Global and International Health Models

This assignment delves into the diverse models of global and international health, examining how they address major health issues across different geographical locations. It compares and contrasts these models, highlighting their effectiveness in tackling significant health challenges. The report also explores risk factors for poor health and preventive measures, while analyzing various theories of well-being and factors influencing them to promote overall health.

Understanding Health and
Well-being

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
1.1: Definition of health...............................................................................................................2
1.2: Compare and evaluate two models of health........................................................................2
1.3: Distinguish among global and international health..............................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................7
MAINBODY...................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................................................9
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
3.1: Two different theories of well being....................................................................................9
3.2: Different ways by which physical and psychological well-being can be enhanced...........10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
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INTRODUCTION
Health is one of the deepest conditions of living. It is about the interconnection of several
parameters like Physiological, intellectual, and religious or spiritual factors that all plays
important roles. In simple term we recognise health as well functioning of body. lack of disease
and degenerative disease under control, however different-different people and societies, groups
and communities have different-different views about health and treatment of diseases (Ayo,
2012). Individual gives high importance on being healthy because while money and power
assists for attaining luxury life that may help them in living, but no one can actually give money
for being healthy.
TASK 1
1.1: Definition of health
According to WHO, it is said to be that state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being that are not merely related with the absences of disease of infirmity. It has been found that
the concept of health as a balance among an individual as well as environment, the unity of soul
and body as well as natural origin of disease are also specific aspect that are affect the health of a
person. An individual health is the condition of their body that resist or react in any kind of
seasonal activity during the time of movement. Health can be defined as a developing state of
mind, body and relationships perceived by an individual, a family, a group or a community for
self in a particular time, space and context.
1.2: Compare and evaluate two models of health
There are various specific models of health that are related with the conceptual framework
or ways of thinking regarding health condition of an individual. It is categories into various
models such as Biomedical model of health and the social model of health. There are evaluated
clearly below in proper manner (Ayo, 2012). There are the two major models of health:
Social model of health: It is a model related with the idea framework within which
improvements for being healthy and wellness are achieved by giving directions for hard work to
trace out the social, economic and environmental issues and influences. This model mainly
considering the physiological or biological sphere of disease and illness and also this model is
related with the exploring, healing and handling of disease or genetic defects (Baum, 2016).
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Medical model of health: It’s a model of health associated with traditional natural
science and belief that medical science could heal all disease or genetic defects. Medical
approach to disease and to its care is developing speedily and is under persistence and
unfavourable review from within the profession. This model focuses on genomics,
neurochemical, neuroanatomy etc.
Comparison between Social and Medical model of health:
S.
No.
Medical model of health Social model of health
1 This model is mainly associated with the
physiological and biological aspects of disease
and illness,
This model of health considers a wide
range of factors such as social, economic
and environmental issues and other
related influences etc.
2 The medical model of health is majorly used
by professionals related to health industry.
On other hand social model of health can
be used by a large group of interested
people.
3 This model is linked only with the exploration
, healing and handling of disease.
Beside exploration, healing and handling
of disease social model is also dealing
with detention or prevention of diseases.
4 This model of health puts a significant
encumbrance on the healthcare system,
On other hand the social model of health
prevents some of that encumbrance.
5 In medical model of health disability is a
limited to physical, mental or physiological
health condition.
In social model of health disability arises
from contacts of individual's functional
status with the environment.
1.3: Distinguish among global and international health
Global health:
Global health is a term mainly related with health of populations in a global perspective.
In simple words it’s a field of information, knowledge and context that always gives importance
on rising health index and accomplishment of equality in health for all people across the globe.
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In this context the main focus is towards the issues that transcend at national borders or global,
political and economic influences (Benach, 2014).
Figure 1: World-WDI, 2014
(Source: World-WDI, 2014)
Interpretation: From the above chart, it has been found that from the last two decades
about the total aggregate global expenses on healthcare has been seems stable with the constant
rate. The total spending as a percent of GDP has been seen an overall increase as roughly 1.5
percentage during the last couple of years.
International health:
It is an area of health aids and cure, normally related with a public health and also
focusing on health issues across territorial border. It covers all significant parameters that have
major impact on the health of people. These parameter contains factors such as heritable, social,
and cultural straddle of groups of individuals, environment factors, including biological and
physiological aspects, the political and economic influential factors and some other major issues
like population expatriation, battles and riots.
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Figure 2: Trends in global coverage of tracer indicators of essential health services, 2000–2015
(Source: Tends in international areas of essential health services, 2015)
Interpretation: According to the above chart, it has been seen that the overall increase in
the international coverage since 2000 has been showing effectively on the graph. Moreover, few
of the health services are often remain positive that are linked to basically funding and resource
efforts stemming from the wide sector policies that are made with the aim of reducing healthcare
issues in the international level.
Global health vs. International health:
Although these two terms seem same, however in practical world these have different
approach and policies. The following are the major differences between global health and
international health:
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S. No. Global health International health
1 Global health includes area of study
related with health issues that surpass
countries borders.
