effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral intentions. Additionally, it includes an article about locating flow-recharging stations at tourist destinations to serve recreational travelers. This comprehensive analysis is suitable for students looking to explore various aspects of tourism planning and management.

TOURIST
DESTINATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Main tourist destinations and generators all around the globe..............................................1
1.2 Analysis of statistics so as to determine tourist destination trends and future scope............3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Cultural, social and physical features of tourist destinations................................................4
2.2 Comparison among leading and developing tourist sites......................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
Covered in PPT...........................................................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Analysis of issues which impacts on popularity factor on travellers sites............................8
4.2 Potential for responsible tourism to increase the host community at worldwide tourist
spots.............................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERNCES.................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
In the modern times when people have less amount of time they are looking for the places
to relax and spend their time. Tourist destinations provide excellent option for these. The trend in
the society have also increased with the increasing monetary assets of the people to visit tourist
destinations all around the world (Alegre and Garau, 2011). Due to these factors travel and
tourism industry has grown in multi folds and are becoming significant contributors to GDP of
various countries. This industry has provided a lot of employment opportunities and are helping
in the development of local culture and society. It as been that people generally gets attracted to
the places that are famous and have lot of facilities available with them. There are many
companies that are in the business of selling holiday packages and are helping various other
industries as well. This report highlights the scope of expansion that this industry has. Using
various case scenarios of different companies such as Virgin Holidays and Trip advisor, this
report showcases the factors that influences the development of tourist spot and the elements of
packages that attracts tourists. It also provides the idea about the impact that tourism industry has
on the socio-economic back ground of the people.
TASK 1
1.1 Main tourist destinations and generators all around the globe.
There are many tourist destinations and many generators country all around the world
that attract millions of travellers towards them. Among these tourist destinations there are few
which is on the top of all the places. This categorisation is based on the criteria like the number
of people that visits these places throughout the year as well as the income that these places
generate. These tourist places have evolved over the years and has number of facilities that
attract the customers on the regular basis according to the seasons (Chang and Beise-Zee, 2013).
On the other hand tourist generators are the countries that generates maximum number of
travellers. This also showcases the wealth and the lifestyle that the generating countries have so
that they can travel all around the world easily. To understand this the research in UK and
worldwide has been conducted which provide the data in this regard.
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Data for the biggest tourist destinations countries all around the world:
Elements USA UK France Spain China
Main tourist
sites
Central Park,
Statue of
Liberty, Walt
Disney, Bryce
Canyon,
Golden Gate
Bridge,
National Park,
etc.
London Eye,
Buckingham
Palace, Tower
of London,
Tower Bridge,
National
History
Museum,
House of
parliament,
Stone Hedge,
London
Bridge, British
Museum etc.
Chamonix,
Lyon, Eiffel
Tower,
Maraseille,
Art Museum
at French
Rivera, Tours
etc.
Madrid,
Barcelona,
Seville,
Majorca etc.
Tianamen
Square,
Forbidden
City, The
Bund, Great
Wall of China,
shopping
Shanghai etc.
Number of
visitors
76.9 Million
foreign
visitors have
visited in the
year 2016
In the year of
2016, 38
million
outside
travellers has
visited UK.
In 2016 there
were around
49 million
people those
who have
visited here.
Approx 76
million
visitors have
travelled to
Spain in the
year of 2016.
122 Million
outsiders have
visited China
in the year of
2016 fro the
purpose of
visiting these
places.
Spending by
visitors
In the year,
2016, 24.6
Billion dollar
have been
22.5 Billion
pound is the
revenue that
has been
22 Billion
pound has
been spend by
foreign
In 2016, 132
Billion Euros
has spend by
travellers from
Foreign
travellers have
spended 563
Billion US
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earned by
USA.
generated by
the tourist
sites in the
country.
travellers in
France
outside the
world.
dollars in the
year 2016.
UK stands on the fifth position on the number of tourist that is received by any country.
China leads the table in terms of number of tourist that are travelling in the country as well as
income generated by the country from foreign travellers.
Table for number of tourist generating country is as follows:
Rank Country Expenditure (USD Millions) Market share
1. Germany 85.5 8.5
2. United Nations 81.8 8.2
3. China 64.7 6.0
4. UK 47.1 5.3
5. France 40.5 4.3
In terms of number of tourist generated by any country Germany leads the chart and UK stands
on the fourth position.
