Importance of Time Value of Money in Financial Management Decision Making

The article explains the concept of Time Value of Money (TVM) and its importance in financial management decision making. It covers the difference between discounting and compounding, discount rate and its components, use of different rates for different investment decisions, TVM in valuation of financial instruments, capital budgeting decisions and TVM, and other issues in TVM.

TASK 1
Importance of Time value of money in financial management decision making
a) Concept of time value of money (TVM)
The concept of time value is an economics concept also widely used in the discipline of
Financial Management for the purpose of decision making. The theory behind the TVM
is used to find out the future value of the money in present time period. In other words,
TVM is about finding the worth of a sum of money in present date as its equivalent in
future dates considering the effects of interest, inflation and other factors on the money if
it is kept until that future date. The assumption behind this concept is that, due to the
potential earning capacity a sum of money is worth more in the present than in the future.
TVM is also called as the discounted value of the money or the Net Present Value
(NPV). As a matter of fact a rational investor would want to receive a sum of money in
the present date as compared to a future date because the sooner the money is received
the more value it gives. It gives quantitative value to an assumption or plan which makes
it easy to make decisions.The five variables that are used for the TVM are;
 Present value(PV) or the amount in hand
 Future value or the equivalent of the PV in future
 Time period or number of periods money is to be held
 Interest rate or the discounting rate
 Payment or installments (Woodruff 2018)
The formula for calculating the TVM based in the above variables is;
FV = PV x [ 1 + (i / n) ] (n x t)
b) Discounting VS Compounding process
Discounting:
Discounting is the indirect assessment of the present value of a sum of money to be
received in future. It can also be used to assess the amount to be invested in present so as
to receive certain amount at a later date. The concept is futuristic and helps to make

decisions for future by determining the value of sum receivable or current value of sum to
be invested (Keythman 2015)
A denomination of money is worth more as of today than at a specified future
date or even tomorrow. Discounting helps in ascertaining the worth of future cash flows
in the present date and gives a clear idea whether or not the target is going to be achieved.
Another use of the process of discounting is that it helps in the valuation of financial
assets. For example, the current value of a bond is the present value and the value of the
same bond in some future date is the future value. The net present value is determined by
finding out the difference between the two values using a discounting rate.
Compounding:
Process of compounding presents a stark contrast to the process of discounting. This is a
direct concept of the time value of money. It helps in determining the future value of the
current investment i.e. to say the potential amount that will be received in a future date if
we invest today. Also it can be used for the purpose of calculating the payments to be
made at a future date for an existing loan or a loan to be taken.
Unlike discounting here we know the present value of money and the future value
is to be ascertained. Compounding occurs when the earnings to an asset in the form of
interest or capital gains are invested again. The result will be additional earnings in the
form of compound interest on the reinvested amount and the original amount.
Discounting over compounding:
Discounting is the most favored process in the concept of TVM for the purpose of
financial decision making because it gives an overview on the current value of money
considering all the factors that can come to play in future. It is a comprehensive method
of calculating the worth of an asset which considers the inflation, interest rates,
depreciation for depreciable assets and taxes. It provides better insights into the present
so as to make informed decisions for the future (Sanders 2017)It is wise to use
discounting in place of compounding since decisions are made as per the targets to be
achieved and the target in the form of future value is known in the discounting process
and the current course of action can be decided in the form of a present value (Surbhi
2015)