International health includes area of study
related with health issues that affect people
residing in the under-developing world.
2 Development and implementation of
solutions often requires global
cooperation.
Development and implementation of
solutions often requires binational
cooperation .
3 Health equity among nations and for all
people is a major objective.
Seeks to help people of other nation.
4 Highly interdisciplinary and
multidisciplinary within and beyond
health sciences.
Embraces a few disciplines but has not
emphasized multidisciplinary.
Sociological perspectives are said to be basic aspects that are used at various level of health
areas. The three perspective are mentioned below:
 Symbolic interactionist perspective: It is related with the direct sociologists to consider
the symbols and provide all the specific details of everyday life of the human bodies. It is
basically thought to various people regarding sociology that tend to provide social
behaviour in respect of how individual would interact with one another via using Symbol.
 Functionalism: It is basically that perspective which is based largely on the work of
Herbert spencer. According to functionalism, society is that particular system of
interconnected aspects that work together in harmony to maintain a state of proper
balance and build social equilibrium as a whole.
 Conflict Theory: This particular theory sees social life as a competition and aimed on the
overall distribution of resources, manpower and inequity. It views community as an arena
of inequity that can provide social conflict and create change. It is related with social
mode of health that can assist society to deal with all kind of issues that are arises
between two or more people that are living in the same community.
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TASK 2
INTRODUCTION
This essay describes the determinant of health’s based on given case studies along with
behavioural and biomedical risk factors to health and way of avoiding or mitigating such risk
factors.
MAINBODY
These are various factors that directly or indirectly affects the health of people all over
the world. Health of a society or community depends on these factors that are highly influential.
At the time of computation of health index some factors are used to decide the human health
index of a population are often called as determinants of health (Evans, 2011). Some of these
factors are uncontrollable by human efforts. Individual Behaviour health of an individual
depends upon individual behaviour, for example if someone is smoking regularly then risk of
developing heart and lungs diseases would increases. Governments and organisations all over the
world targets dynamic individual behaviours such their day to day activities, products uses and
other habits that directly or indirectly affecting health. Favourable changes in individual
behaviour helps to reduce the rates of degenerative disease in this country (Keleher and
MacDougall, 2015).As given in case study one, Tina is smoker and feels this helps her to prevent
her anxiety. Also Tina has a long history of alcohol and drug abuse which clearly attracts major
danger disease of heart and lungs. Instead of smoking and taking drugs she can use exercise,
counselling and yoga as a tool to avoid anxiety and depression. As given in case study two: On
other hand Alice suffering from post-natal depression and Olive had some drug issues but their
human behaviours are different and favourable because they are preventing these problems by
using private counselling and taking treatment in private clinic. Social determinants of health
contain the social factors and physical conditions of the surroundings in which people are born,
live, learn, play, work, and age. Social determinants of health have impact on wide range of
health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes. Social detrimental incudes social norms and
attitudes, Availability of resources to meet daily needs, such as educational and job
opportunities, living wages, or healthful foods etc. (MacDonald, 2013). As given in case study
one Tina is 32 and unemployed, lives in rented accommodation in an urban area and flats has
some problem with damp and has no garden. These all facts shows her unhealthy lifestyle and
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surroundings causing unfavourable conditions for her health. She is unemployed and single,
having low level of literacy that causes barriers for her in taking good steps for healthcare. As
given in case study two While Alice and Olive lives in a renovated four floor town house and
also having a cottage in Cotswold which they often visit at weekends for enjoyments that shows
that they are aware about the importance of healthcare and social environment in which they are
living is pleasant. Employment and working conditions of individual affects its health directly
or indirectly. Individual in employment are healthier, especially those who have more control
over their working conditions whereas an individual is unemployed or with unfavourable
working conditions is unable to get better healthcare facility or attracts more diseases (Kreutz,
2013). As given in case study one Tina is unemployed, lives in rented accommodation. Tina has
low level of literacy and finds handling money problematic that clearly shows her inability to
obtain better health care services also lack knowledge about health care programs. As given in
case study two in case of Alice and Olive, Alice works at home as an artist and illustrator and
they also have additional income from the rent from local investment property that shows they
have good financial condition and Alice have a good working condition which is favourable
condition as they are able to obtain better healthcare services.
Some behaviours or habits have great impact in the health of people such as tobacco use,
alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet and other such behaviours (Mitchell, 2013). In
simple words behavioural risk factors are those behaviours that enhancing chances of developing
illness or unhealthy condition. Cigarette smoking enhances the risk of heart and lungs disease.
In this context it is considerable risk factor for given case study one as Tina is a smoker which is
a behavioural risk factor for her and increases the chances of heart and lungs diseases and in
second case study Oliver had a cocaine addiction which got out of control but she had successful
treatment in clinic which shows her willing to reduce probable diseases. Individual suffering
from stress and depression usually attracts towards means which are unfavourable for health.