1.2 Analysis of statistics so as to determine tourist destination trends and future scope.
In the past several decades the number of travellers that are opting for the spending their
leisure time at some tourist places have increased and one of the most significant changes that
have been seen in the mindset of people is in their trend for going to some other countries for the
purpose of travelling (Dasgupta, 2011). These trends have effected the tourism sector of many
countries and are contributing to their economy heavily. It can be seen from the above report that
China have attracted most number of visitors to its countries and on the other and Germany is the
largest tourist generator country. Every year new tourist spots have generated in the major
attracting countries like China, USA, France, Spain, UK etc. These tourism activities has lead to
increase in the tourist destinations at a faster rates. While talking about UK, London attract the
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most number of tourists in it. Its popularity can be estimated by the fact that approx 16.7 million
tourist have came to this city in the year 2013 followed by Edinburgh and Manchester (Erfurt-
Cooper, 2014). This is due to the fact that the people do not only visits at these places for the
purpose of sight seeing but they have some of the other factors like health conditions, Academic
purposes etc. London as a large number educational institutes as well as places of historical back
ground and hence attracting a whole lot of people towards it. In the past decade Olympics and
para Olympics have also assisted in attracting tourist to these places (Hewlett and Edwards,
2013). Analysing these facts it can be concluded that the present day trend of people who are
client to this industry is large in number. Looking on the futuristic trends that has to estimated by
the companies such as Trip Advisor this figure is estimated to be on the higher range. Apart from
the UK it is projected that in the other decade the market shares of the countries in this industry
is being shifted to the countries that belongs to Latin America as well as South Asia Pacific with
around 9.5% and 8.2% respectively. Asian countries such as Dubai, India, Malaysia, Japan is
expected to attract more number of traveller towards it. This is the due to the historical and
Cultural diversity of these countries is very wide. They have a long list of heritage sites that is
an attraction for millions of tourists all around the globe. On the other hand the developing
countries such as China and India are expected to create a large number of foreign travellers.
This table will illustrate the economic strength that this sector is providing:
Content 2014 2015 2016 2025(Prediction)
Support in
economy (In
percentage)
36.00% 35.00% 41.00% 55.00%
Number of
travellers (in
million)
17.4 34.8 38.1 50
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TASK 2
2.1 Cultural, social and physical features of tourist destinations
There are several factors that influences the attractiveness of tourist destinations. Factors
such as cultural, physical and social have certain features that impacts the turn outs at these
places.
 Cultural aspects: One of the most significant influencing factors that impacts the tourist
attractiveness is the culture prevailing there (Jurado and et. al., 2012). In the Country
such as UK this atmosphere for tourism is very friendly which is increasing the number
of persons at these places. People all around the world have started to learn some thing
new. Cultural features such as festivals, celebrations, Language, traditions plays an
important role in this regard. People come to visit these places so as to understand the
cultural diversity of the tourist destinations (London's Must-Visit Historical Churches.
2017). There are two main aspects of cultural tourism first on e is that tourists travels
because they have curiosity about these places and wants to experience the cultural
elements of these and the other aspect is for the research and educational purpose where
travellers wants to learn these cultures and the histories associated with it. Edinburgh,
Capital of Scotland is considered as the “City of Festivals” as there are several festivals
are being organised which increases the opportunity of the people to come to this city
from across the Globe.
 Social features: One of the primary catalyst or initiator for travel destination selections is
the social life people are leading. Life style becomes one of the major factors that attracts
people. In the countries such as UK, France ,USA, Germany etc. people have high per
capita income that helps them to maintain their life standards and can give their time for
the purpose travelling and entertainment (Marinao, Chasco and Torres, 2012). Religious
values is another such feature of society that contributes in the development of tourist
spots. In UK the churches hundreds of years old are appealing people to come at these
places. Its the historical background that attracts people to places like London the most.
They were the rulers of many countries in the past so people come understand the
Monarchical society over there. There have been a whole lot of terrorist attacks in
London in past two years which has negative impact on the tourist destinations as the
travellers are reluctant in choosing these places for the purpose of travelling.
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 Physical aspect: There are some of the physical features that also attracts the clients of
Trip Advisor to visit any place. UK is rich in the geographical diversity that attracts
people to the cities such as London. People these days are also travelling for the purpose
of having Adventure trips fro this purpose USA have developed many theme parks apart
from the natural beauty it has. In UK, Ireland and Scotland are the major regions where
the people come for this purpose. Many mountain related Games and activities like
Skiing, ice skating etc. are conducted in the winter seasons (Matias, Nijkamp and
Sarmento, 2011). These all have positive as well as negative impacts.
2.2 Comparison among leading and developing tourist sites.
There are large number of tourist sites that have been developed in the years in many
countries all around the world (Ólafsdóttir and Runnström, 2013). The main problem with
developing sites is that they have less amount of facilities so as offer to travellers that leads to
attract tourists. London is considered as one of the developed tourist sites and have a large base
to make considerable amount of changes as per the seasonal demands of the clients. One the
other hand sites belonging to country like India are basically in the developing stage have huge
potential but less amount of facilities are available at many sites. Comparison between India and
London has been made so as to understand the differences and challenges they both have.