c) Discount rate and its components
The discount rate is the rate of return used to calculate the present value of the future cash
flows in the discounted cash flow analysis. The rate of discounting considers two
elements for calculation of an appropriate discount rate; one is the risk free rate and the
other being the risk premium. Risk free rate means the receipt that has no chance of
default like the rate of return in the government securities. So to construct a suitable rate
for discounting, risk free rate is often extracted from the rate of return of the government
securities (Dalfard 2016) The risk premium, however, is the risk that the business is
exposed to during its operation. The risk factor could differ as per the instrument of
investment as it is mentioned earlier that each investment has a unique risk element
attached to it. While calculating the premium inflation is often considered as a part of
risk. The risk premium is calculated upon consideration of the following factors
 Size of the company
 Industry specific risk element
 Inflation attribute
 Company specific risk element.
The formula for calculating the discount rate is:
d) Use of different rates for different investment decisions:
It is important to use different rates for different investments because every investment is
exposed to unique risk factor(s) and they will have different returns. For a specific
investment the risk and return associated with that particular investment must be
considered to make the correct decisions otherwise if an incorrect rate is used the
decisions will automatically be incorrect. For example, an equity investment must
consider the risk premium of the company and industry from which the equity is to be
bought and the rate meant for any other company cannot be used to make an informed
decision. One decision affects the series of operations and other decisions as well, so for
everything to fall in a line it is important to use the relevant discount rate.

e) TVM in valuation of financial instruments
Financial instruments such as bonds, equity and preference shares are the most common
forms of investment. To find the worth of each financial instrument and deciding the
most beneficial course of action before investing into any of them the concept of TVM is
very helpful. This is in reference to a household investor (Larson 2015)
The valuation of an instrument is a very crucial decision for any company. TVM
can help find the valuation or pricing to be fixed for the instrument in question. The
pricing is decided based on the factors like taxes, interest, scrap value, repairs and other
cash flows. Financial instruments are carried at fair value and the fair value is nothing
else but the time value of the investment on the financial instrument. The yield of an
instrument is calculated based on the market scenario and assumptions for the future and
that yield is then used to calculate the present value.
f) Capital budgeting decisions and TVM
TVM can help in finding out whether an investment will yield positive or negative result.
The concept is technical but worth the complication and it can be done in the spreadsheet.
The business unit wishes to forecast the viability of an investment in a project, expansion
or buying an asset. An investment made now will fetch returns after a few years. Time
value concept will accurately tell the worth of the investment in terms of the present
value for helping the business unit decide on whether or not to invest in the project. For
making capital budgeting decisions the company calculates the cash flows in the form of
inflows and the outflows. Then the net cash flow is discounted to estimate the current
worth of a future project in the form of the net present value thus found. It can be
represented in a formula as under (Merittt 2015)
NPV = C x {(1 - (1 + R)-T) / R} − Initial Investment (Freedman 2018)
g) Other issues in TVM
The following are the issues when it comes to the use of TVM in financial management
decision making:
 The method of finding the present value involves technicality and expertise. It is
in itself a process to be learned to be applied.

 Identifying the correct future cash flows of a project and the timing factor
involved to earn the return is complicated (Dalfard 2016)
 There are always a minimum of four variables to be ascertained and the variables
keep changing as per the current and the future market scenario.
 The normal human mind works as per the growth model but the TVM is based on
the regressive model of discounting which is just the opposite of human
psychology.
TASK 2
1. Answer:-
Studebaker seems to be looking on following financial goals:-
1. Diversification
2. Buy and hold
Diversification is a technique of investment in such a way your investment do not directly
associate with market ups and down, that simply means to not to put all eggs in one basket, so
that if you invest in only one company or one kind of investment and if such company falls then
in such case value of entire investment will also fall down, diversification allows to keep
portfolio in a less risky position. Diversification is a evolution strategy that exploits on market
chances by dealing outlay risk over dissimilar asset modules. Diversification tells for spreading
the selection among unlike assets which also includes stocks, bonds, real land, international
hoards, and cash equals. Through modification the investment will be able to comprimise on
the losses on the profits.
Buy and hold policy is opted to get good returns in long run instead of involving in day to day
speculation, in buy and hold policy one need to properly check about ways to investment before
investing and less attention is required in buy and hold policy.

