Transgender Rights and Marriage Equality in Hong Kong

This research paper examines the decision of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong in the case W v. The Registrar of Marriages. The paper evaluates the decision held by the Court of Final Appeal and highlights various theoretical questions related to right to marriage, recognition of transgender men and women in relation to marriage and equality. The paper emphasizes the importance of gender identity and marriage equality in a modern society.

Running head: HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Introduction:
The research paper intends to examine the decision of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong
Kong in the well-known case W v. The Registrar of Marriages. Therefore, the intention of the
research paper is to refer to various journal articles for the purpose of evaluating the decision
held by the Court of Final Appeal. The research paper intended to highlight various theoretical
questions related to right to marriage, recognition of transgender men and women in relation to
marriage and equality. The research paper has been conducted for the purpose of examining the
fact that how the existing sources and the perspectives of various authors would be useful in
developing knowledge regarding the constitutional validity of the observed in W v. The
Registrar of Marriages.
Discussion:
According to the perspective of modern authors, the experiences of both male and female
transsexuals in a modern era should be examined in order to evaluate their issues and
experiences1. In this regard, many participants came forward to share their views and
perspectives regarding their previous life2. Therefore, it can be emphasized based on their
experiences that most of the participants preferred their post transition life as compared to their
positive self-identification. The issues regarding their right to marriage and their recognition in
the society were rightly addressed in this regard. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here
that most the participants can be identified as gay and lesbian however; they were active only in
1 Brown, Chris, et al. ‘Female to Male Transsexuals: Giving Voice to Their Experience’ (2016) 16-39 Journal of
LGBT Issues in Counseling, 10.1.
2 Brubaker, Rogers, ‘The Dolezal affair: race, gender, and the micropolitics of identity’ (2016) 414-448 Ethnic and
Racial Studies, 39.3

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their communities3. At present they are not accepted in the modern society and even lacking
support from their previous community.
In modern era, the concepts of transgender and transracial prevail in interaction with each
other. Therefore, it can be rightly commented that the society has identified the definition of a
transgender and have associated the term with gender identity. In this regard, the famous case
study of Rachel Dolezal can be referred who was originally the daughter of white parents and has
undergone major transformation and has been living as a black woman since then. In this
context, it is worth mentioning that such identification created major political storm within
communities however; it can be emphasized that such identity is closely related to equality and
recognition of the transgender communities and not political provocation. It is noteworthy to
mention here that, as a result of adequate responses from the part of the society regarding the
proper identification and acceptance of the definition of transgender people.
It can be rightly commented that for the purpose of building supportive communities, it is
important on the part of the societies to accept and give equal importance to the concept of
gender equality. It is essential to have adequate knowledge regarding the subject matter of
gender dynamics and how these dynamic influences the interactions of daily life. According to
the modern authors, the concept of gender identity from the very beginning emphasizes on the
deeper meaning of gender and undermines the importance of gender in our daily life4. It can be
further highlighted that the concept of gender identity is closely related to recognition of
transgender community. It can be opined that the gender identity of a transgender person in most
3 Capous-Desyllas, Moshoula, and Cecillia Barron, ‘Identifying and navigating social and institutional challenges of
transgender children and families’(2017) 527-542 Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34.6
4 Chang, Adam R., and Stephanie M. Wildman ‘Gender in/sight: Examining culture and constructions of gender’
(2017) 43 Geo. J. Gender & L, 18

