Chemistry Report: Transition Metals, Properties, and Applications

This report delves into the realm of transition metals, exploring their characteristic properties and significance. It begins by defining transition metals and outlining their key features, including variable oxidation states, the formation of colored compounds, catalytic behavior, and the formation of complex ions. The report then examines the role of transition metals as important trace elements, providing detailed examples of their biological functions. The discussion encompasses the unique electronic configurations of transition metals, which give rise to their diverse chemical behavior and their importance in various applications. The report also explores the specific properties of Iron, including its role in the human body. The report concludes by highlighting the importance of transition metals in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and industry. This report provides a comprehensive overview of transition metals and their significance.

Transition metals1
TRANSITION METALS
Name:
School:
Department:
Date:

Transition metals 2
Introduction
On a daily basis, individuals mostly come in contact with the transition elements. For instance,
iron exists everywhere starting from the rings in the spiral notebook to the kitchen cutlery to
automobiles, ships, buildings and also in the blood hemoglobin. Chromium is vital as protective
plating on the automotive detailing and plumbing fixtures (Leenders, Gramage-Doria, de Bruin
and Reek 2015).
Transition compounds can be denoted as that element with partially occupied d orbitals. The
inner transition metals (actinides and lanthanides) also referred to f-block elements; also
accomplish this criterion due to the d orbitals partially filled prior to the f orbitals. The d-orbitals
fill with the copper which belongs to group 11; thus, for this reason, the subsequent class (group
12) is basically not transition compounds. But, the group 12 metals do show some of the
identical chemical properties and are regularly encompassed in the transition metals discussion.
The d-block compounds are subdivided into the first transition sequence; from the Sc across Cu,
the second transition sequence; from the Y across Ag, and the third transition series which is the
compound La and the Hf across Au. Actinium is the first class of the 4th transition series, which
also comprise Rf across Rg (Khomskii 2014).
Transition compounds can generate elements with a broad range of oxidations states. As one
goes from left across right, the number of oxidation states upsurges at first to an optimal towards
the table middle, and then decreases (Maekawa et al. 2013).
For the compounds Sc through Mn, the highest oxidation states related to the electrons loss in s
and d orbitals of their valence shells. For instance, the titanium IV ions is generated when the

Transition metals 3
atom of titanium losses its two 4s and two 3d electrons. The above highest oxidations states are
stable forms of titanium, scandium and vanadium. But, it is not prospective to continue to loss all
of the valence electrons from the elements as one continue across the sequence. Most of the
compounds of the 1st transition series create ions with a charge of 3+ or 2+ that are actually water
stable, even though those of the initial members of the sequence can be quickly air oxidized
(Fabbrizzi and Poggi 2013).
The 2nd and 3rd compounds of transition series are normally more stable in higher oxidations
states than those of counterparts, 1st series. Basically, the atomic radius rises down a group,
which results to the 2nd and 3rd ions being bigger than those of 1st sequence. Losing electrons
from orbitals that are positioned far from the nucleus is quick than losing electrons adjacent to
the nucleus. For instance, the tungsten and molybdenum, group 6 members, are restricted mostly
to +6 oxidation state in aq solution. Lightest member of the group which is chromium, creates a
stable Chromium (III) ions in water and, the air absence, the chromium (II) ions which is less
stable is formed. The sulphide with the highest oxidation stat for Cr is Cr2S3, which comprises
the Cr 3+ ion. Tungsten and molybdenum generate sulphide in which the elements shows
oxidation states of 4+ and 6+ (Sun and Shi 2014).
Trace compounds are minerals existing in all living flesh in trivial quantity. Part of them is
recognized to be nutritionally vital; others essential and the remaining ones are reflected to be
nonessential. Trace substances act chiefly as catalyst in enzyme assembly; other metallic bits,
such as Cu and Fe, take part in energy metabolism in oxidation-reduction reaction. Fe which is
myoglobin and hemoglobin constituent also takes part in the oxygen transport. Generally, all
trace compounds are lethal if digested at adequately high intensities for extended duration. The