Factors Leading destinations Developing Destinations
Infrastructure The destinations like London
is having a large amount of
resources and cultures that
attracts the travellers towards
it (Pan, 2015). These are able
to provide high standards in
term of accommodation
facilities as well as in terms of
basic amenities of daily life.
In terms of infrastructure India
is not so advanced in terms of
infrastructure it has. The
localities that surrounds these
tourist spots have created
negative impact on this sector.
The infrastructure such as
roads and centres for accessing
basic necessity items to the
people that comes from far
across the boundaries.
Resources The developed destinations The destinations such as India
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such as London have huge
amount of resources that can
helpful in the development of
the tourist spot and hence
providing better facilities to
tourists. They have evolved
and changed themselves as per
the expectations of the
travellers over the years and
now are capable of handling a
whole lot of people towards it.
is also having considerable
amount of resources but they
are unable to harness the total
potential of the resources it
has. It is the lagging in the
sustainable development in the
infrastructure that has lead to
slow growth o0f these sites as
a tourist destination. They face
many kinds of resource
scarcities like the shortage of
water, electricity etc. If these
sites wants to grow at a faster
rate they have to utilise its
resources in a better way.
Transportation In the London the transport
facility is excellent that assists
foreign travellers to reach to
the city. Its connectivity is
with almost all the regions
across the globe (Pechlaner,
Kozak and Volgger, 2014).
This city has an excellent
Subway network that
facilitates in the movement of
people inside the city.
Country like India lags in the
transportation system which
has negatively impacted the
tourist spots. The development
of transportation is very slow.
It restricts people to visit
multiple sites in limited
duration.
Terrorism This has been challenge for the
tourist destinations in London
as these activities have
increased in past several years.
These countries are facies the
problems related to terrorism
from many years. This also
resulted in the improper
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development of the tourist
spots in the country. It can be
seen in the case of Jammu nad
Kasmir which is having such a
beautiful tourist spots but has
been not developed due to the
region of terrorist activities.
TASK 3
Covered in PPT.
TASK 4
4.1 Analysis of issues which impacts on popularity factor on travellers sites
In today's world, people loves to visit many destinations across the world, so tourist
organisations mainly focus on attracting large number of visitors. They also take care of their
safety as safety issues has a large impact on tourists (Peña, Jamilena and Molina, 2012). More
safe and peaceful place attracts more visitors, so it is necessary to take care of their protection.
Other factors which make bond between company and customer's are: management systems,
services, facilities, etc. These factors build repo with customer's and also set image in customer's
mind. Other factors which affects the popularity of tourist destinations are:
 Economy: Due to unstable economical conditions of a country, it impacts tourist
companies and tourist as well. UK's Brexit is the best example for this, as it affects large
population of tourists because Brexit impacts UK's economy directly. Local persons were
not ready to spend on tours and travellings. Better economy leads to proper development
of infrastructure at these places which is an essential characteristic of any place.
 Increasing inflation and exchange rate: Exchange and inflation rates are interrelated
with economical factor, so this factor is also unstable and has a large impacts on foreign
tourists (Piller, 2011). As if inflation increases it will reduce the number of turn outs at
these places and same is the case with exchange rates i.e. if the exchange rates are higher
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then the total cost of tourism also increases and hence leads to decrease in the number of
people coming to these places from outside the boundaries.
 Terrorism and internal crimes: It has major impact on tourist destinations and tourism.
No tourist wants to visit those places where is there is threat to safety of own well being.
London is highly on the Radars of terrorists especially ISIS so it may reduce the number
of people coming to this city in coming years. Internal crimes have also increased like the
cases of pick pocketing and theft have increased.
 Environmental factors: External environmental conditions has a direct impact on
tourist popular destinations, like for example in UK less tourists prefers to visit for
spending their holidays, because of high pollution and increased CO2 level by which
people get sick. So environmental factor also effects popularity of a place. There are
many cases that have been recorded at the places of natural beauty that excessive
infrastructural development at these sites degrades the environmental condition of these
spots due to large amount of waste that is generated by the travellers.
As the above factors have direct impact on tourist places and UK destinations, thus
controlling these factors is very important to grow visitors rate at famous and popularity places
(Tonge and et. al., 2015). Government has a crucial role in controlling these factors, as it can
regulate, makes or enforce the rules. Like pollution free vehicle, hiring anti terrorists squad, and
taking sound decisions on economical issues. As decreasing in the popularity of places or
destinations can reduce the tourism company's revenue.