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of the cases does not match to their assigned birth sex and therefore undergoes transition.
Therefore, it is important to emphasize the important facts which were observed in the landmark
case of W v. The Registrar of Marriages. In this case, it was observed that since birth the
appellant has been registered as a male from birth. However, the appellant has undergone
psychological and medical treatment and even hormone therapy and thereafter underwent sex
reassignment surgery. After the issuance of medical letter, it was confirmed that she will be
recognized as a female however she could not amend her birth certificate. In this case, the
Registrar of Marriages refused the application of the appellant based on the grounds that she was
a man by referring to the provisions of Section 21 and 40 of the Marriage Ordinance. In this case,
the Court was of the opinion that, even various treatment facilities were implemented by the
government for the purpose of allowing transsexuals to undergo medical changes and to be
recognized according to the gender of their choice, there is no constitutional acceptance
regarding the understanding of gender within the right to equality and marriage.
In this regard, the power of the courts to identify the issues related to gender justice can
be emphasized. In this context, it can be rightly emphasized that it is important on the part of the
civil rights litigators to determine the underlying problems experienced by the LGBTQ
communities. According to the perspective of modern scholars, it is important on the part of the
individuals of the society to identify the role played by transgender people and their rights to
marriage and equality otherwise; these communities will cease to exist5. In this regard, it is worth
mentioning that, if the individuals do not address the issues faced by the transgender
communities, then it will be difficult on the part of the Courts to provide utmost importance to
gender equality and marriage equality including their identification in the society. The
5 Chiang, Howard, ‘Intimate equality and transparent selves: Legalising transgender marriage in Hong Kong’ (2017)
166-181 Culture, Theory and Critique, 58.2

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experiences of discrimination faced by the transgender communities in different areas can be
taken into consideration. These areas have been identified as social networking sites, religious
places, workplace, healthcare and educational institutions. In such process, it was found that
most of the respondents experienced extreme humiliation in their personal and professional life.
These humiliations can be described as misidentification, mistreatment, harassment and gender
discrimination. It was observed that even in some cases their sexual orientation and their rights to
marry have been questioned on certain grounds. In order to discuss the constitutional validity of
the decision made by the judge the concepts of psychiatric diagnosis and gender identity to the
knowledge of the readers. It can be emphasized that these transgender people are mostly
represented as mentally disordered. However, this perception is totally wrong. In this regard,
reference can be made to the World Health Organization and the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and their efforts in addressing to the underlying issues of mental health
of these transgender communities6.
From the very beginning, it has been emphasized on the fact that the processes of social
categorization can be initiated with the help of physical appearance. The potentiality of human
beings and their influences on behavioral patterns has been highly explored. Gender
identification is one of the unique features that individuals generally notice. Therefore extensive
research has been conducted and investigated that whether the perspectives of the individuals
towards transgender people are influenced by changes in gender orientation. Therefore, the rights
and equality of the transgender communities can vividly described for the purpose of carrying on
the topic in concern in a better way. From the beginning there has been an intention to highlight
the perceptions and the experiences of different families in relation to their transgender children.
6 Cruz, Taylor M, ‘Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: a consideration of
diversity in combating discrimination’ (2014) 65-73 Social science & medicine, 110

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In this context, the perspectives of transgender can be briefly described in relation to the
transition of these transgender children within their families. However, the experiences of these
families when their children undergo such transition have been taken into consideration. The
social and psychological challenges experienced by these transgender children from the society
have been emphasized7. Therefore, the theoretical and philosophical analysis of the right to
marriage and equality can be emphasized in this regard. In the age of urbanization, with the
advent of different concepts, the concept of marriage has changed considerably8. Previously, the
concept of marriage was limited within the union between a man and a woman. From the very
beginning, marriage has been defined as philosophers to be a sacred union of a man and a
woman9. The concept of same sex-couple was not prevalent in the early years and therefore the
right to marry same-sex gender has been highly ignored. Marriage is based on the fact that when
a man and a woman- described as two halves of a complete life becomes one. Therefore, it is
noteworthy to mention here that in modern era, the traditional concept of marriage has been
challenged for the purpose of obtaining legal recognition of same-sex couples10. This challenge
has been identified by modern scholars to be ethical rather than constitutional. Therefore, it is
worthwhile to mention here that same sex couples have been demanding the same rights as
enjoyed by heterosexual couples11.
7 Zucker, Kenneth J., Anne A. Lawrence, and Baudewijntje PC Kreukels, ‘Gender dysphoria in adults’(2016) 217-
247 Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12
8 DeFilippis, Joseph Nicholas, Ben Anderson-Nathe, and Meg Panichelli, ‘Notes on same-sex marriage: Concerns
for feminist social workers’ (2015) 461-475 Affilia, 30.4
Winter, Sam, ‘Identity recognition without the knife: Towards a gender recognition ordinance for Hong Kong's
transsexual people’ (2014) 115 Hong Kong LJ, 44
9 Ehrhardt, Anke A, ‘The psychobiology of gender’ Gender and the life course 2018 103-118 Routledge
10 Dentice, Dianne, and Michelle Dietert, ‘Liminal spaces and the transgender experience’ (2015) 69 Theory in
Action, 8.2
11 Ehrhardt, Anke A, ‘The psychobiology of gender’ Gender and the life course 2018 103-118 Routledge