Transition metals 4
variance among the maximal and toxic intakes to realize physiological requirements for essential
trace compounds is high for some elements however is much smaller for others(Nicholls 2017).
The body required the correct amount of iron. If one have too little Fe, one may develop Fe
deficiency anemia. The main causes of low Fe levels encompass the deprived diet, blood loss, or
failure to absorb adequate iron from the diets. Individuals at greater peril of having too little are
women who are pregnant or have periods and young kids. Excessive amounts can damage body.
Iron poisoning can result if one takes too many iron supplements (Yruela 2013).
Zinc compound, which comprises of more than 200 enzymes, takes a crucial part in nucleic acid
breakdown, tissue repair, duplication of cell, and development over its activity in nucleic acid
polymerases. The above Zn-reliant enzymes comprise the possibly rate-restricting enzymes
comprised in production of DNA. Zn also has numerous biological and acknowledged crucial
interfaces with hormones and takes part in secretion, invention and stowage of distinct hormones
(Pruchnik 2013).
Chromium is a crucial trace component required for usual carbohydrate breakdown. The biologic
role of chromium is strictly linked with that of insulin. Most chromium-stirred reactions are also
insulin reliant. For instance, chromium takes part in carbohydrate and lipid absorption as a
potential of insulin act. It is have very complex to assess the scope and significance of chromium
shortage in humans simply because investigative methods are not adequately subtle. The main
source of chromium comprises the liver and other vital organs, nuts, brewer’s yeast and whole
grains.
Therefore, Transition compounds can form elements with wide scope of oxidation states. As one
move from the light to rights through the first transition sequence, it is noted that the number of

Transition metals 5
normal oxidations states upsurges to a maximum across the table middle, then decreases
(Nicholls 2017). To being, the d block element and transition metal elements are sometimes
utilized as if they have the same meaning. However, they do not as there are subtle differences.
Transition elements can be denoted as those compounds that have partially filled d orbitals. The
f-block compounds also meet the standard of being classified as the transition metals as their d
orbitals are partially filled before the f-orbitals.

Transition metals 6
References
Fabbrizzi, L. and Poggi, A. eds., 2013. Transition metals in supramolecular chemistry (Vol.
448). Springer Science & Business Media. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=G3jyCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=transition+metals&ots=RlT9P1a9X
Y&sig=RPHeqHBmPDu8tpMk88FvrRpogmQ
Khomskii, D., 2014. Transition metal compounds. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=hEelBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=transition+metal&ots=Ynx0gs2Lzm&
sig=XAEfLPnfopD0z35KkT8VovRUdN0
Leenders, S.H., Gramage-Doria, R., de Bruin, B. and Reek, J.N., 2015. Transition metal catalysis
in confined spaces. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(2), pp.433-448. Retrieved from:
https://pubs.rsc.org/--/content/articlehtml/2015/cs/c4cs00192c
Maekawa, S., Tohyama, T., Barnes, S.E., Ishihara, S., Koshibae, W. and Khaliullin, G., 2013.
Physics of transition metal oxides (Vol. 144). Springer Science & Business Media. Retrieved
from: https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=IvnvCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=transition+metal&ots=1tiWrlplRv&si
g=9FH8HNREMCSoUWXUgXzSyOvWPkE
Nicholls, D., 2017. Complexes and first-row transition elements. Macmillan International Higher
Education. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=9FVdDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=periodic+table+of+transition+elemen
ts+&ots=EXsZaKgjIX&sig=MCPxTyEyE2-6c_OvCgL-FuNP0Rw

Transition metals 7
Pruchnik, F.P., 2013. Organometallic chemistry of the transition elements. Springer Science &
Business Media. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=GVX0BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=periodic+table+of+transition+eleme
nts+&ots=dvyXFeicRp&sig=Re7pytyIo-ByVZrM6LSqViX49SE
Sun, C.L. and Shi, Z.J., 2014. Transition-metal-free coupling reactions. Chemical reviews,
114(18), pp.9219-9280. Retrieved from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr400274j
Yruela, I., 2013. Transition metals in plant photosynthesis. Metallomics, 5(9), pp.1090-1109.
Retrieved from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/mt/c3mt00086a