Tourism and Technology Trends

This assignment requires you to critically examine the impact of technology on various facets of the tourism industry. You'll delve into how technology shapes tourism marketing strategies, influences consumer decision-making processes, and drives innovation in areas like online travel reviews, destination management, and sustainable practices. The analysis should encompass current trends and their implications for the future of tourism.

TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................
LO1: Understanding the history and structure of travel and tourism sector....................................
1.1 Explaining the key historical development in travel and tourism sector...............................
1.2 Explaining the structure of travel and tourism industry........................................................
LO2: Understanding the influence of local and national government and international
agencies on travel and tourism sector..............................................................................................
2.1 Analysing function of government, government sponsored bodies and international
agencies in travel and tourism.....................................................................................................
2.2 Explaining the influence of local and national economic policy on the success of travel
and tourism sector........................................................................................................................
2.3 Discussing the implications of political change on travel and tourism sector in different
countries.......................................................................................................................................
LO3: understanding the effects of supply and demand on travel and tourism sector....................
3.1 Explaining factors affecting tourism demand......................................................................
3.2 Explaining the change in supply in order to meet the effects of demand............................
4.1 Evaluating main positive and negative economic, environmental and social impact of
tourism.......................................................................................................................................
4.2 Explaining strategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while
maximizing the positive impacts...............................................................................................
Concusion......................................................................................................................................
References......................................................................................................................................
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Introduction
The travel and tourism industry is a very vast field and it mainly comprises of cultural
exchange by providing amenities and facilities for the tourist from the other countries. There
are sites, spots, world heritage locations and a variety of travel modes present in travel and
tourism sector. Thus, it is necessary to have the proper travel and accommodation
infrastructure present to the travellers. There is also a need to take care of the safety and
security of the tourists. In the current assignment, the entire tourism industry will be
considered as a single entity so that the development and structure of the industry can be
understood. It shall also take into consideration the variety of legislative structures in both
local and international platforms and their influence on the travel and tourism industry mainly
in terms of demand. The assignment shall also highlight the variety of social, economic and
environmental implications that are related to travel and tourism sector. The case study of
TUI group can be beneficial in understanding these aspects of the travel and tourism sector.
LO1: Understanding the history and structure of travel and tourism sector
1.1 Explaining the key historical development in travel and tourism sector
One of the primary reason why the travel and tourism industry has developed is due to the
development and growth of the transportation industry and this means as new avenues for
travelling to distant locations opened up greatly minimising the time and cost of travel, the
number of tourists has been on a rise ever since. However, it would be completely out of line
if it is mentioned that only the transportation industry is responsible for the boom in
travelling and tourism sector. The government over the years has realised the economic
potential of tourism and since then they have increased their efforts in order to provide for
these tourists with state of the art facilities as well an investment opportunity that would
empower the local community.
According to Webster and Ivanov (2014, p.138), the United Kingdom is one of the greatest
travel and tourism destination in the world. England has a variety of locations that have a
cultural as well as historical significance that attracts a variety of tourists having different
needs. Over the years, the transportation industry has developed by leaps and bounds and the
implementation of can always, railways and roadways since the days of kings and queens and
their continuous upkeep since the years by the successive governments in order to maintain
the accessibility has been one of the main reasons why the United Kingdom is a great travel
destination and has over the years become the hub of European tourist activities.
The country has a lush beautiful lawns, palaces, museums and other tourist sites which are
bound to attract every type of tourists and this has been realised by the government as they
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are responsible for developing transportation and accommodation infrastructure that allows
the tourists and travellers to enjoy fitting and agreeable traveling opportunities which are the
primary motive for their travel. Hence, it can be concluded that infrastructure and support
plays an important role in increasing and decreasing the tourist influx along with the tourist
attractions (Xiang et al. 2015, p.247). The local community has also embraced the fact that
tourism develops the economy and this is the reason why the travel and tourism organisations
take good care of the tourists.
