Analysis of Globalization and Money Laundering

The provided document is an in-depth examination of the relationship between globalization and money laundering. It presents a wide range of research articles and papers that discuss various aspects of this complex issue, including its economic impacts, institutional responses, and social consequences. The document covers topics such as the globalization of crime, the effects of economic sanctions on drug shortages, and the emergence of violent non-state actors in human trafficking. It also explores the intersection of drug policy with conservation policy, highlighting the issue of narco-deforestation. The analysis is presented through a selection of academic papers, articles, and reports from reputable sources, providing a nuanced understanding of this critical global issue.

Running head: TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME1
Abstract
The concept of the economic globalization is a far more complex concept than the suggestions
by the international finance and the transnational corporations. Furthermore, globalization
facilitates the supply of the drug on a simultaneous basis, with the improvement of the efficacy
and the opportunities related to multiplying abilities. This process is done by the hampering of
the reduction of the drug supply with more of the difficult process for larger stops and numerous
flows of drugs. The essay will illustrate and analyze the impact of the globalization over the
illicit drug smuggling and money laundering and compare the effects on both the fields with
critical assessments. The chosen market for analysis of the drug trafficking is UK and the drugs
are heroine and cocaine. The report furthermore summarizes the comparison regrading the
intensity of the effect of globalization with a short conclusion.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME2
Introduction
The context of the globalization together with the rising use of the internet tends to have
some of the major impact over the illicit drug markets and the wider ramifications (Ghodse
2016). Apart from all the other positive factor and effects, globalization simultaneously tends to
imply and facilitates the supply of drug and the instances of transitional crime. According to
Lalayants, Doel and Kachkachishvili (2015), the rapid development in regards to the technology,
financial information and the communication helps in the flow of the money throughout the
world in a pace of rigid speed and ease. These procedure combating the approaches of money
laundering makes the task more urgent than ever. This is because the deeper the money gets
merged within the system of the international banking; it is generally more difficult for the
identification of the origin. The essay furthermore aims to illustrate and analyze the impact of the
globalization over the illicit drug smuggling and money laundering and compare the effects on
both the fields with critical assessments.
Drug and Impact
It has long been stated that the context of the globalization tends to undermine the impact
of the supply of the containment in the market that deals with the illicit drugs. There has been a
various number of the mechanisms within the context which includes the increasing the supply
of labor, increasing levels of competition, reduction of the communication, information, the costs
related to the finances (Zhidkova 2015). This furthermore in enhanced by the trafficking
activities, the production of the entrepreneurial networks, and the high demand of the drugs.
Critique and Analyze

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME3
This paper of the essay aims to highlight and state the literature regarding the drug
trafficking in the UK market. The targeted dugs that will be discussed within the context of the
essay are the cannabis, cocaine and heroin. The evidences that supports the connection to the
mechanism varied and there lies no such obvious connection and the relationship among the type
of the drug or the level of the market regarding the identified mechanism. The mechanism
regarding some of the evidences that exist include the entrepreneurial networks of traffickers,
emergence of flexible and some of the benefits regarding the rising movements of the goods,
people and the capital (Martin 2014). The essay furthermore highlights the limitation regarding
the difficulty towards the assess to the extent regarding the observations and the representative
over the UK drug market as the whole.
The context of the globalization and the increasing use of the internet and the social
media are some of the factors that tends to have some of the major impact over the markets of
the illicit drug trafficking together with the wider rate of the ramifications. The context of
globalization facilitates in the supply of drug by the improvement of the multiple opportunities
and the efficiency followed by hampering of the supply of drug and the reduction activities and
also making it more critical to stop the big and the varied flow of the drugs (Schultze-Kraft
2014). This is one of the most challenging threats of the development that has been faced by the
international agency of the drug control in the present environment. The context of the
globalization has created towards some of the gains in the efficiency regarding the activities of
the trafficking. The efficiency of the operation of the illicit business have increased due to
information costs, lower transportation anf the act of communication. According to some of the
major researches, the context of the globalization has also made some of the possibility regarding
the early transfers of the technological and the scientific development that includes the

