Types of Vessels

This article provides information about different types of vessels including bulk carriers, liquid tankers, container carriers, and more. It discusses their introduction, brief history, sizes, types of cargoes carried, and market shares. The article is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning about different types of vessels.

Running head: TYPES OF VESSELS 1
Types of Vessels
Name
College

TYPES OF VESSELS 2
Type of vessels
Bulk carriers Liquid
Introduction/ Brief history
These are ships that carry cargo in liquid form. Liquid cargo ships are identified
collectively as tankers, the latter carries a wide range of liquid consignments (Behrooz et al
2018). The first tankers in history were industrialized in the mid-nineteenth century at a time
when the usage of iron gave room for economical bulk transportation of liquids ensuring that
there is no form of leakage experienced (Mohammed, Hussein & Albdiri 2018). For the modern
tanks, they do have a large and segregated ballast tank allowing the ships from their return empty
journey to sit lower in the water with an aim of improving their stability (Mohanta et al 2018).
Sizes
Just like the instance of the bulk carriers, the economy of scale has since seen to it that
the tankers size is driven up with the largest examples with deadweight or carrying capacity
being over 400,000 tons (Özdemir & Güneroğlu 2018).
Types of cargoes carried
1. Crude Oil
2. Oil Products such as; gasoline, and vegetable oil
3. Wine
4. Orange Juice
5. Acids
6. Chemical Substances
7. Gas under ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
Liquid bulk carrier vessels market shares

TYPES OF VESSELS 3
Bulk liquid carriers follow closely the dry bulk carriers at 29.2 percent of the overall deadweight
tonnage.

TYPES OF VESSELS 4
Bulk carriers Dry
Introduction/ Brief history
These are Cargos used in carrying dry goods with a higher tolerance to cold and heat such
as coal, metal ores, grains, forest products, and steel products (Talley, 2018). Dry bulk
commodities are raw materials that are shipped in unpacked, large parcels (Balci, Cetin & Esmer
2018). There are numerous companies that specialize in dry bulk commodity delivery. This
shipment does not need any special type of precaution. These vessels are categorized mainly into
two; container ships and bulk carriers. Historically, these vessels were recognized as the
backbone of the world’s commercial fleet (Guerrero-Caballero et al 2018). These carriers are
fortified with specific cargo stacking equipment’s, typically in the form of derricks. The cargo is
stuffed in various holds, its effectiveness and unloading speed or loading procedure always be
determined by on the skills of the port workers and the ship’s crew (Arabatzis et al 2018). Such
carriers always work on a systematic service amid two or numerous harbors as “liners”, although
they are also able to function in the vagrant trade whereby the vessels can go anywhere they are
required. The dry bulk fleet growth considerably fluctuates in pace and level from handy size to
cape size. Over the past few years, the handy size has been steady fairly at a percentage of 2.1, a
value that has since remained constant for either the supermax or the handymax although at a
percentage level of 5.3 (Sun, Liu, Zheng & Chen 2018).
Sizes
Bulk dry carrier sizes vary from small mini-bulker with a capacity of under 10,000
deadweight tonnage to the giant capsize vessels with a capacity of up to 400,000 deadweight
tonnage or even more (Finn, Stringer & Foster 2018). Furthermore, the capsize bulkers are huge

TYPES OF VESSELS 5
with a dead weight between 150, 000 and 400, 000. As per estimates, of about 93% cargo
capsize bulkers do consist of coal and iron ore (Rudén, Frenning, Bramer, Thalberg & Alderborn
2018). The handymax and handysize bulkers, this including the supermax bulker represents the
majority of bulk carriers over 10, 000 DWT. Used in carrying coal, iron ore, cement, fertilizer,
grains and finished steel.
Types of cargoes carried
1. Grains.
2. Fertilizers.
3. Phosphates.
4. Ores.
5. Cement
6. Coke and coals
7. Bauxite
8. Wet; chemicals, orange juice, and other refined petroleum products.
Market share for bulk carriers dry
Dry bulk carriers carrying grain, core and iron ore justifies for the principal segment of the
world's fleet in deadweight tonnage and also the principal shares of the overall consignment
resonant capacity at 42.5%. Nevertheless, weak worldwide industrial activity and investments
did weigh down on the dry bulk trade segment, within the dry bulk segments (Yao et al 2018).