The cities and tourist spot as already discussed before having certain recognition and the
UNESCO has also identified few localities as world heritage sites because of their culture and
significance. The heritage cities and localities have enabled the tourist to understand the
cultural viewpoints of the United Kingdom residents and this exchange of culture has resulted
in a positive image for these tourist attraction spots. The industry is growing each year as the
economic condition of the east and the west have become mostly synonymous and the ease of
accessibility has significantly improved while the linguistic barriers are mostly overcome
with the advancement in technology.
1.2 Explaining the structure of travel and tourism industry
The sector of travel and tourism has been identified as on the largest developing and growing
industries in the world and is directly or indirectly responsible for creating a number of job
opportunities in the United Kingdom. The structure of the industry is subjected to variability
depending on the region or country it functions in and is also dependent on the resources and
economic conditions present in the same. In words of Munar and Jacobsen (2014, p.50), the
participation of private sector, government friendliness with tourists and their policies are
also responsible for determining the structure of the industry. Understanding these conditions,
the industry can take fully exploit the resources to their advantage.
The primary link that needs to be focussed upon is the conveyance of information between
the suppliers and consumers as this infrastructure enables the tourists to analyse the
information and choose the services that they require most without which the access to the
tourist locations and the tourism services will be futile. The tourism industry is complex
because along with the government involvement, the public sectors also have a significant
contribution in marketing the services and products to the travelling enthusiast. Information
pertaining to these services also needs to highlight the pathways by which the tourist can
book or reserve the services.
Since the United Kingdom is a country of historical as well as cultural significance, this
advantageous for the tourism and travel industry. The structure despite the complexity of the
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industry is quite simple as there is a public and private sector partnership which is directed by
the government regulations and policies. The number of accommodation and similar services
is on a rise due to the investment by private parties while the government policies streamline
and smoothen the operations of the industry (Gössling et al. 2015, p.205). The policy
structure enables the travelling agents and groups such as TUI to operate in coordination and
cooperation with the government agencies and thus, a cordial relationship can be observed
among these institutions.
Transportation as already mentioned is crucial for boosting tourism and hence transportation
infrastructure is required in order to transport tourists to and from the country and this has
become one of the key points due to which the tourism industry is on a rise in the United
Kingdom. While the private travel agencies are responsible for providing the services, the
government bodies are responsible formulating the cultural and historical values of the tourist
destinations by mixing modern outlook and marketing. The various cities of the country have
been linked together by airways, roadways and railways which enable the tourists to
participate in travelling expeditions covering the entire country. Hence, it is very necessary
that the various institution compliments each other and cater the visiting tourist with facilities
such as transport, laundry, dining, banking that will improve the satisfaction levels among the
tourists (Hartmann, 2014, p.167).
(refer to poster)
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6
Explaining the key historical development in travel and tourism
sector
One of the primary reason why the travel and tourism industry has
developed is due to the development and growth of the transportation
industry and this means as new avenues for travelling to distant
locations opened up greatly minimising the time and cost of travel,
the number of tourists has been on a rise ever since. However, it
would be completely out of line if it is mentioned that only the
transportation industry is responsible for the boom in traveling and
tourism sector. The government over the years has realised the
economic potential of tourism and since then they have increased
their efforts in order to provide for these tourists with state of the art
facilities as well an investment opportunity that would empower the
local community.
According to Webster and Ivanov (2014, p.138), the
United Kingdom is one of the greatest travel and
tourism destination in the world. England has a variety
of locations that have a cultural as well as historical
significance that attracts a variety of tourists having a
different needs. Over the years, the transportation
industry has developed by leaps and bounds and the
implementation of canalways, railways and roadways
since the days of kings and queens and their
continuous upkeep since the years by the successive
governments in order to maintain the accessibility has
been one of the main reasons why United Kingdom is
a great travel destination and has over the years
become the hub of European tourist activities.