In our opinion policy opted by Studebaker are beneficial for him and both are correct goal.It will
help in future
2. Answer:-
In Life Insurance Policy the Sum Invested will keep on Increasing every year with 6%
return and that return will increase the amount of investment in the beginning of each
year, hence Life Insurance Policy Sum can be calculated as follows:-
As calculated above, Morton has worked out in same way.
3. In order to reposition the equity in his home, Studebaker would have to take out a 30-
Year
Life Insurance
Policy Value at
Opening of the year
(Figures in $)
Return earned at
the rate of 6%
during the year
(Figures in $)
Life Insurance
Policy Value at
Closing of the
year (Figures in
$)
1 550,000 33,000 583,000
2 583,000 34,980 617,980
3 617,980 37,079 655,059
4 655,059 39,304 694,362
5 694,362 41,662 736,024
6 736,024 44,161 780,186
7 780,186 46,811 826,997
8 826,997 49,620 876,616
9 876,616 52,597 929,213
10 929,213 55,753 984,966
11 984,966 59,098 1,044,064
12 1,044,064 62,644 1,106,708
13 1,106,708 66,402 1,173,111
14 1,173,111 70,387 1,243,497
15 1,243,497 74,610 1,318,107
16 1,318,107 79,086 1,397,193
17 1,397,193 83,832 1,481,025
18 1,481,025 88,862 1,569,887
19 1,569,887 94,193 1,664,080
20 1,664,080 99,845 1,763,925

year, $705,000 mortgage at 9 percent. Explain how the yearly mortgage payments on
this loan were obtained. If the loan is for only 20 years, what would be the annual
repayment?
Answer:-
For calculating Installment following Formula is used
Installment = [P * r * ( 1 + r )^N] / [ ( 1 + r )^N – 1 ]
Installment = [450000 * 0.09 * ( 1 + 0.09 )^20] / [ ( 1 + 0.09 )^20 – 1 ]
By Solving above equation Installment Comes to $77230.26.
Yea
r
Opening
Balance
(Figures in $)
Installment
(Figures in $)
Interest
Payment
(Figures in $)
Principle
Repaymen
t (Figures
in $)
Closing
Balance
(Figures
in $)
1 705000.00 77230.26 63450.00 13780.26 691219.74
2 691219.74 77230.26 62209.78 15020.48 676199.26
3 676199.26 77230.26 60857.93 16372.33 659826.93
4 659826.93 77230.26 59384.42 17845.84 641981.09
5 641981.09 77230.26 57778.30 19451.96 622529.13
6 622529.13 77230.26 56027.62 21202.64 601326.49
7 601326.49 77230.26 54119.38 23110.88 578215.62
8 578215.62 77230.26 52039.41 25190.85 553024.76
9 553024.76 77230.26 49772.23 27458.03 525566.73
10 525566.73 77230.26 47301.01 29929.25 495637.48
11 495637.48 77230.26 44607.37 32622.89 463014.59
12 463014.59 77230.26 41671.31 35558.95 427455.64
13 427455.64 77230.26 38471.01 38759.25 388696.39
14 388696.39 77230.26 34982.68 42247.58 346448.81
15 346448.81 77230.26 31180.39 46049.87 300398.94

16 300398.94 77230.26 27035.90 50194.36 250204.59
17 250204.59 77230.26 22518.41 54711.85 195492.74
18 195492.74 77230.26 17594.35 59635.91 135856.82
19 135856.82 77230.26 12227.11 65003.15 70853.68
20 70853.68 77230.26 6376.83 70853.43 0.25
4. For the 9 percent mortgage in Exhibit 4, find the loan balance at the end of years 19
and 20?
Answer :- Balance at the end of year 19 would be $466986.66 and at the end of year 20
would be $440393.33, which is calculated as follows :-
Amortization of Studenbaker's 705000 /- 9 % Mortgage, 30 Years loan
End of
Year
Opening Balance
(Figures in $)
Installment
(Figures in $)
Interest
Payment
(Figures in $)
Principle
Repaymen
t (Figures
in $)
Closing
Balance
(Figures
in $)
1 705000.00 68622 63450.00 5172.13
699827.8
7
2 699827.87 68622 62984.51 5637.62
694190.2
5
3 694190.25 68622 62477.12 6145.00
688045.2
5
4 688045.25 68622 61924.07 6698.06
681347.1
9

