Usability Evaluation of Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine

This report evaluates the usability of the proposed automatic train ticket vending machine system in UK. It includes a description of the interactive system, user populations, assumptions about user capabilities, use cases, and evaluation methodology.

Running head: USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Usability Evaluation of Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Part ONE: The interactive system and its users...............................................................................4
Description of interactive system................................................................................................4
Description of user populations...................................................................................................5
Assumptions about capabilities of users......................................................................................6
Part TWO: The use cases.................................................................................................................7
Aspects of use of system considered...........................................................................................7
Use Case 1: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine...................................................7
Use Case 2: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Payment’..............................10
Use Case 3: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Ticket Booking’.................13
Part THREE: The evaluation methodology...................................................................................15
Evaluation Methodology...........................................................................................................15
Evaluation Procedure.................................................................................................................15
Part FOUR: The evaluation...........................................................................................................16
Evaluation Performance.............................................................................................................16
Evaluation Results.....................................................................................................................16
Part FIVE: The findings of the evaluation.....................................................................................18
Summary of evaluation results..................................................................................................18
Assessment of Usability............................................................................................................19
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................20
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................21

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Introduction
Software engineering has been continuously evolving with the advancement of the
information technology and contributing in the better livelihood and comfort of the individuals.
Various innovative systems have been developed and are also being developed for the comfort
and better livelihood of the individuals through providing better and enhanced services. This
report will be emphasizing on the automatic train ticket vending machine that could be installed
in every railway station in UK replacing the ticket masters at those stations. The individuals will
have to go to the ticket masters for the rail tickets and tell them information for booking the
tickets. Thereafter, they have to make the payment for getting the tickets. The attempt can be
driven for eliminating the need of the additional human resource for ticket booking and an
interactive system can be introduced that can allow the users to feed their necessary data and
information and make the payment for tickets to the same system. This will be dispensing the
ticket and allowing individuals to ride on the rail and move to place where he or she willing to
go.
This report aims at evaluating the usability of the proposed system and identify how
effective and efficient can be this system in the real world. The attempt will be driven to keep the
project outputs similar as it was earlier. This assignment is divided in five parts, first one
emphasizes on the interactive system and its users, explaining the constraints and assumptions of
the proposed interactive system. The second part emphasizes on the use cases those have been
explained considering the better demonstration of the system being proposed. The third part will
be emphasizing on the evaluation methodology that is secondary data analysis chosen for
analysing the efficiency and effectiveness of this project in the real world. The fourth part

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
explains the evaluation of the proposed system and followed by this, the fifth part explains the
findings of the evaluation as explained in the following report.
Part ONE: The interactive system and its users
The system being proposed will eliminate the need of the sales person for exchanging the
ticket and money. There will be single user who could solely accomplish the ticket buying
without the need of any individual for further processing. The present scenario allows the users
to interact with the sales person for the ticket from one location to a destination and he is
responsible for all the processes including station selection (as asked by the user), the payment,
and ticket printing. The proposed system will be helpful in eliminating the additional need of a
sales person and additional time spent on making conversation and deploying the operations via
the sales person. The user will be allowed to select the departing station and destination station
and make the payment by either cash mode or using credit / debit cards. An easy user interface
system will be introduced for the users and the users will be allowed to use the touch screen for
the selection of the options and accomplishing ticket booking and payment procedure. The
machine will be able to provide the users with the ticket buying options in the same route where
the machine is being established.
Description of interactive system
The system will be situated at every stations where the train is the means of travelling and
thus, every user who want to travel will need to take the tickets from the machines without
looking for the ticket booking counters, where users had to initially go for the tickets. The
proposed system will have a touch screen similar to the ATM machines in manner to make it
familiar for the users and the interface will be kept least complex. There will be an additional
option that will allow the users to go for the training section as the vending machine will allow

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
the users to learn the option selection and how to book ticket with the payment steps. The
innovation can be implemented through introducing the fixed destination option that will allow
the users to pay for the destinations the user want to go at fixed prices. For example, the user will
have the choices for booking the next station tickets and the rate will be fixed for next five
railway stations and similarly, if the user wants to book for the seventh station, he or she will
have to pay for ten stations.
Description of user populations
Since, the UK has a very long and widespread railway network and so there are hundreds
of users and travelers who used railway for travelling medium. The proposed system should be
capable of managing hundreds of the users at the same instances and allowing the consumers for
better, enhanced, and fast services. Every user could be using the services for hundred times and
the system should be capable of handling this load. Following data is being collected after
investigating the internet:
Owner Station Name 2010-11 entries
& exits
2011-12 entries
& exits
Inter-
changes
Network Rail Waterloo 91,750,382 94,045,510 9,488,822
Network Rail Victoria 73,573,492 76,231,290 9,156,710
Network Rail Liverpool Street 55,769,423 57,106,502 2,353,014
Network Rail London Bridge 51,478,131 52,634,024 8,741,879
Network Rail Charing Cross 37,222,298 38,004,790 1,990,300
Network Rail Euston 34,073,413 36,608,546 3,831,564