Since the United Kingdom is a country of historical as
well as cultural significance, this advantageous for the
tourism and travel industry. The structure despite of
the complexity of the industry is quite simple as there
is a public and private sector partnership which is
directed by the government regulations and policies.
The number of accommodation and similar services is
on a rise due to the investment by private parties while
the government policies streamlines and smoothens
the operations of the industry (Gössling et al. 2015,
p.205). The policy structure enables the traveling
agents and groups such as TUI to operate in
coordination and cooperation with the government
agencies and thus, a cordial relationship can be
observed among these institutions.
Explaining the structure of travel and tourism industry
The sector of travel and tourism has been identified as on the
largest developing and growing industries in the world and is
directly or indirectly responsible for creating a number of job
opportunities in the United Kingdom. The structure of the
industry is subjected to variability depending upon the region or
country it functions in and is also dependent on the resources
and economic conditions present in the same. In words of Munar
and Jacobsen (2014, p.50), the participation of private sector,
government friendliness with tourists and their policies are also
responsible for determining the structure of the industry.
Understanding these conditions, the industry can take fully
exploit the resources to their advantage.
The country has a lush beautiful lawns, palaces, museums and other tourist sites which are bound to attract every type
of tourists and this has been realised by the government as they are responsible for developing transportation and
accommodation infrastructure that allows the tourists and travellers to enjoy fitting and agreeable traveling
opportunities which is the primary motive for their travel. Hence, it can be concluded that infrastructure and support
plays an important role in increasing and decreasing the tourist influx along with the tourist attractions (Xiang et al.
2015, p.247). The local community has also embraced the fact that tourism develops economy and this is the reason
why the travel and tourism organisations take good care of the tourists.
The primary link that need to be focussed upon is the conveyance of information between the suppliers and
consumers as this infrastructure enables the tourists to analyse the information and choose the services that they
require most without which the access to the tourist locations and the tourism services will be futile. The tourism
industry is complex because along with the government involvement, the public sectors also have a significant
contribution in marketing the services and products to the travelling enthusiast. Information pertaining to these
services also needs to highlight the pathways by which the tourist can book or reserve the services.

LO2: Understanding the influence of local and national government and international
agencies on travel and tourism sector
2.1 Analysing function of government, government sponsored bodies and international
agencies in travel and tourism
The governing authority of a country is the government and they are further divided into
smaller fragment which enables to improve the efficacy of travel and tourism operations. The
natural sites fall under the jurisdiction of the government as they are recognised as national
assets and hence, the government is responsible for formulating policies and tactics which
inhibit the exploitation of these assets for personal gains while simultaneously develops a
system which allows the tourists and visitors to enjoy these resources for fulfilment of their
needs in a non-threatening manner. The government’s ministry of travel and tourism is
responsible for carrying out the development of the tourism industry in the country by
undertaking marketing campaigns, promotions, site specific marketing as well as
participation at international symposiums to exhibit the strengths of the travel industry in the
country.
The government, as well as the government-sponsored bodies, are also responsible for
establishing bilateral ties with countries which allow the two countries in question such as
China and the United Kingdom to empower tourism (Standing et al. 2014, p.100). This would
mean that the existing trade barriers would be relaxed and tariffs such as service tax and
value added taxes would be reduced which would allow the travellers to spend their money
on leisure activities which not only increases satisfaction among the travellers but also boosts
the local economy. The government sponsored bodies are autonomous institutions who act on
the government’s directives so as to promote tourism products and enhance the knowledge
and importance of each of the tourist spots and sites.
The international bodies, on the other hand, are responsible for promoting multicultural
tourism and they are also responsible for encouraging the tourists to travel to foreign lands.
These international bodies only promote regions or countries with whom they have a
common interest so as to enable them to achieve their set goals. According to Lo et al. (2014,
p.121), all these institutions are responsible for promoting the tourism products and
enhancing the cultural intermixing which supports and enhances the tourism and travel
industry in a country.