4.2 Potential for responsible tourism to increase the host community at worldwide tourist spots.
It is important in the present context to enhance the facilities that is being provided at
these places. In responsible tourism activities it is necessary to reduce the harmful impacts of
tourism on culture, social life and economy of the country so that benefits from this industry can
be properly harnessed (Usakli and Baloglu, 2011). This sector is a large employer of many kinds
of worker who are either directed or indirectly associated with it. Its impact is sustainable in
nature. Tourism industry preserves many of the heritage sites as the they fund the organisation
that maintains it. Responsible tourism has a role of in London to make positive influence on
economy by creating more opportunities for employment and development of local businesses
through higher purchase. Firms such as Virgin group promotes tourism and impose global ethics
in tourism industry. Responsible tourism in UK is facing many issues such as child sex tourism
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and Drugs etc. Ecotourism is another form of responsible tourism and some of the major
elements that needs to be taken care of is positive experience for tourists, promoting
environmental awareness as well as building financial support for conservation and extending
monetary benefits to local community. It is helpful in increasing the ethics in this industry and
hence sustainable use of resources can be ensured. Virgin group has to change their working
style which helps them to meet expectations of travellers (Vilchez, 2013). They also needs to
ensure the safety of the tourist or their clients. This increases the profitability of the company as
well development of tourist destination at a faster rate hence increase in the number of customers
at these places.
CONCLUSION
From the above based report it can be concluded that travel industry is growing at a much
faster rate it was expected before. With the increasing life standards of the people they are
looking for new tourist spots which is resulting in development of tourist destinations. Countries
such as France, Germany, China, UK, USA are leaders in terms of tourists receivers and
generators. Every tourist destination has its cultural, social as well as physical features which
impacts the appeal of these places. There are some developed tourist destinations such as UK,
Spain as well as developing destinations such as India and Costa Rica. They both have ample
resources as well as scope the only thing is that developed locations makes sustainable use of it
and hence are more successful in attracting travellers from around the world as compared to
developing destinations. There is need of responsible tourism so as to increase the standards of
people and societies associated with this sector.
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REFERNCES
Books and Journals
Alegre, J. and Garau, J., 2011. The factor structure of tourist satisfaction at sun and sand
destinations. Journal of Travel Research. 50(1). pp. 78-86.
Chang, L. and Beise-Zee, R., 2013. Consumer perception of healthfulness and appraisal of
health-promoting tourist destinations. Tourism Review. 68(1). pp. 34-47.
Dasgupta, D., 2011. Tourism marketing. Pearson.
Erfurt-Cooper, P. ed., 2014. Volcanic tourist destinations. Springer Science & Business Media.
Hewlett, D. and Edwards, J., 2013. Beyond prescription: Community engagement in the planning
and management of national parks as tourist destinations. Tourism Planning &
Development. 10(1). pp. 45-63.
Jurado, E.N. And et. al., 2012. Carrying capacity assessment for tourist destinations.
Methodology for the creation of synthetic indicators applied in a coastal area. Tourism
Management. 33(6). pp. 1337-1346.
Marinao, E., Chasco, C. and Torres, E., 2012. Trust in tourist destinations. the role of local
inhabitants and institutions. Academia. Revista Latinoamericana de Administración,
(51).
Matias, Á., Nijkamp, P. and Sarmento, M. eds., 2011. Tourism economics: Impact analysis.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Ólafsdóttir, R. and Runnström, M.C., 2013. Assessing hiking trails condition in two popular
tourist destinations in the Icelandic highlands. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and
Tourism. 3. pp. 57-67.
Pan, B., 2015. The power of search engine ranking for tourist destinations. Tourism
Management. 47. pp. 79-87.
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Pechlaner, H., Kozak, M. and Volgger, M., 2014. Destination leadership: a new paradigm for
tourist destinations?. Tourism Review. 69(1). pp. 1-9.
Peña, A.I.P., Jamilena, D.M.F. and Molina, M.Á.R., 2012. Validation of cognitive image
dimensions for rural tourist destinations: A contribution to the management of rural
tourist destinations. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 18(4). pp. 261-273.
Piller, I., 2011. Intercultural Communication: A Critical Introduction: A Critical Introduction.
Edinburgh University Press.
Tonge, J. and et. al., 2015. The effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral
intentions of visitors to coastal natural area tourist destinations. Journal of Travel
Research. 54(6). pp. 730-743.
Usakli, A. and Baloglu, S., 2011. Brand personality of tourist destinations: An application of
self-congruity theory. Tourism management. 32(1). pp. 114-127.
Vilchez, J.R., 2013. Valuing Tourist Destinations: an Oaxaca‐Blinder Approach. International
Journal of tourism research. 15(5). pp. 417-429.
Wang, Y.W., 2011. Locating flow-recharging stations at tourist destinations to serve recreational
travelers. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 5(3). pp. 153-171.
Xiang, Z. and Pan, B., 2011. Travel queries on cities in the United States: Implications for search
engine marketing for tourist destinations. Tourism Management. 32(1). pp. 88-97.
Online
London's Must-Visit Historical Churches. 2017. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/top-5-
historical-churches-to-visit-in-london/>. [Accessed on 23rd October 2017].
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