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME4
exploitation by the illicit and the legitimate business (Fukumi 2016). The lack of the improved
supply regarding the containment policies , the reduction of the costs regarding the bridging and
the gap along the producers and the suppliers leads towards the low level of the retail process
with the potential high rate of the consumption of the illicit drugs.
According to the research, one of the main methods or the ways that the globalization
impacts the illicit drug market of UK is the increasing of the intensity of the flow of people and
the goods through the country together with the context of the diversity (Fleetwood, Radcliffe
and Stevens 2015). There lies both effect of the social and globalization for the money and the
drug. This can be subdivided in the context of the economic, political and social strands.
According to the research by Mulabdic, Osnago and Ruta (2017), the author in the
findings illustrated that various of chemicals and the drugs that are on the basis of plants are
being supplied within the territory of Europe and UK are being produced outside the country
while some of the precursor chemicals and drugs that are produced within the territory of country
are supplied to the other parts of the world. The author in his findings stated how each of the car,
bus, passenger , containers and the vessels of the sea that are entering or going out of the place
has been the target for an effective opportunity for smuggling of illicit goods. This has induced
the spectacular growth within the transport of the globe, logistics and trade through out the past
years which has furthermore resulted in multiplication of opportunities.
Explore
In market of United Kingdom, the drugs such as the cocaine and heroin market has been
estimated cost as the valuation of £4 billion on the basis of per annum . As stated by the current
reports by UK, these drugs within the market have the substantial social costing which is beyond

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME5
the valuation of the market. The reports suggest that the heroine users of UK commit crime that
is worth of £16 billion for funding their use of drugs and also regarding in terms of the effect
over social functioning and health (Lalayants, Doel and Kachkachishvili 2015). The effects of
the globalization over the operation of the market regarding the illicit drugs might hold essential
lessons towards the effectiveness of the pillars of the strategy of the national drug in UK. In the
terms of the political effects of the illicit drug smuggling due to globalization, it is noted that just
like the improved level of the efficiency of the markets with the licit goods, it has furthermore
been argues that it furthermore improved the efficiency of the illicit good market; furthermore
undermining the effectiveness of the policies of supply containments.
As per the analysis by Sudbury (2014) there has been number of phenomenon that has
been identified in the heroin and cocaine market in UK that attributes to the forces of the
approaches of globalization and overwhelms the impact of the supply regarding the policies of
constrain. In the context of the impact over the social and the political and social approach, it can
be stated that the efforts for limiting the supply of the drugs were intensified by the measures like
incarceration and seizure in UK market, but the efforts seemed to go in vain. With the
consumption and the production of the drugs specifically in the illicit market of UK targeting the
supply of cocaine and heroine, the economy of the country was at stake.
The three of the major effects of the globalization as per the research study by Agnew
(2017) regarding the illicit heroine and cocaine smuggling in the market of UK includes the
effect of the market structure. There has been an increasing rate of the consumption in the
economy that resulted from emerging of the markets and the reduction of the retail price and the
margin of the profits by the dealers. Besides these there had been the risk of the premium effect
that included the influx of both low and high level of the traffickers in the market and the

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME6
reduction of the risk regarding the premium components of the wages within the UK market.
Finally the efficiency impact includes a large share of the effect of the globalization over the UK
drug market (Windle 2018). This includes the reduction of the operation costs within the market
for the illicit drugs that is linked with the low level of communication, transport, financial and
information related costs. This approach is further followed by the increased ability for the
activities related to trafficking conceal due to the result of the increased level of the travel, trade
and capital flows.
The author, Densley et al. (2018) identified the UK market being characterized by the
monopoly power followed by the points on inconclusive evidences. There lies a very limited
evidence over the organization with the illicit drugs in UK. There includes many of the street
and middle level dealers describing an increased competition within the cocaine market with the
landing of the dealers from Jamaica in the year 1980. There is also certain evidences regarding
the fact that the ethnic group of minorities plays a major role in the UK market for smuggling of
illicit drugs.
A number of studies have hypothesized the mechanism and the process by which the
context of globalization might explain the changes within the process in the market of UK
dealing with illicit drugs (Kan 2016). This also undermines the efforts of the policies of supply
containment. The summarized results from the research studies by several of the author includes
the effect over the UK market structure. This includes the reduction in the retail price, increased
level of competition, influx of the traffickers within the market, creation of the international
networks regarding the flexible traffickers together with the increased drug demand.
Impact the Social and Globalization for drug and money – Economic, Political and Social