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2.2 Explaining the influence of local and national economic policy on the success of
travel and tourism sector
It would be a laughable affair if it is believed that the travel and tourism sectors not
influenced by the local and national economic policies. The role of the government is to
increase the influx of revenue by attracting the investors to invest in an environment that
makes the investor feel secure about the investments that they have made. One of the models
that can be effectively used to understand the influence and impact of policies on the travel
and tourism industry is the macroeconomic model of operation which states that there is a
continuous flow of money from the consumers to the service providers and back to the
consumers themselves. This flow needs to be efficient and hence, it is the responsibility of
the governments to frame policies likewise which enable the travellers and tourists of
spending their money on state-sponsored travel and tourism which would, in turn, increase
the sustenance of the industry (Sharpley, 2014, p.48).
The policy change can be either have a positive or negative impact on the industry. If the case
of taxation is considered, if there is a rise in the variety of taxes in travel and tourism service,
there will be a drop-in demand and this means that spending will also drop. This, in turn,
would force the hospitality industries to take harsh steps such as layoffs in order to survive.
In case, tax exemptions are implemented on the small and medium sized hospitality
organisations, there will be a growth in accommodation which will bring in fresh investments
and also increase the quality and quantity of the services that are provided to the customers.
Economic reforms like addition or removal of taxes, hence, plays a very decisive role in the
development and growth of the travel and tourism industry. People confuse about local and
national policies most of the time and consider them both to be equivalent but it is not the
case as the local and national policies vary sometimes. According to Mariani et al. (2014,
p.270), one very good example of a local policy is the permission of local restaurants to run
for an extended period of time as compared to a national policy which dictates that the
restaurant is closed after a certain time.
2.3 Discussing the implications of political change on travel and tourism sector in
different countries
The political scenario of a country is also responsible in some way or another for influencing
the travel and tourism industry. Political propaganda is one of the biggest factors which is
responsible for bringing cash revenue and hence, the industry always keeps a close watch on
the existing political conditions of a country. The United Kingdom has certain instability due
to the Brexit in which the United Kingdom broke away from the EU and the economy as well
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as the political stability suffered a terrible blow. However, the government manifestos and
ideas require to promote the travel industry and take initiatives which allow the United
Kingdom to be economically stable. However, it is a fact that the number of visitors has
declined since the Brexit and the growing socio-cultural differences have also come into light
which has provoked the travellers to think twice before deciding on the United Kingdom as
the destination (Sparks et al. 2013, p.8). The government needs to actively participate in
campaigns and activities to develop the image of the tourism sector in the country and also
improve the facilities that are available to the tourists.
(refer to poster)
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LO3: understanding the effects of supply and demand on travel and tourism sector
3.1 Explaining factors affecting tourism demand
The tourists are the primary element of the travel and tourism industry and if the tourists are
not interested in seeking tourism experiences or visit faraway locations for that matter, the
entire travel and tourism industry come to a standstill. The reason that travel and tourism
industry is a big phenomenon is due to the consumeristic mentality and unsatisfied needs of
the travellers. The demand is generated due to a mix of various factors in a demography such
as political and economic stability, value for money and safety. These are the major concern
of a traveller while undertaking travel and tourism activities (Sirgy and Uysal, 2016, p.492).
The changing work patterns, globalisation and automation due to technological advancement
is also one of the reasons that are responsible for creating demand. However, if the tourists
are unable to afford the vacations or stay at destinations, the demand declines. High exchange
rates, the level of disposable income and the interest rates also determines the hike or decline
in travelling cost which indirectly plays a crucial role in influencing the demand. The location
specific factors and personal perceptions of the tourist are also responsible for bringing about
changes in travel and tourism demand. If the above-mentioned criterions are taken care of the
demand for travel and tourism is very high which allows self-sufficient countries such as the
United Kingdom to enjoy very high level of customer demands.