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Network Rail Paddington 32,200,316 33,736,546 2,677,902
Network Rail Birmingham New
Street
24,686,632 31,213,842 5,117,520
The proposed system will be able to fulfill the needs and requirements of these users in
an efficient and effective manner and hence, strategy can be developed for implementing an
additional ticket vending machine specially, for the instances of maintenance or rebooting. The
rebooting time will be of four hours and every ticket vending machine will need to be rebooted
after a week.
Assumptions about capabilities of users
The features being implemented in the system will allow every individual to be familiar
with the selection type and selection of the proper option that can fulfil the needs and
requirements of the users. The users would be capable of reading the options being popped-up on
the screens and chose the appropriate and precise selection that can allow the user to book
tickets. The user will have to keep enough money or credit/debit card for the payment section
assuring that the exact amount is being paid in the cash vault of the machine. The user would be
able to book fast tickets or choosing the different stations as per the ticket booking process and
make the payment. The users would be allowed to book one or more than one ticket at single
instance for the same route however, for making the booking o different route, he or she should
must make the booking in new way. The tutorial option being proposed will be efficient and
effective approach towards delivering the proper and effective option selection for the users who
are not well aware of the functions and options available on the machine.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Part TWO: The use cases
Aspects of use of system considered
Use Case 1: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine
Figure 1: Use Case for Entire Automated Train Ticket Vending Machine
(Source: Created by Author)

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Description of Use Case:
Use Case Name: Entire Automated Train Ticket Vending Machine
Use Case ID: ATTVM: 001
Description The automated train ticket vending machine will be allowing the
users to book train tickets through the proposed interactive system
designed for the users to be easy enough for operating the
operational activities related to the ticket booking.
Actors The primary actor for this use case will be the user who will be
solely responsible for delivering the necessary option selection and
accomplishment of the operations. The administrator and
technician for the management of database, and authorization are
the secondary actors whom have no roles during the application of
the machine.
Organizational
benefits
The UK railways will not have to invest additional amount or time
in assigning the individuals for the ticket distribution and money
collection. The automated ticket vending machine will allow ticket
counters to be effective and efficient in manner to accomplish the
necessary objectives and goals.
Primary Actors The user who wants to travel via train
Frequency of use The system will be capable of serving the services for a week with
a reboot time of four hours
Triggers When the user selects the ‘book ticket from’ option on the touch
screen

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Preconditions There should be enough power supply, paper must be available, the
established system should provide all the boarding and destination
points in that rail route.
Post conditions The user would be able to get the printed ticket and travel in the
train
Main courses 1. The user selects the boarding point
1.1 Or selects the tutorial option
1.1.1 The same processes will be followed after a voice command
and highlighting options as mentioned below
2. Enter the boarding point
2. Enter the destination
3. Chose the payment mode
3.1 Cash
3.1.1 Enters the Cash amount as displayed on the screen
3.1.2 Take the printed tickets
3.1.2 Credit/debit card option selected
3.1.2.1 Swap the credit/debit card
3.1.2.2 Enters the pin
3.1.2.3 Get the printed ticket
Alternate courses 1.1 Choses the available option for the fixed charges between the
same boarding point the user using the system to certain distance
1.2 Select the payment mode
1.2.1 Cash/Credit Card

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
1.2.2 Swap card
1.2.3 take the printed ticket
Use Case 2: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Payment’
Figure 2: Use Case for Payment procedure
(Source: Created by Author)
Description of Use Case:
Use Case Name: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Payment’
Use Case ID: ATTVM: 002

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Description The payment is always the most critical subject for system will be
calculating the business and in manner to make it comfortable for
the users, the system will be capable of accepting the cash or
credit/debit card payment. The system will ask the user to select the
payment mode and two options will pop-up for cash or credit/debit
card payment. The cash selection will ask the user to enter the cash
in the vault and after analyzing the cash, ticket will be printed for
the users. The credit/debit card selection will ask to swap the card
for the respective deduction and after entering the pin, the amount
will be deducted from the bank account and the ticket will be
dispensed from the ticket vault.
Actors System administrator, Technician, Bank, and the user are the actors
for this use case however, the user will be solely acting while
accomplishing this operation.
Organizational
benefits
The UK railways will be able to collect the necessary amount from
the rail services without any additional investment on a member
who will be accomplishing the necessary operational activities.
Primary Actors The user will be the primary actor
Frequency of use Every user will have to make the payment for the printed ticket and
hundreds of user per day can use this non-stop service for a week
with the rebooting time of four hours.
Triggers After the selection of the boarding station and dropping station the