5 681347.19 68622 61321.25 7300.88
674046.3
1
6 674046.31 68622 60664.17 7957.96
666088.3
5
7 666088.35 68622 59947.95 8674.18
657414.1
8
8 657414.18 68622 59167.28 9454.85
647959.3
3
9 647959.33 68622 58316.34 10305.79
637653.5
4
10 637653.54 68622 57388.82 11233.31
626420.2
3
11 626420.23 68622 56377.82 12244.31
614175.9
2
12 614175.92 68622 55275.83 13346.29
600829.6
3
13 600829.63 68622 54074.67 14547.46
586282.1
6
14 586282.16 68622 52765.39 15856.73
570425.4
3
15 570425.43 68622 51338.29 17283.84
553141.5
9
16 553141.59 68622 49782.74 18839.38
534302.2
1
17 534302.21 68622 48087.20 20534.93
513767.2
8
18 513767.28 68622 46239.06 22383.07
491384.2
1
19 491384.21 68622 44224.58 24397.55
466986.6
6
20 466986.66 68622 42028.80 26593.33 440393.3

3
5. Exhibit 3 indicates that $1,763,925 will be accumulated after 20 years in the life
insurance policy. Is this really true? (Hint: If Studebaker were to make this investment, what
would his debt position look like in year 20?)
Answer :-
Yes, it is true, life insurance policy will be accumulated after 20 years to $1,763,925/- as
indicated in Exhibit 3, and as calculated in Answer of Question 1, however if Studebaker
will opt the suggestion of Morton, Studebaker will have to take loan further for $250000/-,
and that amount mortgage Loan will be repaid till the end of 30 years and balance of loan at
the time of maturity of LIC (i.e. at the end of 20 years) would be $440393.33/-.
6. (A) If the excess $300,000 were invested in a long-term asset yielding 8 percent a
year,how much would be accumulated after 20 years?
Answer :- $1,398,287, will be accumulated after 20 Years, Calculation is as follows:-
End
of
Year
Long Term Assets
Value at Opening of
the year (Figures in
$)
Return earned at
the rate of 8%
during the year
(Figures in $)
Long Term Assets
Value at Closing
of the year
(Figures in $)
1 300,000 24,000 324,000
2 324,000 25,920 349,920
3 349,920 27,994 377,914
4 377,914 30,233 408,147

5 408,147 32,652 440,798
6 440,798 35,264 476,062
7 476,062 38,085 514,147
8 514,147 41,132 555,279
9 555,279 44,422 599,701
10 599,701 47,976 647,677
11 647,677 51,814 699,492
12 699,492 55,959 755,451
13 755,451 60,436 815,887
14 815,887 65,271 881,158
15 881,158 70,493 951,651
16 951,651 76,132 1,027,783
17 1,027,783 82,223 1,110,005
18 1,110,005 88,800 1,198,806
19 1,198,806 95,904 1,294,710
20 1,294,710 103,577 1,398,287
6. (B) Suppose Studebaker placed $26,145.31 a year into a long-term investment paying 8
percent a year. How much would be accumulated after 20 years (amounts invested
at the end of each year)?
Answer :-
$1,292,178/- will be accumulated after 20 Years, if Studebaker Invests $26145.31/- every
year together will earlier Investment, Calculation is as follows:-

End
of
Year
Long Term Assets
Value at Opening of
the year (Figures in
$)
Return earned
at the rate of 8%
during the year
(Figures in $)
Long Term
Assets Value at
Closing of the
year (Figures in
$)
1 26,145 2,092 28,237
2 54,382 4,351 58,733
3 84,878 6,790 91,668
4 117,814 9,425 127,239
5 153,384 12,271 165,655
6 191,800 15,344 207,144
7 233,289 18,663 251,953
8 278,098 22,248 300,346
9 326,491 26,119 352,610
10 378,756 30,300 409,056
11 435,201 34,816 470,018
12 496,163 39,693 535,856
13 562,001 44,960 606,961
14 633,107 50,649 683,755
15 709,900 56,792 766,692
16 792,838 63,427 856,265
17 882,410 70,593 953,003
18 979,148 78,332 1,057,480
19 1,083,625 86,690 1,170,315
20 1,196,461 95,717 1,292,178
7. Repeat problem 5 but assume a 7 percent return can be earned ?