In order to take care of the demands, it is also very necessary to take into consideration of the
supplier capacity and capability so that they are equipped in order to handle all the demands
of the customers. In the context of the travel and tourism industry, supply consists of
accommodation facilities which are categorised into various types on basis of the customer's
spending habits. There is also a need to have links between the travellers to agent and
operators present in the United Kingdom so as to customise the available products without
compromising the quality of the rendered services.
Over the years, the number of tourists has significantly gone up in the United Kingdom and
this represents that their spending habits have also changed and increased. As mentioned by
Liu and Park (2015, p.147), United Kingdom has been able to maintain a politically stable
environment which takes care of all the basic services that are demanded by the tourists. The
visitors appreciate the efforts of the government and this is reflected by the increased
spending. The country has introduced policy reforms such as exemption of taxes, visa permits
and other international protocols which can be beneficial for attracting a large number of
foreign tourist as the cost of travelling and accommodation have significantly reduced.
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3.2 Explaining the change in supply in order to meet the effects of demand
The hospitality services are primarily the supplier side of the travel and tourism industry and
t6his means services and facilities such as accommodation rooms, events and tourist spots
that have been customised in order to meet the demands of the travelling individuals. The
ease of obtaining permission from the government to travel throughout the country and
improved travelling facilities are the primary reason why the United Kingdom has been
observing a steady rise in international tourists (Amaro and Duarte, 2015, p.65). There has
been an addition to the existing facilities in order to support the ever-increasing market
without which the industry may not be able to handle the demands of the customers and fail
miserably.
The United Kingdom travel and tourism industry is heavily boosted by the availability of
cheap and economic transportation facilities such as airlines which have been successful in
dismantling the existing monopoly of individual airlines operators in the travel and tourism
industry. It is very important to be price sensitive and this has been understood by the
industry which is why there are new norms and regulations which have increased the demand
of leisure travelling. Low travel cost means a lesser amount of money to be invested in
holidays which has been exploited quite brilliantly by the industry in order to increase the
supply of services in response to the growing demands.
The government has also been able to utilise promotional campaigns in order to lure foreign
tourist and this effort has actually paid off. The infrastructure at airports and railways stations
have changed in order to interest the travellers in trying out newer destinations within the
country which were previously unheard of. In views of Bujosa et al. (2015, p.235), boosting
the local economy is the main aim of the government and this empowers the local merchants
and vendors to be able to successfully cater to the demands of the tourists. The efforts of the
government and the private sectors are starting to bear fruits and it has been observed that
there has been a high rise in hospitality business due to the holiday schedules of Asian tourist
such as Chinese and Indian tourist.
The government has also invested in campaigning the variety of tourist attraction and this
move has been supported by the allied companies in order to identify new routes which can
be used in order to tap into a newer market. When people talk about improving supply side, it
does not mean that the number of accommodation spaces increases or the facilities have
improved (Komppula, 2014, p.362). This means that the infrastructure that is put in place in
order to handle the demands have improved and the quality has increased due to effective
campaigning and promotion which has enabled the tourist to identify the tourist spots in the
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United Kingdom and this allowed the industry as well as the government to exploit and
manage the growing demands of the travel and tourism market.
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LO4: Understanding impacts of tourism
4.1 Evaluating main positive and negative economic, environmental and social impact of
tourism
The travel and tourism sector is responsible for contributing to the Gross Domestic Product of
any country which is the reason why this industry has become such critical for the growth and
prosperity of a nation. By bringing in foreign revenues and maintaining the sustainable
environment for tourism, which allows the tourists as well as the service providers to achieve
the mutual goals. However, it cannot be expected that the travel and tourism industry only
has a positive effect. The tourism industry is also known to negatively impact the social,
environmental and economic aspects of a country.