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It is equally important to recognize various efforts on the part of the states to recognize
the rights of equality of the transgender. In this regard, focus can be made on the role played by
the states and the federal government in enacting various laws for the purpose of permitting the
residential to discriminate against the LGBTQ communities. Several constitutional questions
regarding the right to vote, the right to privacy and the right to marry the opposite were raised by
the general public as a whole. It is worthwhile to mention here that marriage equality and the
right to gender equality is a right from birth. It can be stated that a person has the right to marry
the gender of their choice. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that though transgender
marriage has been legalized in Hong Kong however; the rights related to marriage equality and
the recognition of transgender communities has been highly ignored. Therefore, it can be
emphasized that from the very beginning, transgender communities have been discriminated on
various grounds. These grounds may be related to their identity, equality to marriage and gender
identity. As a result of such discrimination, the health conditions of these communities have been
affected to large extent. In this regard, the application of the National Transgender
Discrimination Survey has been examined by the author for the purpose of assessing the
conditions of transgender people. In order to explain the constitutionality of the decision of not
allowing same-sex couples to marry, much emphasis has been laid on the importance of gay
rights movement and the focus on marriage and gender equality of the LGBT communities has
been constantly neglected. It can therefore be stated that the society instead of focusing on their
equal rights to marriage and identity laid much emphasis on advancing their interests. In this
context, marriage can be described as a form of privatization and as an essential tool of neo-
liberalism.

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In order to focus upon the rights available to the transgender communities it is important
to provide a deeper understanding to the readers regarding the development of two recent
changes. The first change is regarding the development from childhood to adolescent to
adulthood12. The second change is focused upon the various biological concepts and the
evaluation of various sociological, psychological and biological factors. Therefore, these
observations can be efficiently linked to the importance of gender identity in a modern society. It
is noteworthy to mention here that, gender identity is associated with these sociological,
psychological and biological factors. It is worth noting that marriage equality is a constitutional
right. In this regard, the views and perspectives of other legislators regarding the concept of
same-sex marriage can be emphasized. The opinions and the point of view of various citizen-
legislators regarding civil marriage and equality have been taken into account and have been
recognized as a constitutionalist movement13. From the very beginning, the concept of marriage
equality has been viewed from different perspective. However, in recent era, with the advent of
various marriage equality movements, the proponents and opponents of gender identity and
equality allowed the legislators to undergo a change in public policy for the purpose of
recognition of transgender communities in the society14.
The perspective of the society towards transgender communities can be vividly presented.
In a modern society, the transgender communities experience the harsh reality of life. In spite of
various government policies to improve gender identity and marriage equality, these transgender
communities were not accepted by the society15. Most of the policies regarding gender equality
12 Evans, Rachel, ‘Marriage equality a step towards a better world’ (2015) 11 Green Left Weekly, 1063
13 Wettstein, Florian, and Dorothea Baur, ‘Why Should We Care about Marriage Equality?’ Political Advocacy as a
Part of Corporate Responsibility." (2016) 199-213 Journal of business ethics, 138.2
14 Williams, Joan C, ‘Deconstructing Gender [1989]’ (2018) 95-123 Feminist Legal Theory. Routledge
15 Flores, Andrew R, ‘Attitudes toward transgender rights: Perceived knowledge and secondary interpersonal
contact’ (2015) 398-416 Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3.3