TYPES OF VESSELS 6
General Carriers
Introduction/ Brief history
Even though the general carrier vessels are being replaced globally by the bulk and
container carriers, the later still operates globally. Here the carrier can either be in the form of
bags or even pallets and it is identified as break-bulk (Plessas, Kanellopoulou, Zaraphonitis,
Papanikolaou & Shigunov 2018). In many cases, there might exist other specialized handling
facilities for such shipment, although unloading and loading are done using straps and cranes (for
boxes) and for bags, a sling is used instead (Ivče, Rudan & Rudan 2018).in a case where loose or
even irregular cargo has been carried, the ship’s crew will be expected to pack the cargo, this to
see to it that damages have been minimized alongside seeing to it that space utilization has been
maximized. Depending on a particular trade, the cargo varies from the cargo vessel that is
slender with medium speed to those regarded to be slow speed exceptionally high block vessels
with high load capability.
Sizes
The General cargo vessels do vary in dimensions, lengthwise their sizes lie between 80 m to 160
m, with the second having a deadweight of around 20,000 tons.
Types of cargoes carried
These are ships with one or more decks, they have the ability to carry numerous
commodities in various forms such as palletized, boxed, refrigerated and with the possibility of
accommodating bulk materials such as grains.
Market share for the General Carriers
In the year 2017, except for the general carriers, nearly all the vessel types recorded a positive
growth rate, the growth rate showed a long-term deterioration in the world fleet shares. Later in

TYPES OF VESSELS 7
2018, the general carriers accounted for 3.9% of the overall deadweight tonnage decrees from the
4% recorded in 2018.

TYPES OF VESSELS 8
Container Carriers
Introduction/ Brief history
Just as the name suggests, the vessel has been mainly structured to contain huge
quantities of cargo that has been compacted into various container types. The first models were
launched in the early 1950s mainly designed for transporting goods (Balci, Cetin & Tanyeri
2018). Contemporarily, container carriers have become the main method in which manufactured
goods across the globe are transported. A container can always be amongst train, truck, and ship
comparatively in an easy manner and that which is referred to be standard size when it comes to
simplifying transportation. Containers are also able to accommodate any goods from electrical
equipment’s, to foodstuffs to automobiles (Ng, Wong, Shou & Jiang 2018). These containers can
also be used in transporting palletized and bagged liquids, goods and refrigerated cargo. The
larger containers are also restricted by their sizes to some ports across the globe and they are not
in a position to transit owing to draft issues or in the situation where there are limitations or canal
beams.
Sizes
The standard container carriers are measured in (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) TEUs,
these are usually 20 (1 TEU) to 53 feet long. All of the standard shipping containers are
expected to be “8 feet wide and 8 feet 6 inches tall”. Nevertheless, there exist taller, longer or
even shorter standard sizes that are less mutual. Ultra Large Container Vessels i.e. Emma Maersk
carrying roughly 15,000 (TEU), this dependent on the weight of the container.
Types of cargoes carried
1. Toys

TYPES OF VESSELS 9
2. Televisions
3. DVDs
4. Clothing
5. Meat
6. Computers
Market share for container carriers
These are the third largest fleets and they account for 13.1% of the total. Nevertheless, vessel
ships to convey goods of an advanced unit value as compared to the liquid and dry bulk ships,
they also travel at higher speeds when compared to the other fleets. Effectively, the container
carriers’ goods that surpass half the total seaborne trade, this by economic value.

TYPES OF VESSELS 10
Ro/Ro Carriers
Introduction/ Brief history
The roll on-roll aka Ro-Ro vessel is available in numerous forms, this includes cargo
ships and water ferries that do carry truck trailers although the one that is mainly used in
transporting road vehicles is known as a car carrier. Besides being slab-sided, the vessels feature
numerous vehicle decks consisting of parking lanes, all which are linked by an internal ramp
with contact to the shore provided by either one or more loading ramps. An advantage of the Ro/
Ro cargo is that it doesn't depend on the infrastructure available at the port. Forgetting the
palpable need for a suitable docking facility for the ships, the majority of the Ro/ Ro cargos are
possible to discharge and load without a larger harbor type of equipment such as trucks or even
cranes. There are three types of Ro/ Ro vessels namely; pure car carriers, pure car truck carriers,
and the RO-RO.
Sizes
The cargo volume of these vessels is also measured in CEU (Car Equivalent Units) with the
largest car hauler having a capacity of more than 6,000 CEU.
Types of cargoes carried
1. Cars
2. Busses
3. Trucks
4. Agricultural vehicles
5. Cranes.
Market share for the Ro/ Ro carriers

TYPES OF VESSELS 11
The worldwide Ro/ Ro carrier market has been able to balance the demand and supply
extraordinarily well in the last years, as per the Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics Global Market
Intelligence, the global fleet utilization had risen fairly steady from below 90 percent in 200 to a
feverish 100% before the market collapsed in 2008. Upon the crisis heating, the impact became
deep and steep, this with demands dropping by almost half in some markets.