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
payment option will pop-up for the last process of printing the
ticket
Preconditions The user must have selected the boarding and destination station
Post conditions The user would be able to make the payment for the respective
destinations
Main courses 1. Chose the payment mode
1.1 Cash
1.1.1 Enters the Cash amount as displayed on the screen
1.1.2 Take the printed tickets
1.2 Credit/debit card option selected
1.2.1 Swap the credit/debit card
1.2.2 Enters the pin
1.2.3 Get the printed ticket
Alternate courses 1. The user selects the saved destinations for travelling on trains
1.1 Selects the amount for travelling
1.2 Selects payment mode credit card
1.3 Enters the pin
1.4 Takes the printed ticket

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Use Case 3: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Ticket Booking’
Figure 3: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Ticket Booking’
(Source: Created by Author)
Description of Use Case:
Use Case Name: Automatic Train Ticket Vending Machine ‘Ticket Booking’

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Use Case ID: ATTVM: 003
Description The ticket will be printed for the users after receiving all the
information and the payment. After receiving the payment the
notification will be forwarded for printing the details on the ticket
and dispensing it out for the user for travelling on train. After
completing the first ticket booking, the user will be allowed to
make the new booking if he or she is willing to book tickets for
other individual or of another route. Thereafter, the payment
system will be processed again in manner to complete the ticket
buying.
Actors The system administrator, technician and the user are the actors
involved in this use case however, the user will only be
accomplishing the necessary operational activity.
Organizational benefits The organization will be providing enhanced services to the
consumers that will allow the users with additional benefits of not
standing in long line or waiting to inform the ticket vender about
the schedule and route on which he or she wants to travel.
Primary Actors The user will be the primary actor for the present use case
Frequency of use Hundreds of users will be allowed to make the ticket booking per
day and the system will be functioning for one week with a
rebooting of four hours.
Triggers When the users enters the boarding location or choses to go for
the tutorials

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Preconditions The user must have entered a valid location of the same route or
selected the fixed destinations
Post conditions The user would be able to print the tickets and travel in the
relative trains.
Main courses 1. The user enters the boarding location
2. Enters the destination
3. Make the payment
4. Take the ticket
4.1 No further bookings
4.2 further ticket booking (loop starts from 1)
Alternate courses There is not any alternate courses for this case
Part THREE: The evaluation methodology
Evaluation Methodology
Evaluation Procedure
The system will be evaluated through gathering the feedback from the end users vis
distributing the questionnaires and conducting survey in manner to gather the necessary details
about the end user perspective on the developed system. Different questionnaire sets will be
prepared for different group of stakeholders those will be distributed among them through
different mediums including mails and other ways. Responses will be gathered as per the
developed questions for identifying the needs and requirements of the users. The questionnaires
will also be emphasizing on the features being introduced and thus, user would be allowed to
give their feedback on the same. Thus, the modifications could be implemented regarding the

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
modifications suggested by the users in manner to make it an efficient system that can fulfil all
the needs of the users. A survey can be driven at every stations of UK in manner to be connected
with the end users and discuss about the system properties and collect their perspective on the
proposed solution or system and assure that the system being developed will be far better than
the existing ticket booking methods.
Part FOUR: The evaluation
Evaluation Performance
Quantitative and Qualitative approaches can be considered as an effective approach
towards delivering the evaluation of the proposed system. In manner to deliver the quantitative
analysis, descriptive statistics for the usability severity can be calculated in manner to gather
specific results and relate them with the aggregate comparative performance. Thereafter, the
observations of every individual can be complied and distilled after analysing within the set of
information related to learnings for the development of the prototype.
The qualitative analysis can be driven for the proposition of the modifications and
essential elements of the developed system in manner to allow the systems to be capable of
providing all the existing services in addition to better and enhanced services. The collected
results will be applied within the automated ticket vending machine in manner to make it
applicable for the UK citizens in manner to allow them non-stop better and enhanced rail
services.
Evaluation Results
Following are the list of the qualitative analysis results based on the different functions
and operating of the system:

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
A. System status visibility: the user interface should be efficient enough in manner to
highlight the options being selected through either highlighting the option after selection or
colour changing after selecting the option. The progress of the system should also be available on
the screen in manner to make the users capable enough to understand the facts associated with
the selection made for delivering the necessary operation. Every section and option on the screen
must be visible with proper background, text colour and fonts, so that the users can see all the
options cleary and select the necessary option.
B. Comparison between the real world and system: Efficiency and learnability are the are
t6he two major characteristics for making the system efficient enough to be applicable within the
real world. Visual and iconography metaphors are the useful tools for making the system
successful. The language would be playing major role and hence, the developed system will be
based on English language in manner to make it applicable for the UK citizens as 98% of the
population speaks English.
C. User control and Freedom: the entire control of the options should be to the user with
an option of cancel or re-enter for the elimination of the errors made by the users and allow them
to modify them. Abort and back button are the most recommendable options for the system in
addition to the next and back buttons at the single screen for the process of ticket buying and
payment operations.
D. Standards and Consistency: the user interface of the system should be kept least
complex with clear indication of the options and selection procedures in manner to allow the
users to select the options, the screen should not have many options as it should be simple with
least number of options in addition to the control and user freedom.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
E. Error Prevention: there should be the availability of the one step back or abort the
entire system allowing the users to correct the mistakes or errors made by them. The screen
should always show the concerning factors such as not enough paper, card payment cannot be
done right now, and other necessary details. Every stage of the process will be displaying a
statement stating the performance of the process and what to do for completing the process.
F. Recognition in the place of recall: the user should be guided at every step of the system
providing the users a benefit of restoring the processes and the activities assuring that the
developed system will be efficiently used by the users for performing the same operational
activities.
G. Efficiency and flexibility of use: the options should be efficient enough to be operated
by the users for performing necessary operational activities.
Part FIVE: The findings of the evaluation
Summary of evaluation results
The above mentioned results could be efficiently applied within the system for allowing
the enhancement in the efficiency of the system. The system should be easily understandable and
executable by the end users in manner to allow the system to be efficient enough towards
delivering the needful results. The user interface of the system should be provided the maximum
importance for the management of the flexibility and ease of control while booking the train
tickets or making payments. The information mentioned in the above section should be
implemented efficiently and effectively in manner to manage the operational activities related to
the train ticket vending machines.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Assessment of Usability
In the ISO 9241-11 usability can be defined as “the extent to which a product can be used
by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a
specified context of use.” Usability is the most emphasizing property of the developed system as
the developed system should be allowing the users to access and control the entire system with
complete freedom. The system will be capable of providing all the services without any delays as
mentioned in the above report and will be allowing every user of the system to avail the services
in an efficient and effective manner without any issues. The reboot time will be kept minimum in
manner to assure that the system will be upgraded and updated without any delays or lagging in
production. An alternative system will also be available for the users when there is not any
availability of the system during update or upgrade the system in manner to provide the
unstoppable services.
The efficiency of the system will decide how attractive and applicable was the system for
the users and whether the proposed system will be capable of replacing the existing system or
not. Regular monitoring program will be delivered for identifying the bugs and glitches in the
system and eliminating the identified glitches and thus, delivering the system eliminating all the
issues and delivering the necessary objectives and goals of the project. Efficiency, effectiveness,
and satisfaction of the consumers are the major concept and point of concern for the entire
system that can be measured through distributing the questionnairs to every stakeholder and
executing a survey considering these points. The end users and the primary actors for the
developed system are the users and thus, a survey targeting those stakeholders will be effective
approach towards gathering the level of the efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction of the users
through the developed system. Every proposed services and functionality needs to be evaluated