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and marriage were formed as a result of public opinion and various legislative processes are
associated with it. It can be emphasized that the rights of the transgender people are still nor
recognized by the people of the society and they are subjected to various humiliations based on
gender discriminations. From the beginning, various debates have been conducted on political
and legal grounds regarding the role of same-sex as parents. While much emphasis has been laid
on allowing these same-sex couples to the right of marriage equality; their role as parenting has
been questioned. Therefore, after reviewing the evidences presented by modern scholars on the
issue in concern it can be stated that transgender people are good in parenting as well. In this
regard, it can be opined that children being raised by same-sex couples and different sex-couples
can be explained from the experiences of the children and not from these authorities. After
conducting various research and interviews it has been found that the children raised by same sex
parents are not different as raised by parents of different counterparts. The importance of gender
identity in a modern world can be highlighted for the purpose of emphasizing the rights to
marriage and equality16. While focusing on the importance of gender identity, the intention was
to show the prevailing differences between sexual identity and gender identification. Instead of
distinguishing the concepts, emphasis can be laid on the problems faced by the LGBTQ
communities. It can be stated that there are categories of people who are unable to identify their
gender during birth. These people are recognized as transgender people and are not accepted by
the society fully. The daily challenges faced by a transgender are the most humiliating part of
their life and there are few children belonging to such category that experiences these
humiliations at their early stage of life17. These children are constantly bullied in educational
16 Westbrook Laurel and Kristen Schilt, ‘Doing gender, determining gender: Transgender people, gender panics, and
the maintenance of the sex/gender/sexuality system’ (2014) 32-57 Gender & Society, 28.1
17 Weber, Shannon, ‘Daring to marry: Marriage equality activism after Proposition 8 as challenge to the
assimilationist/radical binary in queer studies’(2015) 1147-1173 Journal of homosexuality, 62.9

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institutions. Therefore, it is important on the part of educational institutions to have access to
library resources for the purpose of providing adequate knowledge regarding the issues of gender
equality and identity.
The legalization of same-sex marriage is the most important feature of this research
paper. The intention is to discuss about the legalization of same sex marriage by referring to the
current scenario in Hong Kong. It is noteworthy to mention here that, various laws and
regulations were introduced in Hong Kong for the purpose of addressing the issues of
transgender people in relation to their identification and marriage18. The communities of human
rights, from the beginning were concerned about the concept of same-sex marriage. However,
they failed to address the underlying issues associated with their recognition and their right to
marry the gender of their choice. The determination of gender in a modern society is the current
focus of the nations. The concept of gender identification was examined by placing it under
various categories. In this context, emphasis can be laid upon the organization of various public
debates in support of employment rights of the transgender communities. In this regard, it is
noteworthy to divert the minds of the readers towards the need to eliminate the sex marker option
as depicted in the birth certificates19. After proper evaluation, it can be understood that there is a
major difference between gender identification and the rights of transgender in the community.
It is worth examining the fact that whether surgical and hormonal treatments are
necessary for the purpose of identification of the transgender community. It is worthwhile to
refer here that these transgender communities in order to make themselves recognized citizens to
the society undergo various treatments and transformations. For the purpose of conducting these
18 Flores, Andrew R., et al, ‘Challenged expectations: mere exposure effects on attitudes about transgender people
and rights’ (2018) 197-216 Political Psychology, 39.1
19 Szydlowski, Maciej, ‘Gender recognition and the rights to health and health care: Applying the principle of self-
determination to transgender people’ (2016) 199-211 International Journal of Transgenderism, 17.3-4

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treatments and transformations the health conditions of these transgender people gets highly
affected. Therefore, measures should be taken by the government officials in order to enhance
gender equality and their rights to marry.
It is essential to examine the constitutionality of the underlying policies of gender
discrimination for the purpose of addressing the issues of gender identity in a modern world.
Therefore, it is important for the government authorities to implement policies so that individuals
are able to gain adequate knowledge regarding the prevailing policies that prevents gender
discrimination. It is evident that transgender communities do not get equal employment
opportunities. However, with the implementation of various policies which efficiently addresses
their rights and equality, the perspective of the society has slightly changed towards the
transgender people20. It is evident that the LGBTQ community from the very beginning
comprises of a unified movement. However, their political priorities are often ignored by the
states. Therefore, it can be argued that in spite of various policy implementations in the name of
transgender rights, their fundamental rights were not taken into consideration. Their rights to
privacy, marriage and equality were mostly ignored. It can be stated that transgender
communities has not been whole heartedly accepted by the society and therefore their
constitutional rights are not sufficiently addressed by the government authorities. Various
movements of tensions can enumerate while addressing the priorities of the transgender
communities. It is noteworthy to mention here that various debates were conducted in order to
put emphasis on the philosophical ideas governing the concept of same-sex marriage. In this
regard, one of the most important theoretical questions was raised while evaluating the
20 Gates, Gary J, ‘Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples’ (2015) 67-87The Future of
Children, 25.2

