Association between Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Mortality: A Cohort Study in Spain

PROJECT
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Question 1....................................................................................................................................3
Question2.....................................................................................................................................3
Question3.....................................................................................................................................4
Question4.....................................................................................................................................4
Question5.....................................................................................................................................4
Question 6....................................................................................................................................5
Question 7....................................................................................................................................5
Question 8....................................................................................................................................6
Question 9....................................................................................................................................6
Question 10..................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

Question 1
Main aim of the research is to identify the association between the ultra-processed food
intake and the mortality reason in presented sample of Spanish population.
Research question
 What food is ultra-processed and how it impacts the healthy life style?
 Is ultra-processed food increases the risk of cardiovascular and other heart disease
mortality?
 What are some sever health problem which is caused by intake of ultra-processed food.
As ultra-processed food which are candies, soft drinks, fries, junk food all have the severe impact
over the body and leads towards the major health consequences. According to the Romero
ferreiro (Ferreiro and et.al 2021) intake of UP food is increasing day by day it is contributing
from the values below 20 percent to above 60 percent which is leading the severe health
consequences which is leading to cancer, diabetes, respiratory, cardiovascular severe disease.
Question2
Author explores the question with cohort design where the follow up is lasted from 1991
baseline and dietary information is also collected by using the authenticate frequency
questionnaire where the category is NOVA classification on the basis of food processing extent.
Where the link between the UPF consumption and mortality was examined by COX model also
Isoenergetic substitution model were also developed for differentiating the health impact of a
NOVA elements (Zhang and et.al 2022). Where the setting used by the author is cohort diet and
cardiovascular risk in Spain where the representative is Spanish residents.
Question3
Cohort study is the observational study where the participants in the study not have the
result of interest to initiates with, where the selection is made on exposure stated of person.
Author selected this study design because ultra-processed food is rare exposure as it helps the
author in analysing the risk and outcome rate among the cohort of participant. Main limitation of
this study is that it is expensive as well as time consuming also there will be long follow up for
waiting for the event to happen.
3