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME7
In the terms of the social, economic and the political approaches, the globalization has
impacted the illicit drug market of UK in some of the major forms. The demand for the drugs in
the UK market was being invariable reported to be high followed by the one and only variation
within the demand by the traffickers were the increase in the festival time. As per the reports, the
traffickers experienced a high rate of supply of the labor to the UK market. With the invent of
the use of the rapid technology in the economic platform of the country as a result of the
globalization, there has been some of the major evidences regrading the use of the mobile
phones that was very much common among the traffickers (Fjäder 2014). These enabled them to
have increased access towards the data and the relevant information regarding the activities of
law enforcement. From the social approach the environment projected a mixed evidences
regrading the competitiveness of the drug market. Post the invent of the globalization, the use of
the co-operation among the traffickers, the use of the violence and the issues and the challenges
related to the trust among the customers and the dealers were noted as limiting the competitive
level within the market. In short, there had been many of evidences targeting the benefits that are
being derived by the traffickers from the rising and increased movement of goods, capital and
people. The role of ethnic minorities in the market of UK for illicit drugs were another of the
main factor (Decorte and Potter 2015). The role and the impact of the globalization has
influenced the connections and the emphasis of the traffickers with the companies of the
transport, for smuggling of drugs and for their ability for investing to abroad. Further evidences
lied regrading the ability of the trafficker to network with the foreign traffickers in the prison for
the expansion of the social space for allowing them to operate in a more efficient manner.
According to Levi (2014) the criminal organizations still tends to gain significant profit from the
trafficking of the illicit drugs. In the form of cocaine and heroin. The impact of the globalization

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME8
has led to the scanty flow of the review of the drug market which accounts for only one third of
actual produced and smuggling of drugs.
Corruption Perception index
This section will furthermore include the discussion of Corruption Perception Index
which is an index that is being published on an annual basis by the International Transparency
since the year 1995. This index ranks the countries by their level of the corruption that is
perceived in the public sector as being reported and determined by the assessment and the
opinions of the experts. According to Bichler, Bush and Malm (2015) the country scored 80
points out of 100 on the corruption Perceptions Index. With the growing number of the
corruptions and the illicit drug trafficking, it is evident that the UK market tops the list of the
corruption perception index through out the world.
Thus it can be summarized that in the market of UK, the illicit trade comes first and the
crime comes second. The approach of the illicit trade follows the same set of rules similarly to
trade within the licit goods. Finally, the worldwide demographic shift like the rapid growth,
population and urbanization together with the economic developments have some of the major
implications for the drug market in globe and impacts the role of UK towards the scene of world
drug.
Money Laundering
The term money laundering generally is used to describe the procedure by which the
criminals disguise the original or main ownership together with the control of proceeds of
criminal from deriving from a source that is legislative. According to Harvey and Bice (2014) it
is the criminal way for ensuring that the crime pays at the end of each and every process. The

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME9
approach of money laundering is a critical topic towards an effective operation of each and every
form of crime that is organized and transitional. The process of money laundering involves a
wide range of the series including multiple of transactions that use for source disguising
regarding several of the assets of financial origin which can be used without foregoing the
criminals who are actually seeking for using them. The three main stages include the process of
layering, placements and integration. These are the process by which the criminal initiates in the
transformation of the proceeds of money that is derived from the illicit and illegal activities
towards the find with the help of apparent legal source. This section of the paper will highlight
the impacts of globalization over money laundering throughout the global economic market
(Steger 2017). The money laundering has some of potentially degrading and devastating
consequences related to economic, social and security sources. The approach provides the direct
fuel to public officials who are corrupt, the terrorist, the dealers of drug and the arm dealers who
are illegal by origin for the operation and the expansion of their criminal enterprises. According
to Setayesh and Mackey (2016) this particular crime has become international in the scope and
the aspects related to finance through out the international market have become more complex
for the reason of the humungous advances within the field of technology and the context of
globalization of the financial services within the range of industry. The issues and challenges
related to money laundering is not a major problem among global financial markets and the
offshore centers but also regarding emerging markets. Since the markets that are emerging open
their economic and financial sectors, they tend to be one of the increasingly accessible targets for
the activities related to money laundering. There have been initiatives and some of the increased
efforts by financial market authorities for combating this particular activity for shifting activities
to the emerging markets (Momoh 2015). The major impact of money laundering is over the