Life insurance policy will be accumulated after 20 years to $21,28,326/- as indicated in
Exhibit 3 and f rate of return is 7% instead of 6%, however if Studebaker will opt the
suggestion of Morton, Studebaker will have to take loan further for $2,50,000/-, and that
amount mortgage Loan will be repaid till the end of 30 years and balance of loan at the time
of maturity of LIC (i.e. at the end of 20 years) would be $4,40,393.33/-.
8. Comer’s criticisms implied that the single-premium life insurance policy is an
unattractive investment for Studebaker. What do your previous answers suggest?
Yes Comer’s criticisms is correct that single investment policy is not an attractive investment
for Studebaker as mentioned below:-
If Studebaker would have opted the Morton’s way of investment then in such case at the end
of 20 years Studebaker would have to $1,763,925/-, with the increase in Loan Installment of
$26145.31/- every year and loan balance of $440393.33/-, at the end of 20 years,
accumulated balance of LIC according to increased return @ 7% would be $21,28,326/-
And If with the same resources Studebaker would have invested $300,000 in a long-term
asset yielding 8 percent for 20 years then accumulated balance in hands of Studebaker would
be $1,398,287/- and if $26145.31/- would have been invested every year together with
earlier invested sum at the rate of 8%, accumulated balance at the end of 20 years would be
$1,292,178/-, if we take total of both of these Investments total accumulated with same
resources would have been $26,90,465/-, due to increase in rate of return, the accumulated
balance of these investments are more than the Morton’s suggestions by $9,26,540/-.
(26,90,465/- - 17,63,925/-).

9. (a) Answer :-
Requirement at the end of 20 years
$3,500,0
00.00
Amount will be received out of the investment of $300000 at the
end of 20 years as calculated in 6 (a)
$1,398,2
87.14
Balance Amount required at the end of 30
years $2,101,712.86
End of
Year
Long Term Assets Value at
Opening of the year (Figures
in $)
Return earned at
the rateof 8%
during the year
(Figures in $)
Long Term Assets
Value at Closing of
the year (Figures in
$)
1 42,525.05 3,402.00 45,927.05
2 88,452.10 7,076.17 95,528.27
3 138,053.32 11,044.27 149,097.59
4 191,622.64 15,329.81 206,952.45
5 249,477.50 19,958.20 269,435.70
6 311,960.75 24,956.86 336,917.61
7 379,442.66 30,355.41 409,798.07
8 452,323.12 36,185.85 488,508.97
9 531,034.02 42,482.72 573,516.74
10 616,041.79 49,283.34 665,325.14
11 707,850.19 56,628.01 764,478.20
12 807,003.25 64,560.26 871,563.51

13 914,088.56 73,127.08 987,215.65
14 1,029,740.70 82,379.26 1,112,119.95
15 1,154,645.00 92,371.60 1,247,016.60
16 1,289,541.65 103,163.33 1,392,704.98
17 1,435,230.03 114,818.40 1,550,048.44
18 1,592,573.49 127,405.88 1,719,979.37
19 1,762,504.42 141,000.35 1,903,504.77
20 1,946,029.82 155,682.39 2,101,712.21
Hence $2101712/- will be received after 20 years by investing $42525.05/- every year.
9. (B) Answer :-
Requirement at the end of 20 years
$3,500,0
00.00
Amount will be received out of the investment of $300000 at the
end of 20 years as calculated in 6 (a)
$1,398,2
87.14
Balance Amount required at the end of 30
years $2,101,712.86
End of
Year
Long Term Assets
Value at Opening of
Return earned at
the rateof 8%
Long Term Assets
Value at Closing of