While tourism is responsible for creating employment opportunities within a country as the
associated hospitality industry such as hotels and restaurants are labour intensive, in order to
handle the growing demands of the customers, the hotels and restaurants hire more and more
people which indirectly helps in creating employment opportunities in the industries that
responsible for providing the raw materials (Dickinson et al. 2014, p.85). This helps the
government in generating revenues which in turn contributes to the GDP of the country using
which the infrastructure provisions can be taken care of. Environmentally the travel and
tourism industry helps in revitalising and conserving the natural resources which would
otherwise stay ruined. The environmental awareness of the tourist enhances and the cultural
and historical knowledge of these tourists also improves which means that these sites would
be provided regular maintenance.
In terms of social aspects, in generating the tourism industry helps in the exchange of the
cultures and the travellers are made aware of the variety of values and beliefs that are present
in a country. In words of Buhalis and Foerste (2015, p.152), this enables in projecting the
idea of global peace and harmony and as a result, the socially deprived communities get the
deserved attention by utilising the programmes that are formulated by the travel and tourism
companies. As already mentioned, the local community will become empowered and this is a
very good thing.
However, the negative impacts are that many countries lean back on tourism as the only way
to generate revenue and this can give rise to inflation and fluctuation in currency. The tourism
operators can be also involved in leading and misusing the natural resources if they do not
adhere to the code of conduct. This increases the vulnerability in the institutional market.
environmentally, tourism increases wastage and pollution and these have a long-term effect
which may or may not be taken care of. Socially tourism increases the materialistic behaviour
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of the society and this, in turn, can hurt the social values and sentiments which change the
purpose of tourism and there will a decline in the quality of the services.
4.2 Explaining strategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while
maximising the positive impacts
It is necessary to formulate a framework of operation that can be used to maximise the
positive impacts of travel and tourism. This framework should allow everyone to participate
and mutually enhance each other's business. This mutual support can be achievable by the
collaborative approach of the tourism industry. This will allow to mutually grow and benefit
from utilising the resources and will lead to a constructive progression, It is also quite
necessary to create awareness pertaining to importance and values associated with the tourist
spots and their significance to a country. This is necessary as penalising tourists for their
misdeeds can negatively influence the tourist behaviour.
It is also advisable that the organisations involved in the travel and tourism industry are held
accountable for their actions as this would enable in maintaining the privacy and help the
organisations to adhere to the policies and regulations that are set up by the government
(Chen et al. 2016, p.140). The tourists who are concerned about the environment can be
rewarded for their efforts in order to promote such kind of behaviour among the rest of the
visiting foreign tourists and will ensure that a healthy and responsible travelling is promoted
among the travellers. Policy changes need to be taken up in order to motivate the hospitality
industries to use the non-conventional sources of energy to conduct the day to day operations.
The government should also focus on policies that promote social cohesiveness and this small
gesture can go a long way to ensure that there will be no discrimination among the people
and this, in turn, will enable the government to improve the social image of the country. It is
also necessary that there is a proper allocation of debts so that the unworthy business can be
stopped from lending money and this, in turn, will result in decreasing the failure of the
business pertaining tourism industry. According to Mazanec et al. (2015, p.300), it will also
help the government to save the precious capital that can be utilised by the government to
improve the already existing facilities. It is necessary to match the spending behaviour of the
tourists so as it brings about an even influx of revenue which will ensure that the majority of
the capital will remain inside the country. Opening up Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can
be also beneficial in minimising the negative impacts of travel and tourism and maximising
the positive impacts.
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Conclusion
The current assignment was helpful in understanding how travel and tourism industry can be
management. The case study of TUI was beneficial as it helped in identifying the variety of
historical developments in terms of travel and tourism industry in the United Kingdom. the
assignment was also useful as it was able to mention the structure of the travel and tourism
sector existing in the United Kingdom. the national, local and international bodies were also
discussed which helped in understanding how each of these organisations and institutions is
responsible for influencing the travel and tourism sector in the United Kingdom. The
implications of political factors such as the Brexit has also been discussed in detail which
helped in understanding the effects of supply and demand in the travel and tourism industry.
The assignment was also helpful in providing information pertaining to the impacts, both
positive and negative, of the travel and tourism industry on the economic, social and
environmental aspects of a country.
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