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME10
economic sector specifically within the employment private sector within the entire global
market.
Impact and threat of Money Laundering
The concept of the economic globalization is a far more complex concept than the
suggestions by the international finance and the transnational corporations. There lies both a licit
and illicit global economy. With the emergence of the new era of globalization, the world is
shrinking and shaping within the international relationships and the domestic politics (Brenig,
Accorsi and Müller 2015). The approach of globalization has expanded the opportunities of some
of the free and enhanced market capitalism that has been resulting in some of the new and major
risks related to money laundering. The context of globalization has turned the entire system of
international finance to the dream of the money launders. Since the context of globalization
refers to an overarching phenomenon of the globe, it is essential to understand the global threat
related to money laundering that has crossed the international boundaries.
The impact of the money laundering was recognized by the organization for economic
cooperation and development. The issues of money laundering has posed some of the serious
threats to the national economy.
Among many, the essential impact of the money laundering is the undermining of the
legitimate private sector. The challengers or the money launders uses the front companies for
proceeding the illicit activities with some of the legitimate funds for hiding their gains that are ill
gotten (Gachúz 2016). The principles of management of the organizations with criminal minds
are not at all consistent with the principles of free traditional market regarding the legitimate
business that results in furthermore macro economic impacts.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME11
The second important effect of money laundering has been the undermining of the
integrity related to the financial markets. The institutions of finances that rely over the various
procedure of the crime tends to additional issues has been adequately utilizing and managing the
liabilities and the operations.
The loss over the control and the power over the economic policy is the next impactful
factors or the resultant of money laundreing (Srinath 2018). This is because in most of the
market countries that have been emerging results in the loss of the control of the economic policy
by the government.
According to Glukhov, Ostanin and Rozhkov (2015) money laundering adversely effects
the currencies and the rate of interest since the launders reinvest their relevant funds where the
schemes have lesser chance to get detected. The approach of money laundering furthermore
increases the relevant threat of the instability of money for the misallocation of all the relevant
resources from the distortions within the assets and the commodity prices. The threat also
includes the chances of the inexplicable changes regarding the monetary demand and increasing
rate of volatility of the international capital flows and the rate of exchange. The economic
distortion and instability is the main threat and the impact of the money laundering throughout
the international economy. The money launders invest their funds and belonging to the activities
that are not economically beneficial to the country of the location of funds (Hilgers 2014).
Besides, towards the extent that the financial crime and money laundering redirects the funds
from the investments to the low quality investments that hide the economic growth. The loss of
revenue is another of the effects of money laundering infused by the notion of globalization. As
per the analysis by Setayesh and Mackey (2016) money laundering targets and challenges the
initiation and efforts of many of states for introducing the reforms to the economy through the

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME12
process of privatization. The organizations from a criminal mind have the financial wherewithal
for outbidding the legitimate purchases for the state owned enterprises that are owned by the
state. The risk related to the economic reputation is also another threat of money laundering.
Nations through out the world cannot afford to los their financial institutions and reputation by
the association with the approach of money laundering in case of current day’s global economy.
The confidence within the profit role and the market is generally eroded by the approach of the
process of money laundering, the widespread financial fraud, criminal proceeds and the trading
of securities (Gachúz 2016). The negative reputation causing from activities diminished the
opportunities of globe and the sustainable growth together with criminal organization from the
world.
Apart from the economic challenges and threats of money laundering there has been
certain significant costs and the risks that are connected with the approach of money laundering.
Zhidkova (2015) states that the process of money laundering is important for making the crime
worthwhile in nature. Money laundering allows the drug traffickers, the criminals and the other
smugglers for expanding their illicit operations. Among all the other impacts of negative socio
economic factor, the approach of money laundering threatens in transferring the power of the
economies from the local, citizens, government to criminals.
Methods and stages
Money laundering has one and only one aim; that is to turn the procedure of the crime to
the cash or property that tends to look legitimate and can also be used without any of the
suspension. The approach of money laundering includes three stage procedure. The initial stage
of the process includes the placement regarding the procedure that is being derived from the