TYPES OF VESSELS 12
Passengers Carriers
Introduction/ Brief history
The passenger ships are mainly used for carrying passengers. The category includes
yachts, ferries, and cruise and ocean liners. This category encompasses anything from 10-person
foot ships up to ‘cruise ships’ that are able to transmit more than 6,000 passengers. This might be
possibly the most specified freight of all. Human desires and wants have since determined the
design of modern ships and other voyage vessels. Ferries were once perceived as a means to an
end for the majority, although contemporarily they are lavishly equipped with lounges, shops,
entertainment facilities, restaurants and even some, recreation facilities. The first ships of this
nature to undertake a public cruise can be dated back to the 19th century although voyaging grew
in mass popularity later in the 20th century.
Sizes
The ships are larger too, for instance, the Ulysees operating amid Holyhead and Dublin
conveying over 1,300 cars and 2000 passengers.
Ocean liners are traditional passenger ships that can typically accommodate 1,500 to 2,000
passenger seats with facilities such as sports halls, swimming pools, and saloons.
Types of cargoes carried
1. Humans
Market share for passenger carriers
The cruise industry is expected to keep on growing, this according to the statement by the
Cruise Lines International Association. Currently, cruise transport has recorded a steady rise
with a projection of about 27.2 million passengers being expected to set sail by the end of the

TYPES OF VESSELS 13
year. In the year 2017, an estimate of 25.8 million passengers had voyaged this as associated to
the confirmed 24.7 million passengers who have cruised in 2016 (an increase of 20.5% over a
five-year period 2011-2016).

TYPES OF VESSELS 14
Conclusion
The container ships are regarded to be the largest ships globally, this in regards to the carrier
vessels length. The total length of the largest vessel is recorded to be 400 meters, a length longer
than the maximum length of the contemporary tankers which are 380 m or even the voyage ships
that are 360 meters. Nevertheless, most of the containers do have drafters that are smaller in size
as compared to the bulk carriers or even the tankers, which subsequently do have higher weight
capacity and higher shipping volumes. The details are as shown in the table below.
Ship type Name LOA Beam DWT GT Draft Since
Cruise
Ships
Oasis
class
360 60.5 15,000 223,282 9.3 2009
Bulk
Carriers
Valemax 362 65 400,000 200,000 23 2011
Container MSC
Oscar
394 59 197,362 193,000 16 2015
Container CSCL
Globe
400 59 184,320 187,541 16 2014
The carrier ships data from a SIRC worldwide survey conducted between the 2015 and 2017, all
of which data had been collected from the various 24 ports in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia
assessed a crew of over 4,295 ships. The result was then statistically robust showing the bulk
carrier ships to have registered lower scores in their performance as compared to other crews
except for the general cargo. The above information presented in the table below.

TYPES OF VESSELS 15
Additionally, in line with the world’s economic developments, the demand services in the shipping
industry heated up in 2016. The world’s seaborne trade had expanded by 2.6% from 1.8% in the year
2015, a value that is below the historical typical of 3% that has been recorded over four decades. The
entire volume extended to 10.3 billion tons, this did reflect on the addition of another 260 million tons
or freights, nearly half was seen to attribute to the tanker trade as shown in the table below. In 2016 the
strong demand experienced in China did support the world’s maritime seaborne trade, nevertheless, the
growth, in general, was offset by the limited expansion of the significant demands in other regions that
were still referred to as developing.
Growth in the international seaborne trade between 2010 and 2016
Year Oil and gas Main bulks Dry cargo Total cargo
2010 2,772 2335 3302 8409
2011 2794 2486 3505 8785
2012 2841 2742 3614 9197
2013 2829 2923 3762 9514
2014 2825 2985 4033 9843
Mean ship scores by vessel type
Type of ship
Chemical tanker
Other vessels
Passenger vessels
Ro-Ros
Reefers
Container ships
General cargo
Bulkers
Other tankers
Oil tanker
Gas tanker
Overall Shipscore (mean)
86.0
84.0
82.0
80.0
78.0
76.0
74.0
72.0
70.0
82.6
80.1
84.8
79.6
77.7
80.2
72.5
72.9
76.4
78.7
82.5

TYPES OF VESSELS 16
2015 2932 3121 3971 10023
2016 3055 3172 4059 10287
The seaborne dry carrier shipment equaled 7.23 billion tons in the year 2016, the figure above reflected
a 2 % increase over the former years. In the same year (2016) the main bulk commodities were
witnessed to increase by 1.6%, on the other hand, the dry cargo did expand by roughly 2.2%.

