A Comprehensive Report on Turkey: Diversity and Tourism

This report offers a comprehensive overview of Turkey, encompassing its physical and human diversity, and its significance as a transcontinental country. It explores the geographical features, including the Anatolian peninsula and various mountain ranges and river basins, as well as the impact of climate and salinity on the flora and fauna. The report further delves into human diversity, tracing historical migrations and the influence of various civilizations on Turkey's cultural landscape. It also examines the tourism sector, highlighting key destinations such as Istanbul, Ankara, Mardin, Antalya, Side, and Ephesus, and discusses the systems of tourism within the country. The report references various sources to provide a well-rounded understanding of Turkey's multifaceted aspects.

Running head: TURKEY
Turkey
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Overview..........................................................................................................................................2
Physical Diversity of Turkey...........................................................................................................3
Human Diversity..............................................................................................................................7
Tourism and Destination................................................................................................................11
Top Tourist Destinations in Turkey...........................................................................................12
Istanbul..................................................................................................................................12
Ankara....................................................................................................................................12
Mardin....................................................................................................................................13
Antalya...................................................................................................................................13
Side........................................................................................................................................14
Ephesus..................................................................................................................................14
Table of Reference.........................................................................................................................14
Tourists..........................................................................................................................................16
Systems of Tourism in Turkey......................................................................................................18
Make my trip in Turkey.................................................................................................................20

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Overview
Turkey has been known officially as the Republic of Turkey that is a transcontinental
form of the Eurasian country. Its location has the crossroads of the Europe and the Asia that
makes Turkey as the country of the significant form of the geostrategic importance. The capital
of the Turkey is in Ankara and its official currency is the Turkish Lira. The official language of
Turkey is Turkish. The wiki page illustrates about an economic 15 days trip for the people who
are in the mood of economic travel.

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Physical Diversity of Turkey
The geographical nature of Turkey forms the natural form of bridge between the old Asian,
American and European continents1. The Anatolian peninsula has the westernmost form of Asia
that has been delivered from Europe by the straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits.
Thrace is in the western part of Turkey that is situated in the continent of Europe.
The examination of the topographic structure of Turkey on the physical map of the world shows
a clear form of the high elevation of the country in comparison to the neighbours, who have half
of the land that have the land that is higher than 1000 meters and two third of it is higher than the
800 meters. The ranges of the mountains are been extended in the east and west directions that
are parallel towards the coasts of the north and the south and these are the core principle
structures for determining the conditions of the ecology2.
The rivers of the turkey have their sources within the various sources that flows in the sea to the
countries that are in the neighbor into the various drainages that are located in the interior
streamlines. There are seven river basins in Turkey3. There also various rivers that have short
courses but also have higher amount of flow in the Eastern region of Black Sea like the Hursit,
Ikizdere, Firtina and Cayi. The major form of the waterfall that are generated in Turkey resides
on the Totum river. The Marmara basin has the fewer number of basins4. The longer basin in this
place is the Kocacy and that rises from the Murat Mountain that essentially flows in to the
Marmara Sea that are placed in the southern part.
The two main rivers that flows from Turkey through the Sea of Caspian are the Kuras and the
Aras. Another factor that is very significant for the topography of Turkey is the continental

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character that can be preserved by its ancient name of the Asia Minor8. This form of the land
mass is indeed a form of small-scale continent in various forms and above all with respect to its
climate in the interior. In some of the provinces, the differences in the temperature that is over 24
hours can be as much as 20 degree centigrade7.
Another aspect of the topography of Turkey that is significant is the character of the continent
that has been preserved in the ancient name of the Asia Mirror. This form of the land mass is a
During the spring months it is unusual to find the weather to be an amalgamation of three
seasons that prevails at different locations of Turkey in one single day. The Mediterranean it is
easier to enjoy the heat of the summer while the temperature of the regions of Black Sea that gets
as much as 2000mm of the precipitation of some of the places where there are parts of the
Central Anatolia with an average rate of precipitating factors that is only one eighth of the main
total.
These form of the wide variations that exists in the temperature and the precipitation affects the
flora and fauna, both in the quantity and in the wide ranges of the species. There are some of the
parts of Turkey that consists of the arid highlands whereas there are others that contains the arid
form of highlands whereas there are others that are thickly forested and the differences that can
play a crucial role in the distribution of the wildlife that are around the country.
The sides of the sea and the situations in the temperate climatic zones, the geological, surround
Anatolia and the geomorphic structures and its topography are all the contributing form of
factors. The four form of sea that reflects its various ecological characteristics. The salinity is
about 18 per thousand in the Black Sea, out of which 23 per thousand is the Marmara Sea, 32 per
thousand is the Aegean Sea and the 38 per thousand is in the Mediterranean Sea4. It has been