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME13
illegal activities or the procedural movements, the frequent rate of currency that are initiated
from the crime scene to the place that are very less suspicious together with much more
convenient regarding the activities of criminal (Usman Kemal 2014). One of the examples
includes is the government official taking cash bribes or liquid bribes and placing it a safe
deposit box or the account of bank that is opened under the name or the ownership of another
individual for hiding the existence or conceal his ownership.
The second stage of money laundering is known as the layering process that includes and
includes the procedural separation from the sources that are illegal through the effective
utilization of the various level of complexities related to transactions that are been designed to
obscuring the trail of the audit to hide the procedures till date. This particular phase of the
process of laundering includes the transfer of money from one account of the bank to another,
from various of the bank, from one country and any of the combination thereafter. As per the
analysis by Levi, Halliday and Reuter (2014) the criminals layer the transactions for increasing
the difficulty for tracing the procedure back towards the source that are illicit in nature.
Criminals uses the offshore banks and the shell corporation at a frequent basis due to the
difficulty in obtaining of the information for the identification of the ownership interests and
acquiring of the necessary level of data.
The third or the final money laundering stage is the integration process which showcase
the conversion regarding the illegal procedure towards the legitimate earnings of business by the
means of the commercial and normal financial operations. This is because the process of
integration creates the illusion of the legitimate sources for funds that are criminally derived and
successfully includes the techniques as the innovative by those utilized through the legitimate
business for the increasing of the profit and reduction of the liability of tax (Gordon and Morriss

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME14
2014). Some of the common techniques includes the production of the false invoices to the goods
and the commodities, using of the funds as security for the domestic loan to the foreign banks,
property purchasing and the commingling of money within the bank accounts for amalgaming
the illicit process of money laundering.
The successful procedure of money laundering approximates the legal and the legislative
transactions that are being employed on a routine basis by the legitimate business. The approach
of money laundering has become one of the major global issues and challenges due to the result
of the confluence of the various remarkable alteration within the entire world markets or the
globalization of the markets (Hayble-Gomes 2016). The rise in the global trade together with the
expansion of the financial system in the international basis and the lowering of the barriers
towards the global travel have combined towards the provision of the opportunity, sources and
the means for the conversion of the illicit procedures towards the legitimate funding. The money
laundering have a devastating impact over the soundness of the institutions related to finance and
undermine the stability related to politics of the democratic nations through out the world.
Globalization Policy
The global threat of money laundering has been illustrated in the previous section. This
section will analyze the legislative policies and the legal standards that has been developed on
the instances of globalization over the context of money laundering. As per Gurnani (2015)
efforts and documentation by the government of the nations through out the world have been
made for addressing the issues and the challenges rising from money laundering for more than
10 years. The global response to money laundering has been taking a wide number of the forms
that includes the regional agreements, the multilateral treaties, the international organizations and

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME15
the verification of the universal measures related to counter laundering (Steger 2017). As per the
reports, the United States has been the first nation responding for the need of the policies of the
globalization for restricting the issues rising from money laundering. One of the policies that is
the Bank Secrecy Act of the year 1970 established the legislative measures that requires the
fulfillment of the reports related to the currency transactions and as the foundation for the
upcoming measures for combating the process of money laundering.
The Money laundering control Act of the year 1986 by congress made the laundering as
one of the long listed offenses or the unlawful activities or a crime (McCarthy, van Santen and
Fiedler 2015). The act or the political regime furthermore criminalized the structuring if certain
procedures that are available to forfeit property that are involved within the laundering offenses.
The current policy for restricting the measures of money laundering , the Money Laundering and
Financial Crimes Strategy Act of the year 1998 highlighted the development of the global
strategy for combating the process of money laundering and some of the related financial crimes.
In the response to these, with the context of the increasing rate of globalization, the department
of justice and treasury developed a 5 year old strategy that readily calls for designation of high
risk money laundering zones for the direct efforts of the coordinated enforcements (McSweeney
et al. 2014). This will provide greater level of scrutiny regarding the suspicious transactions and
intensifying of the pressure over the nations that lacks the adequate controls related to money
laundering.
Apart from these the Vienna Convention of the year 1988 represented the first effort
towards the influence of the response of international community towards the drugs and the illicit
process of money laundering. In the context of globalization, the treaty also promotes the
international co-operation as one of the major key for the reduction of the global threat towards