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constitutionality of the concept of same-sex marriage21. From the very beginning, there has been
opposition on the part of the society regarding same-sex marriage. In this regard, it is worth
noting that the rights of the transgender to marry the gender of their choice have been considered
to be null and void by the ancient philosophers22. This is because same-sex relations have been
recognized as alien relationship by the ancient philosophers. Therefore, it can be commented that
marriage is an ontological duty on the part of every individuals. However, the right associated
with marriage cannot be ignored. It is essentially important to argue in this regard, that marriage
is a social institution and every individual has the right to marriage equality no matter to which
gender he belongs.
The research paper therefore examines the concept of the identity development of
transgender. In this regard a conceptualized aspect of transgender identity development can be
presented. Therefore, the concepts of gender expression and gender equality were taken into
account while conducting the research. In this regard, the main concern of the states was that the
gender identification of these transgender does not match the criteria of sex that was assigned to
them during birth23. Therefore, as a result of such questions, it rapidly increased media and
political attention. It can be argued that from the very beginning gender identity posed as a
multidimensional construction. As a result of such multidimensional nature, it helps an
individual to gain adequate knowledge regarding the category of gender in which he belongs24.
From the very beginning bullying is common in public schools which are adversely linked to
21 Giordano, Simona, ‘The Confused Stork: Gender Identity Development, Parental and Social Responsibilities’
(2017) 133-151 Parental Responsibility in the Context of Neuroscience and Genetics, Springer, Cham
22 Gordon, Danny, and Mario Prajna Pratama, ‘Mapping Discrimination Experienced by Indonesian Trans* FtM
Persons’ (2017) 1283-1303 Journal of homosexuality, 64.9
23 Harrison, Brian F., and Melissa R. Michelson, ‘Using experiments to understand public attitudes towards
transgender rights’ (2017) 152-160 Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5.1
24 Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Patrick R. Miller. ‘Equality or Transformation? LGBT Political Attitudes and
Priorities and the Implications for’ (2017) LGBTQ Politics: A Critical Reader, 270.

12HUMAN RIGHTS
both sociological and psychological behavior of a child25. In this regard, the main concerns of the
authors were to emphasize on the issues of bullying and lack of safely in case of LGBTQ
students. In order to address the issues of public school bullying which created huge impact on
students belonging to LGBTQ communities, the School policies and practices focused on sexual
orientation and gender identity (SOGI) has been implemented. It has been examined that the
(SOGI) proved to be beneficial in promoting school safety by reducing bullying. The (SOGI)
also provided adequate support in addressing the issues faced by the LGBTQ communities to a
large extent. In order to proceed with the legal and philosophical aspects of transgender rights to
marriage and recognition into the society, extensive research and study has been carried out for
the purpose of eliciting the perspectives and the opinions of the transgender people in relation to
their sexual orientation and mental health. Therefore, for the purpose of the research semi-
structured interviews were conducted26. In this regard, the government policies were taken into
consideration which from the very beginning laid much emphasis upon the gender equality and
recognition of the transgender people into the society.
The objective is to emphasize on the efforts on the part of the states to recognize the
rights of equality on the part of the transgender. In this regard, much importance has been given
to the role played by the states and the federal government in enacting various laws for the
purpose of permitting the residential to discriminate against the LGBTQ communities. Several
constitutional questions regarding the right to vote, the right to privacy and the right to marry the
opposite were raised. It is evident that transgender communities across the world are subjected to
various kinds of discrimination and violence. Therefore, it can be argued that, the people
25 Horton, Lisa, ‘Meeting the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, queer, or questioning students through the
school library collection’ (2016) 20 Teacher Librarian, 44.1
26 Inch, Emma. ‘Changing minds: the psycho-pathologization of trans people’(2016) 193-204 International Journal
of Mental Health, 45.3