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recorded that no other country exists in the world with a wide range of the variation of the levels
of salinity along with its shores and there exists a lot of variations in the ecological structures of
these seas that affects the life forms that inhibits them from the phyto planktons and the
seaweeds to fish and the marine mammals like the dolphins.
The geological and the topographic structure that exists amongst the main form of factors that
affecting the diversities of the species in the terrestrial form of ecosystem. While there are ranges
of the mountains are running parallel to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea creates a form
of barrier for the rain clouds that are moving towards inland then they causes the abundant form
of rainfall on the slopes of the mountain facing the coast10. On the Aegean the mountains ranges
that runs perpendicularly towards the coast that can be divided by te broad form of valleys that
allows the maritime form of climate for prevailing a several hundred kilometers that are inland.
Alluvions have been carried out by the rivers that have created the fertile form of plains in the
region of Aegean7. The eastward of these mountains ranges that moves closer together in the
Central Entail, spreading apart again in the northeastern and southeastern Turkey. The height of
the plains and the plateaus in the central Anatolia often varies from 700 to 1100 meters, however,
in the Eastern part of Anatolia that rises to 1100-19 hundred metres and then drops to the level of
700 to 500 in the southern part of the Southeastern part of Anatolia9. Despite of their existence of
the broad plateaus and the plains, the topography is largely in the hilly and the mountains that
exists across Turkey as a whole. Turkey has only one peak whose altitude is over 5000 meters,
over 4000m and 129 peaks that are exceeding 3000m8. The form of irregular topographic
structures that has created a wide form of diversified ecological conditions and the species.
However, the history of the geographical structure of the country that has played a part in
creating the natural form of diversity that exists in the present day.

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Serial Number Article Name or the URL of the Website Accessed Date
1 http://www.allaboutturkey.com/cografya.htm 20th September
2 https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey 20th September
3 http://norent1111.weebly.com/physical-features-of-
turkey.html
20th September
4 http://norent1111.weebly.com/physical-features-of-
turkey.html
20th September
5 https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-turkey-
1435669
20th September
6 http://www.touropia.com/best-places-to-visit-in-turkey/ 21st September
7 http://wikitravel.org/en/Mardin 21st September
8 https://wikitravel.org/en/Antalya 21st September
9 https://www.tripadvisor.in/Tourism-g297968-
Side_Manavgat_Turkish_Mediterranean_Coast-
Vacations.html
21st September
10 https://www.ancient.eu/article/128/ 21st September

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Human Diversity
It has been observed that towards the end the Quaternary Era, the earth has undergone the four
ice ages. During the time when it is cold, the period when the glaciers have expanded, the
animals tend to seek to the warmer form of climates that have moved southwards into the Iberian
Peninsula, the Anatolian peninsula and the southeastern part of Asia1. This form of migration
enables these species to survive in the periods of the glaciations. While there are some later that
have returned to the former form of habitats that are maintained in the new homelands that
explains the wildlife of Turkey that includes the species of the northern form of origin2.
The distributions of the species of the flaura and the fauna along with the axis of the north and
south during the glacial periods that have shifted to the east west axis during the temperate
intervals. This also increase the biological diversity3.
While in terms of bio-geographic region Turkey lies in The zone of the Palaeratism, the native
species includes those who are typical of the Ethopian and the Oriental regions6. It has been
remembered that the bio geographic regions covers a vast range of areas that ranges from
drawing from a different form of region that can be anticipated in a better format5.
The comparable form of diversity that are seen in the history of Turkish human, since the
prehistoric phase where there were existence of numerous people who have settled for building
the civilizations and the others that can pass on to the other parts of the continents7. It has been
observed that over the past thousand years, more than twenty other people who have left their
marks on Turkey. The civilizations have risen and at the same time fallen for the successive
waves that are falling prey for the victims that are done by the invasions by the newcomers and
some of the disease epidemics and other form of disasters like the earthquakes.