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME16
money laundering (Srinath 2018). It furthermore requires the nations to provide some of the
major assistance for gathering of the relevant records of finance without the regard to the secrecy
laws of domestic banks. The Vienna convention has always remain a benchmark regrading the
identification of the counter laundering methods in the global and the international level. But the
policy does not criminalize the laundering but obligates the parties towards the adoption of the
legislation, and domestic making laundering drug proceeds as the crime.
In response to the increasing concerns related to the impact of globalization over money
laundering, the government of the group of G-7 industrialized nations developed the financial
action task force over money laundering in the year 1989 as the intergovernmental body for the
development and the promotion of the policies for combating the issues and the challenges
related to money laundering (Nwebo and Ubah 2015). Comprised of the members of 26 nations
and two of the regional organizations, this statement of policy aims towards the strengthening
and the establishment of the member and nonmember measures related to anti money laundering
(Hayble-Gomes 2016). In the era of the globalization, this legislative statement is one of the
guiding principles that includes the strategies to criminalize the proceeds of laundering together
with the development of the financial intelligence units.
Comparison
From the above discussion it can be concluded that globalization has affected both the
illicit drug market of the international context and the also influenced the money laundering
proceeds. With the comparison regrading the intensity of the effect of the globalization as per the
economic and the social structures, it can be said and stated from the above discussion that
effects of globalization over the money laundering has had major negative impacts over the

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME17
economies of the globe. This is because the negative effects included both the economic and the
social degradation affecting the normal regime of the economy of the nation.
Conclusion
The international threat of money laundering and illicit drug trafficking posses some of
the unique level of challenges towards the enforcement community of law. The rapid
development in regards to the technology, financial information and the communication helps
the money to flow anywhere throughout the world with ease and speed. There has been a various
number of the mechanisms within the context which includes the increasing the supply of labor,
increasing levels of competition, reduction of the communication, information, the costs related
to the finances. The paper illustrated the effect of the rising globalization over the illicit drug
trafficking in UK market and also the issues and the challenges faced by the economy due to the
increasing influence of the globalization over the proceeds of money laundering. It is stated that
the context of the globalization and the increasing use of the internet and the social media are
some of the factors that tends to have some of the major impact over the markets of the illicit
drug trafficking together with the wider rate of the ramifications. Furthermore with the
emergence of the new era of globalization, the world is shrinking and shaping within the
international relationships and the domestic politics. The approach of globalization has expanded
the opportunities of the free market capitalism that resulted in new risks of money laundering.
Globalization has turned the entire system of international finance to the dream of the money
launders. The report summarizes on the fact that that effects of globalization over the money
laundering has had major negative impacts over the economies of the globe as compared to the
statistics of the impact over the illicit drug trafficking on UK market.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME18