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belonging to transgender communities are often denied from their legal and constitutional rights
and sometimes their recognition are subjected to complicated preconditions27. As a result of this,
their right to privacy, family and equality is hampered. Therefore, it can be rightly emphasized
on the fact that by acquiring gender recognition, the right to self determination will not only be
achieved but the transgender communities will achieve social and mental well-being.
It is evident that, that the people belonging to transgender communities are not given
equal right to marriage as well as recognition into the society. As a result of it, the transgender
people live in their own communities and do not mix with the social sphere. Various theoretical
arguments were raised by ancient scholars in relation to equality of the transgender groups and
their right to marry28. The theoretical arguments are concerned with the fact that same-sex
marriage couples should have the same right as heterosexual marriage29. However, some scholars
were of the opinion that homosexual relationship is unethical and it violates the law. They were
of the perspective that, homosexual marriage is a violation of natural law of the land. In this
paper, it has been addressed that the government authorities are taking measures on their part
regarding the issues related with legalization of gay marriage. This kind of engagement can be
referred to as corporate political advocacy. The movement of the corporate sectors to support
LGBTQ rights was one of the most significant stands taken by the government authorities. The
perspective of a feminist can be highlighted which is closely connected with the issues of gender
equality and gender discrimination. In this regard, emphasis can be made upon the part that a
female also experiences various discrimination on the ground of gender and equality as faced by
27 Katz-Wise, Sabra L., et al, ‘Transactional pathways of transgender identity development in transgender and
gender-nonconforming youth and caregiver perspectives from the Trans Youth Family Study’ (2017) 243-263
International Journal of Transgenderism, 18.3
28 Sellers, Mitchell Dylan, ‘Discrimination and the transgender population: Analysis of the functionality of local
government policies that protect gender identity’ (2014) 70-86 Administration & Society, 46.1
29 Pomeranz, Jennifer L, ‘Challenging and Preventing Policies That Prohibit Local Civil Rights Protections for
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People’ (2018) 67-72.

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an individual belonging to the transgender group30. The only difference is that transgender are
not whole-heatedly accepted or recognized in the society.
Transgender people can be described as those individuals whose gender identification
and expression do not cover the norms of gender equality that has been assigned to them during
birth. In this regard, the intention is to present the perspectives of a sub-category of individuals
who identify themselves as gender queer and has been exploring the meaning of gender equality
and gender expression within the traditional binary framework. These traditional binary
frameworks are concerned with the fact that whether the gender identity of the transgender is
recognized as males of females31. It can be argued regarding the matter that there are certain
categories of individuals who do not fall under the transgender category. These individuals are
not identified as transsexuals because they have undergone transition and remained within the
traditional binary categories ether male or female.
The government implemented the Safe Schools programs in order to protect the children
belonging to LGBTQ communities. The Safe Schools programs has attracted lots of criticism
from public on the ground that these programs were only limited to adolescents32. These
programs shall not be able to protect their rights to marriage and equality within the society.
However, the Safe Schools Program implemented various anti-bullying programs in order to
protect the interests of young people who has been identified as gay or lesbian or has been faced
with issues regarding their gender identity. The issues regarding gender identity and recognition
has been clearly depicted in the Safe Schools Program which will be useful for the school
30 Levasseur, M ‘Gender identity defines sex: Updating the law to reflect modern medical science is key to
transgender rights’ (2014) 943 Vt. L. Rev, 39
31 Lewis, Maria M., et al, ‘Legal Issues Related to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Public Schools’ (2017)
316-322 Social Education, 81.5
32 Parkinson, Patrick, ‘Gender dysphoria and the controversy over the Safe Schools program’ (2017) 417-422 Sexual
health, 14.5