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The sources of the freshwater have been the key elements for the human settlements and the
sources have been related to the tectonic faults8. They have also attracted the settlers into the
areas that are close to the centers of the earthquakes8.
The natural resources have been benefited to the mankind in different ways for over a thousand
of years that have been used up in a gradual manner. The forests and their wildlife have suffered
in most of these processes. The forests and their wildlife have suffered from most of these
processes. Not only did the trees have gradually been used up for the timber and the fire woods,
but also it has been deliberated by the ancient people as the means of capturing the townships of
the enemy9. By even using the primitive form of the axes, the people were able to destroy the
vascular tracts of the forests. The deforestations have been led to the serious form of erosion, that
began about 2700 years ago. However, despite these thousands of years of destructions by the
logging, herds of goats and the fire, Turkey will have the large form of tracts for the beautiful
form of the forestlands10.
In the present day, Turkey has been founded in 1923 as an offering for the multiethnic and the
multilingual form of Ottoman empires that existed between the 14th and the 20th century. This
period has embraced the Middle east, parts of the Europe and the north Africa.
The architecture and the use of the space have influenced the various factors of the economy, the
political form of the ideologies, the environment, the foreign ideas and the traditions. The
ottoman form of the Byzantine and the Islamic elements have represented a clear form of cultural
expression that are imperial to its past. The leaders of the new republic have always wanted the a
different form of expression from the imperial form of past.

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However, it has also been seen that during the holy month of the Arshure that comes exactly
after the feast of the Ramdan, in every households, there is a preparation for special form of
pudding that is known as the Ashureto that are being shared with the guests, neighbors and
friends. According to the tradition, the Ashure must be containing the least of the fifteen
different form of ingredients that includes beans, peas, figs, cinnamon, seeds, pomegranates,
rosewater and raisins. It has been also observed that much of the Turkey , the preparation of the
wedding soup is actually the preparation of the lamb meat with the bones, the lemons, eggs,
juices, butter, flour and the red pepper are been served at the celebrations of the weddings.
The Turkish beverages also include the tea that are been drunk throughout the day with the thick
form of coffee that are been taken after the regular meals, buttermilk and the bulgur drink. The
carbonate drinks also became popular in main cities that have the major form of hangouts.
Serial Number Article Name or the URL of the Website Accessed Date
1 Mackelprang, R. W., & Salsgiver, R.
(2016). Disability: A diversity model approach
in human service practice. Oxford University
Press.
20th September
2 Molva, C., & Atabay, H. I. (2016). Prevalence and
diversity of Arcobacter spp. in retail chicken
meat in Turkey. Microbiology Research, 7(1).
20th September
3 Kaufman, B. E. (Ed.). (2014). The development of
human resource management across nations:
Unity and diversity. Edward Elgar Publishing.
20th September
4 Liu, D., Shi, W., Shi, Y., Wang, D., Xiao, H., Li, W., ...
& Liu, W. (2013). Origin and diversity of
novel avian influenza A H7N9 viruses causing
human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and
20th September

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coalescent analyses. The Lancet, 381(9881),
1926-1932.
5 Koenig, M. (Ed.). (2017). Democracy and human
rights in multicultural societies. Routledge.
20th September
6 Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L. A., Ng, E., Roper, I., &
Tatli, A. (Eds.). (2014). 9.78 E+ 12: Country
Perspectives on Diversity and Equal
Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing.
21st September
7 Bursali, A., Tekin, S., Keskin, A. D. E. M., Ekici, M.,
& Dundar, E. (2014). Species diversity of
ixodid ticks feeding on humans in Amasya,
Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus. Journal of medical entomology, 48(1),
85-93.
21st September
8 https://wikitravel.org/en/Antalya 21st September
9 https://www.tripadvisor.in/Tourism-g297968-
Side_Manavgat_Turkish_Mediterranean_Coast-
Vacations.html
21st September
10 https://www.ancient.eu/article/128/ 21st September

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Tourism and Destination
Turkey can be defined as a dazzling destination that easily overshadows Asia and Europe.
Brimmed with ancient monuments and bestowed with green scenery, Turkey is all about a
beautiful parade of nature, wrapped under the mist of ancient culture 1. The vibrant culture of
Turkey is famous for food, vast ancient history and eye soothing landscape starting from the sun-
soaked Mediterranean mountains to arid steppe1.
Turkey, a transcontinental country is located on the borders of the Eastern Europe and
Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It covers a land area of about 769,632 square kilometers along
with 13,930 square kilometers stretched water bodies. With a total area of 783,562 square
kilometers, Turkey can be regarded as the 37th largest nation in the world2. It is surrounded by
glorious coastlines and is known for being one of the best vacationing destinations in the world.
The culturally diverse country, Turkey is bordered by eight countries. The immediate neighbors
of Turkey areBulgaria, Greece, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Turkey experiences hot summers with
temperature reaching up to 32 degree Centrigrade and sometimes more than that. This typical
hot-summer Mediterranean climate is followed by cold and wet winter4. However, conditions
are harsh in inland states and the reason behind this is,mountains near the coast prevent the
Mediterranean climate from enteringand spreading its influence in the centre of the country.
Summer is the best time to enjoy a vacation in Turkey as it is during this season, the climate is in
full swing.