TYPES OF VESSELS 17
References
Arabatzis, I., Skordas, I., Skordas, D., Nikolopoulos, L., Kousiounelos, P., & Boulougouris, E.
(2018). Multi-criteria decision-making methodology for the selection of cargo hold
coating for bulk carriers. Ships and Offshore Structures, 1-22.
Balci, G., Cetin, I. B., & Esmer, S. (2018). Evaluation of competition and selection criteria
between dry bulk terminals in Izmir. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 294-304.
Balci, G., Cetin, I. B., & Tanyeri, M. (2018). Differentiation of container shipping services in
Turkey. Transport Policy, 61, 26-35.
Behrooz, M. S., Fasihi, J., Samadfam, M., Sepehrian, H., Ashtari, P., Mahani, M., & Arabieh, M.
(2018). Synergistic coupled transport of uranyl ion across bulk liquid membrane
mediated by dioxane-diazamacrocycle and oleic acid. Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry, 316(1), 9-16.
Finn, R. L., Stringer, B. K., & Foster, D. I. (2018). U.S. Patent Application No. 15/896,934.
Guerrero-Caballero, J., Kane, T., Haidar, N., Jalowiecki-Duhamel, L., & Löfberg, A. (2018). Ni,
Co, Fe supported on Ceria and Zr doped Ceria as oxygen carriers for chemical looping
dry reforming of methane. Catalysis Today.
Ivče, R., Rudan, I., & Rudan, M. (2018). Management and Usage of Nitrogen Systems on
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carriers. Pomorski zbornik, 55(1), 219-227.
Mohammed, A. A., Hussein, M. A., & Albdiri, A. D. (2018). Application of Bulk Liquid
Membrane Technique for Cadmium Extraction from Aqueous Solution. Arabian Journal
for Science and Engineering, 1-8.

TYPES OF VESSELS 18
Mohanta, S., Singh, S. K., Kumar, B., Gulati, M., Jyoti, J., Som, S., ... & Khursheed, R. (2018).
Solidification of liquid Modified Apple Polysaccharide by its adsorption on solid porous
carriers through spray drying and evaluation of its potential as a binding agent for
tablets. International journal of biological macromolecules, 120, 1975-1998.
Ng, A. K., Wong, K., Shou, E. C., & Jiang, C. (2018). Geography and institutional change:
insights from a container terminal operator. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 1-19.
Özdemir, Ü., & Güneroğlu, A. (2018). Cargo type selection procedure using fuzzy AHP and
fuzzy TOPSIS techniques:'the case of dry bulk cargo ships'. International Journal of
Shipping and Transport Logistics, 10(3), 259-280.
Plessas, T., Kanellopoulou, A., Zaraphonitis, G., Papanikolaou, A., & Shigunov, V. (2018).
Exploration of design space and optimisation of RoPax vessels and containerships in
view of EEDI and safe operation in adverse sea conditions. Ocean Engineering, 162, 1-
20.
Rudén, J., Frenning, G., Bramer, T., Thalberg, K., & Alderborn, G. (2018). Relationships
between surface coverage ratio and powder mechanics of binary adhesive mixtures for
dry powder inhalers. International journal of pharmaceutics, 541(1-2), 143-156.
Sun, X., Liu, H., Zheng, S., & Chen, S. (2018). Combination hedging strategies for crude oil and
dry bulk freight rates on the impacts of dynamic cross-market interaction. Maritime
Policy & Management, 45(2), 174-196.
Talley, W. K. (2018). Ocean container shipping. In Transportation Policy and Economic
Regulation (pp. 145-168).

TYPES OF VESSELS 19
Yao, S., Yu, D., Song, Y., Yao, H., Hu, Y., & Guo, B. (2018). Dry Bulk Carrier Investment
Selection through a Dual Group Decision Fusing Mechanism in the Green Supply
Chain. Sustainability, 10(12), 4528.