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
and feedback gathering from the users in manner to consider the necessary amendments and
possible implementation for enhancing the system delivery.
Conclusion
Based on the above report it can be concluded that the theoretical aspects and driven
survey will be capable enough to develop a sophisticated model of the automated rail ticket
vending machine allowing the users to book tickets without any ticket vender. The above report
analysed the existing needs and requirements of the users and providing all the services those
could be availed to the users without any disruptions. The end users feedback will be playing the
major role in the development of the specific system model that can allow the system to be
efficient and effective enough for operating within the real world. The above report highlighted
the evaluation criteria and results from the perspective of the users and resulted objectives can be
implemented in the system in manner to make it effective and efficient for the developed system.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Bibliography
Assis, M., DePhil, W., Duraiswamy, S., Gerdov, M., Hanley, E., Karatela, R., Maxwell, C.,
Melesko, R.S., Miller, R.D., Moody, C.W. and Parkes, B., 2016. Lottery Ticket Vending Device,
System and Method. 15/016,398.
Baecker, R.M. ed., 2014. Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: toward the year 2000.
Elsevier.
Blanchard, B.S., Fabrycky, W.J. and Fabrycky, W.J., 1990. Systems engineering and analysis
(Vol. 4). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Card, S.K., 2017. The psychology of human-computer interaction. CRC Press.
Chapman, W., 2018. Engineering modeling and design. Routledge.
Dequan, Z., 2016. The Control System of the Subway Ticket Vending Machine Based on
200PLC of Itvid Automation. The World of Inverters, 7, p.042.
Endsley, M.R., 2016. Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design.
CRC press.
Ezhilarasu, P. and Krishnaraj, N., 2015. Applications of Finite Automata in Lexical Analysis and
as a Ticket Vending Machine–A Review. International Journal of Computer Science and
Engineering Technology (IJCSET), 6(5), pp.267-70.
Faes, S.M., SHOPATM BV (SARL), 2017. Article storage and retrieval apparatus and vending
machine. 9,569,912.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Haddon, L. and Mante-Meijer, E., 2016. The Ticket Machine Challenge: Social Inclusion by
Barrier-free Ticket Vending Machines. In Generational Use of New Media (pp. 155-174).
Routledge.
Hart, C., Pourian, N., Gibbon, S. and Sutton, R., Wm Wrigley Jr Co, 2015. Vending machine
with angled sides. 29/450,012.
Hwang, S.H. and Choe, J.H., 2015. A study on User Experience of Automatic Ticket Vending
Machine UI: Focused on Seoul Metro Line 9. The Journal of the Korea Contents
Association, 15(6), pp.54-61.
Irwin Jr, K.E. and Wentker, D., Tapcentive, Inc., 2018. ELECTRONIC INSTANT TICKETS FOR
INSTANT TICKET VENDING MACHINES. 15/837,617.
Irwin Jr, K.E. and Wentker, D., Tapcentive, Inc., 2018. ELECTRONIC INSTANT TICKETS FOR
INSTANT TICKET VENDING MACHINES. 15/837,617.
Jazdi, N., 2014, May. Cyber physical systems in the context of Industry 4.0. In Automation,
Quality and Testing, Robotics, 2014 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Koujalgi, H. and Bale, A.S., 2017. Biometric Based Automatic Ticket Vending Machine for
Indian Railways.
Koujalgi, H. and Bale, A.S., 2017. Biometric Based Automatic Ticket Vending Machine for
Indian Railways.
Lee, I. and Lee, K., 2015. The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and
challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons, 58(4), pp.431-440.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
MacLaren, V.V., Harrigan, K.A. and Dixon, M.J., 2015. An introduction to video instant ticket
vending machines. Journal of Gambling Issues, (30), pp.22-34.
Muhammad, F., Faradilla, N., Muslim, E. and Adimia, D.N., 2017, March. User experience
evaluation on the usage of commuter line train ticket vending machine. In Industrial Technology
and Management (ICITM), International Conference on (pp. 164-170). IEEE.
Naasz, C., Wyosnick, I., Boyd, S. and Berman, M., 2016. Involving the Public in the Design of
the Ticket Vending Machine User Interface (No. 16-6762).
Oppermann, R., 2017. Adaptive user support: ergonomic design of manually and automatically
adaptable software. Routledge.
Proux, D., Xerox Corp, 2016. Route computation for navigation system using data exchanged
with ticket vending machines. 9,262,921.
Ramzan, A., Rehman, S. and Perwaiz, A., 2017, April. RFID technology: Beyond cash-based
methods in vending machine. In Control and Robotics Engineering (ICCRE), 2017 2nd
International Conference on (pp. 189-193). IEEE.
Rathod, V.J., Patil, S. and Shelar, G., 2017. Comparative study of ticket booking system.
Rathod, V.J., Patil, S. and Shelar, G., 2017. Comparative study of ticket booking system.
Saravia, M.W.D., 2015, November. Access control system using NFC and Arduino. In Central
American and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XXXV), 2015 IEEE Thirty Fifth (pp. 1-6).
IEEE.

USABILITY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC TRAIN TICKET VENDING MACHINE
Schreder, G., Siebenhandl, K., Mayr, E. and Smuc, M., 2016. The Ticket Machine Challenge:
Social Inclusion by Barrier-free Ticket Vending Machines. Generational Use of New Media,
pp.129-148.
Schreder, G., Siebenhandl, K., Mayr, E. and Smuc, M., 2016. The Ticket Machine Challenge:
Social Inclusion by Barrier-free Ticket Vending Machines. Generational Use of New Media,
pp.129-148.
Stanton, N.A., Salmon, P.M., Rafferty, L.A., Walker, G.H., Baber, C. and Jenkins, D.P., 2017.
Human factors methods: a practical guide for engineering and design. CRC Press.