As given in case study one Tina has a long history of alcohol and drug abuse due to depression.
Tina should use other ways to reduce depression such as yoga, exercise, counselling etc.
These factors include medical diseases that are occurred due to other risk factors such as
high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, coronary heart diseases etc. These are the following
two major biomedical risk factors: Coronary heart diseases arise due to smoking and drugs
related activities. As in given case Tina and Olive have drugs abuse so chances of such disease is
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higher. High blood pressure is depression and drugs addition. In given case Tina is suffering
from high depression and Olive has drug addiction so chances of high blood pressure rises for
them. There are different-different ways to prevent the risk factors to health that open door
towards a healthy life. These are the following ways to avoid risk factors such as live a healthy
lifestyle. Living a "heart healthy" life is the best way to reduce the chances of developing heart
sicknesses/problems. Exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a healthy,
low-fat diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, and other vitamin-rich foods are the very important
things laid at the corners of buildings of "heart healthy" living (Priest, 2013), Try to avoid or
limit the consumption of caffeine, alcohol, and other recreational drugs,Take a regular physical
exams and tell your doctor right away about any unusual symptoms you may have and get
benefits of all healthcare programs.
CONCLUSION:
With the help of above mentioned essay, it is being concluded that study of determinant
of health is important to avoid the risk factors. In given case studies Alice and Olive have a
better understanding of health and their determinants whereas Tina is careless and unaware about
the importance of these factors and ways to avoid them.
TASK 3
3.1: Two different theories of well being
Well-being refers to the living well. It is quality of life and prosperity, positive physical
and mental health, sustainable thriving communities (Seligman, 2012). Basically wellbeing is the
measure of social progress and arguably, the goal of good government and charitable activity. As
in work this enables people to increase their productivity and allows to learn new skills in better
way. And in personal and social life reduce expenses and enhances savings. There are two
different theories of well-being which is discussed as below:
Particular Subjective Objective
Definitions This refers to the person who
has high life satisfaction with
their life and who experience
the more positive affect and
The theory of objective well-
being refers to the low life
satisfaction and often people
have unsatisfied needs which
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less negative affect so it would
be deemed to have high level
structure of well-being.
leads to negativity. As this is
not influenced by the emotions
, opinions or personal feelings.
Similarities This is focus on the
identification of problem and
suggestion of the problem.
Similarly this is also focus on
the adaption of problem and
solution to the problem.
Differences Is basically focus on the
individual goals in order to
avoid the harm and participate
in social form of life.
Contradict to subjective theory
it mainly focuses on the
universal goals to avoid harm.
3.2: Different ways by which physical and psychological well-being can be enhanced
To improve the physical and psychological well-being there are different ways which can
be helpful. As the most of mental and physical problems comes from the emotions. So it is very
important to people to accept the emotions (Viner, 2012). The people waste more energy in the
avoiding their emotions than other does on actually feeling them. By taking daily calculative risk
one can be healthy by mentally and physically also. So it is very important to come out of
comfort zone. People thinks about future and some think about the past. So it is very important to
live in the present moment so that physical and psychological wellbeing can be improved.
Sometime people take life too seriously and this gives the stress and other disease to
people. So to be healthy by physically and psychologically it is important to laugh. The values
and beliefs plays an important role in the life so one should determine their value and beliefs for
the balance life. As gratitude is right attitude so people should be thankful for the small things
also and it can be helpful in improvement of physical and psychological well-being.
CONCLUSION
With the help of above mentioned report, it is being concluded that health is divided in
different models to target major issue in all fields and many organizations all across the globe is
trying to solve these issues. By comparing global and international health, it become easier to
sort out the major difficulties related to all geographical locations. Significant detriments of
health have its own importance in order to find many risk factors to health and ways to avoid and
prevent them as regards with given case studies. In this report in last task by understanding
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different theories of well-being and factors affecting them assist to enhance physiological well-
being.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Ayo, N., 2012. Understanding health promotion in a neoliberal climate and the making of health
conscious citizens. Critical public health. 22(1). pp.99-105.
Baum, F., 2016. The new public health (No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press.
Benach, J. and et. al., 2014. Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social
determinant of health. Annual review of public health. 35. pp.229-253.
Evans, J. and et. al., 2011. Health, illness, men and masculinities (HIMM): a theoretical
framework for understanding men and their health. Journal of Men's Health. 8(1). pp.7-
15.
Keleher, H. and MacDougall, C., 2015. Understanding health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University
Press.
MacDonald, R., Kreutz, G. and Mitchell, L. eds., 2013. Music, health, and wellbeing. Oxford
University Press.
Priest, N. and et. al., 2013. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between
reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social science
& medicine. 95. pp.115-127.
Seligman, M. E., 2012. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being.
Simon and Schuster.
Viner, R. M. and et. al., 2012. Adolescence and the social determinants of health. The lancet.
379(9826). pp.1641-1652.
Online
World-WDI, 2014. [Online]. Available through: < https://ourworldindata.org/health-meta>.
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