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME19
References
Agnew, J., 2017. Globalization and sovereignty: Beyond the territorial trap. Rowman &
Littlefield.
Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P. eds., 2017. The globalization of world politics: An
introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press.
Bichler, G., Bush, S. and Malm, A., 2015. Regulatory foresight: Estimating policy effects on
transnational illicit markets. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(3), pp.297-318.
Brenig, C., Accorsi, R. and Müller, G., 2015, May. Economic Analysis of Cryptocurrency
Backed Money Laundering. In ECIS.
Decorte, T. and Potter, G.R., 2015. The globalisation of cannabis cultivation: A growing
challenge. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(3), pp.221-225.
Densley, J., McLean, R., Deuchar, R. and Harding, S., 2018. An altered state? Emergent changes
to illicit drug markets and distribution networks in Scotland. International Journal of Drug
Policy, 58, pp.113-120.
Fjäder, C., 2014. The nation-state, national security and resilience in the age of
globalisation. Resilience, 2(2), pp.114-129.
Fleetwood, J., Radcliffe, P. and Stevens, A., 2015. Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early
impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales. Drugs: Education, Prevention and
Policy, 22(5), pp.428-436.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME20
Fukumi, S., 2016. Cocaine trafficking in Latin America: EU and US policy responses.
Routledge.
Gachúz, J.C., 2016. Globalization and Organized Crime: Challenges for International
Cooperation. Issue Brief, (07.06. 16).
Ghodse, H., 2016. International drug control into the 21st century. Routledge.
Glukhov, V.V., Ostanin, V.A. and Rozhkov, Y.V., 2015. E-Money and E-Finance as Economic
Category. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(6), p.448.
Gordon, R. and Morriss, A.P., 2014. Moving Money: International Financial Flows, Taxes, and
Money Laundering. Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., 37, p.1.
Gurnani, R.M., 2015. Globalization and ethical challenges. The Business & Management
Review, 5(4), p.116.
Harvey, B. and Bice, S., 2014. Social impact assessment, social development programmes and
social licence to operate: tensions and contradictions in intent and practice in the extractive
sector. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 32(4), pp.327-335.
Hayble-Gomes, E., 2016. The economic impact of deficient anti-money laundering program to a
multinational bank.
Hilgers, S., 2014. Manager of financial globalization? The European Union in global anti-
money laundering and international accounting standard setting (No. 22/2014). PIPE-Papers on
International Political Economy.
Kan, P.R., 2016. Drug trafficking and international security. Rowman & Littlefield.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME21
Khrawish, H.A., 2014. The impact of anti-money laundering on investment funding: Evidence
from Jordanian financial institutions. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(3),
pp.227-238.
Lalayants, M., Doel, M. and Kachkachishvili, I., 2015. Students’ perceptions of international
social work: A comparative study in the USA, UK, and Georgia. International Social
Work, 58(1), pp.97-110.
Levi, M., 2014. Thinking about organised crime: Structure and threat. The RUSI Journal, 159(1),
pp.6-14.
Levi, M., Halliday, T. and Reuter, P., 2014. Global surveillance of dirty money: Assessing
assessments of regimes to control money-laundering and combat the financing of terrorism.
Madinger, J., 2016. Money laundering: A guide for criminal investigators. CRC Press.
Martin, J., 2014. Lost on the Silk Road: Online drug distribution and the
‘cryptomarket’. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(3), pp.351-367.
McCarthy, K.J., van Santen, P. and Fiedler, I., 2015. Modeling the money launderer:
Microtheoretical arguments on anti-money laundering policy. International Review of Law and
Economics, 43, pp.148-155.
McSweeney, K., Nielsen, E.A., Taylor, M.J., Wrathall, D.J., Pearson, Z., Wang, O. and Plumb,
S.T., 2014. Drug policy as conservation policy: narco-deforestation. Science, 343(6170), pp.489-
490.
Momoh, Z., 2015. Globalization and corruption in Africa. Fountain Journal of Management and
Social Science, 4(2), pp.145-158.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME22
Mulabdic, A., Osnago, A. and Ruta, M., 2017. Deep integration and UK-EU trade relations. The
World Bank.
Nwebo, O. and Ubah, C., 2015. Globalization of Crime: Problems and Challenges for World
Peace and Security. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Science, 3(2), pp.91-104.
Schultze-Kraft, M., 2014. Getting Real About an Illicit ‘External Stressor’: Transnational
Cocaine Trafficking through West Africa (No. IDS Evidence Report; 72). IDS.
Setayesh, S. and Mackey, T.K., 2016. Addressing the impact of economic sanctions on Iranian
drug shortages in the joint comprehensive plan of action: promoting access to medicines and
health diplomacy. Globalization and health, 12(1), p.31.
Srinath, R., 2018. America first: Is Trump fueling De-Globalization?. Sino-US Trade War: A
New Challenge to Globalisation, p.14.
Steger, M.B., 2017. Globalization: A very short introduction(Vol. 86). Oxford University Press.
Sudbury, J., 2014. Global lockdown: Race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex.
Routledge.
Usman Kemal, M., 2014. Anti-money laundering regulations and its effectiveness. Journal of
Money Laundering Control, 17(4), pp.416-427.
Windle, J., 2018. The impact of the Great Recession on the Irish drug market. Criminology &
Criminal Justice, 18(5), pp.548-567.
Zhidkova, T., 2015. Globalization and the emergence of violent non-state actors: The case of
human trafficking. New Global Studies, 9(1), pp.1-25.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME23
Zhidkova, T., 2015. Globalization and the emergence of violent non-state actors: The case of
human trafficking. New Global Studies, 9(1), pp.1-25.