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authorities in identifying the issues of gender identity faced by transgender children however; it
shall not be applicable during adult stage of life.
The intention of the essay is to present an important concept regarding the matter that
when a child is born into a family, what would be the gender identification of such child. In order
to answer this query, it would be worthwhile to rely upon the theories of gender predictions33. In
this regard, it is worthwhile to mention here that, the factor which influences gender predictions
is based on genital morphology. Therefore, it can be stated that that biological markers are not
required for the purpose of determining that whether an individual is male or female. Therefore,
the society is not at the authority to decide that how an individual should be identified based on
their gender orientation34. Each and every individual has the right to marry and the right to get
recognized as a part of the society.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that the sources has proved to be beneficial as well as advantageous
for the purpose of carrying on extensive research in evaluating the constitutional decision of the
Court of Final Appeal. It is worthwhile to mention here that the list of journal articles formed a
convenient part of the research. Each of the chosen journal articles contained relevant and
appropriate information about the case stud contributed enormously to the successful completion
of the research topic.
33 McCann, E, ‘People who are transgender: mental health concerns’ (2015) 76-81 Journal of psychiatric and mental
health nursing, 22.1
34 Navaratnam, Reannon, and Isabelle Lee, ‘Same sex marriage in Hong Kong: a right is more than a referendum’
(2015) 220-227 International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies, 3.3

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References:
Brown, Chris, et al. ‘Female to Male Transsexuals: Giving Voice to Their Experience’ (2016)
16-39 Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 10.1.
Brubaker, Rogers, ‘The Dolezal affair: race, gender, and the micropolitics of identity’ (2016)
414-448 Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39.3
Capous-Desyllas, Moshoula, and Cecillia Barron, ‘Identifying and navigating social and
institutional challenges of transgender children and families’(2017) 527-542 Child and
Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34.6
Chang, Adam R., and Stephanie M. Wildman ‘Gender in/sight: Examining culture and
constructions of gender’ (2017) 43 Geo. J. Gender & L, 18
Chiang, Howard, ‘Intimate equality and transparent selves: Legalising transgender marriage in
Hong Kong’ (2017) 166-181 Culture, Theory and Critique, 58.2
Cruz, Taylor M, ‘Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: a
consideration of diversity in combating discrimination’ (2014) 65-73 Social science & medicine,
110
DeFilippis, Joseph Nicholas, Ben Anderson-Nathe, and Meg Panichelli, ‘Notes on same-sex
marriage: Concerns for feminist social workers’ (2015) 461-475 Affilia, 30.4
Dentice, Dianne, and Michelle Dietert, ‘Liminal spaces and the transgender experience’ (2015)
69 Theory in Action, 8.2

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Ehrhardt, Anke A, ‘The psychobiology of gender’ Gender and the life course 2018 103-118
Routledge
Evans, Rachel, ‘Marriage equality a step towards a better world’ (2015) 11 Green Left Weekly,
1063
Flores, Andrew R, ‘Attitudes toward transgender rights: Perceived knowledge and secondary
interpersonal contact’ (2015) 398-416 Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3.3
Flores, Andrew R., et al, ‘Challenged expectations: mere exposure effects on attitudes about
transgender people and rights’ (2018) 197-216 Political Psychology, 39.1
Gates, Gary J, ‘Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples’ (2015) 67-87The
Future of Children, 25.2
Giordano, Simona, ‘The Confused Stork: Gender Identity Development, Parental and Social
Responsibilities’ (2017) 133-151 Parental Responsibility in the Context of Neuroscience and
Genetics, Springer, Cham
Gordon, Danny, and Mario Prajna Pratama, ‘Mapping Discrimination Experienced by
Indonesian Trans* FtM Persons’ (2017) 1283-1303 Journal of homosexuality, 64.9
Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Patrick R. Miller. ‘Equality or Transformation? LGBT Political
Attitudes and Priorities and the Implications for’ (2017) LGBTQ Politics: A Critical Reader,
270.
Harrison, Brian F., and Melissa R. Michelson, ‘Using experiments to understand public attitudes
towards transgender rights’ (2017) 152-160 Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5.1

18HUMAN RIGHTS
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