the year (Figures in
$)
during the year
(Figures in $)
the year (Figures in
$)
1 55,402.45 4,432.20 59,834.65
2 115,237.10 9,218.97 124,456.06
3 179,858.51 14,388.68 194,247.19
4 249,649.64 19,971.97 269,621.62
5 325,024.07 26,001.93 351,025.99
6 406,428.44 32,514.28 438,942.72
7 494,345.17 39,547.61 533,892.78
8 589,295.23 47,143.62 636,438.85
9 691,841.30 55,347.30 747,188.60
10 802,591.05 64,207.28 866,798.34
11 922,200.79 73,776.06 995,976.85
12 1,051,379.30 84,110.34 1,135,489.64
13 1,135,489.64 90,839.17 1,226,328.82
14 1,226,328.82 98,106.31 1,324,435.12
15 1,324,435.12 105,954.81 1,430,389.93
16 1,430,389.93 114,431.19 1,544,821.12
17 1,544,821.12 123,585.69 1,668,406.81
18 1,668,406.81 133,472.55 1,801,879.36
19 1,801,879.36 144,150.35 1,946,029.71
20 1,946,029.71 155,682.38 2,101,712.09
If Investment can be made only up to the end of 12 years in such case he has to invest
$55402.45/- to receive $2101712/- at the end of 20 years.
10.

$5,672.59/- will required to paid on monthly basis till 20 years for repayment of loan of
$705,000/- which means yearly payment will be ($5,672.59/- * 12) $68,071.08/-, however
if we go for yearly installment basis then installment amount was $68,622/-
In case of Monthly payment system total of yearly installments is less in comparison with
yearly payment system, reason behind is that in Monthly installment System interest is
charged on less principal amount as payment is being made monthly and principal part is
reducing monthly, and in case of yearly payment system, installment is paid at the end of
the year and interest is charged on comparative large amount of principle (Wiley 2018).
11.
Corner’s has calculated cost of $47,145.31/- for the first year, by taking total of interest of
$21000/- on $3,00,000/- @ 7% interest and $26145.31/- as increased installment amount.
For 20th year Corner has calculated $1,70,502.31/- as extra annual cost by taking total of
following :-
Increase Installment amount of loan $26,145.31/-
Interest lost on $300000 in 20th year $75,947/-
Interest lost on $26145.31 and its cumulative Investment in 20 years $68,410/-
Calculation of above is mentioned below:-
End of
Year
Long
Term
Assets
Value at
Opening
of the
year
Return
earned
at the
rate of
7%
during
the year
Long
Term
Assets
Value at
Closing
of the
year
Long
Term
Assets
Value at
Opening
of the
year
Return
earned
at the
rate of
7%
during
the year
Long
Term
Assets
Value at
Closing
of the
year
Total Cost of
the year

(Figures
in $)
(Figures
in $)
(Figures
in $)
(Figures
in $)
(Figures
in $)
(Figures
in $)
1 300,000 21,000 321,000 26,145 1,830 27,975 47,145
Continued
Calculatio
n
18 947,645 66,335 1,013,980 888,915 62,224 951,139 148,923
19
1,013,98
0 70,979 1,084,958 977,285 68,410 1,045,695 159,348
20
1,084,95
8 75,947 1,160,905
1,071,84
0 75,029 1,146,869 170,502
12.Policy suggested by morton do not consider the opportunity cost of the amount required to
be invested in life insurance policy, return in life insurance policy is 6% and return in other
investment of markets are 7-8% per annum, hence in our opinion Morton’s policy do have
various mistakes and do not provide most appropriate benefit. (James 2015)
13.In our Critical Evaluation we found that investment of funds in outside assets which are
yielding 8% return per annum is better instead of life insurance policy, further it is not an
good option to take loan at 9% rate of interest and invest that funds at 6% interest rate or
an interest rate less than 9%, hence option given by Morton is not correct and in our
opinion and only 300000 shall be invested in appropriate manner.

Bibliography
Dalfard, V 2016, A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF INFLATION AND TIME VALUE OF MONEY ON LOT
SIZING, <file:///C:/Users/com/Downloads/tv_19_2012_4_819_826.pdf>.
Freedman, J 2018, Why Is the Time Value of Money So Important in Capital Budgeting Decisions?,
<https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/time-value-money-important-capital-budgeting-decisions-
12009.html>.
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