This document discusses the concept of leadership and management, their similarities and differences, and explores various leadership theories. It also evaluates the benefits of leadership development programs. The subject is Organisations: Leadership and Management.
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Organisations: Leadership and Management
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 DISCUSS LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES....................................................2 Concept of Leadership............................................................................................................2 Concept of Management.........................................................................................................2 Similarities and Differences between Leadership and Management.....................................3 Leadership Theories...............................................................................................................4 EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.......................................7 Leadership training and development programme.................................................................7 Importance of Leadership in training and development.........................................................7 Analysing the leadership training and development programme...........................................8 Identify and evaluate the benefits of this leadership programme for both the organisation and individual................................................................................................................................9 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION Leadership is a process through which an individual motivates all its followers and help them to perform in a particularmanner to achievecertainper determinedpersonal and professional goals. Leader influence individuals towards hard work so that performance level of followers can be improved to meet requirements of organisation. Leaders possess their own goals and objectives in order to achieve their objective to creating a highly motivated team. Together with leaders in organisation managers plays important role for managing various organisational activities. Management involves controlling a group of people and directing them to work for achieving goals. Management involves various activities through which resources available in the business are utilised in effective manner for generating best productive results. Management and leadership are the two different terms as management is related to planning and controlling all the organisational activities and leadership is related to motivating human resources to work hard(Adler and Laasch, 2020). There are number of management and leadership theories available and application of each theory is based on the organisational culture. Application of suitable organisational management and leadership theory is important so that it can be easily accepted and applied in theorganisation.Leadershipdevelopmentprogramisintroducedto enhanceproductivity, improve moral and retain employees for long term. In this project report NHS organisation is considered for appropriate explanation of leadership and management programme. Management and leadership of the organisation required to be evaluated in order to improve over a period of time for better results. In the report literature review of Management and leadership is conducted evaluate the leadership and development programme. basically the report is divided into two parts in the first part a discussion is conducted on leadership and management theories there first the concept of leadership and management are explained along with the definition of leaders and managers are alsoprovided.Whilediscussingtheleadershipandmanagementconceptsevaluationis conducted in which difference between leadership and Management is highlighted along with respective similarities among them. Missing father two leadership theories are discussed and elaborated in relation with large organizations that are trait leadership theory and transactional Leadership theory. These two theories are identified and analytically described there their 1
implementation and more specifically leader’s role in the organization according to these leadership styles is also elaborated. The second part of the report is Focus towards a leadership and training programme that is conducted by NHS learning academy. In this part of the report the practice of training and developmentitisconductedbycompaniesisevaluated.Hereonceafteranalyzingand understanding the meaning of training and development programme its importance is highlighted in relation with leadership and the role of leaders(Busch and graser, 2020). Moreover at the end a leadership training and development of programme which is provided by NHS leadership academy is thoroughly examined. First introduction is produced of the programme moving forward with understanding the eligibility criteria structure and training methods use in the programme. Furthermore the benefits of this leadership training and development programme for the organization and for the individual applying for it are identified as well. DISCUSS LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES Leadership and management is a process through which a goal is targeted to be achieved and a mission is planned to accomplish the targeted objective. Management plans all the activities and control them to achieve targets and leadership motivates the entire workforce to work in best manner so that all the objectives are achieved. Leadership and management both are separate terms and available with some similarities and differences. The concept of leadership and management is explained below along with its similarities and differences. Concept of Leadership Leadership The leaders are the individual who helps the individual and themselves to do the right things. The leaders set direction for their team members, build vision and create new ways and manners for individuals to work with for becoming most effective. Therefore, leadership is a concept of mapping out a path for workers and team members in order to win all tasks and attain all objectives. This practice and position is exciting, needs dynamic nature person who is flexible and who is an inspiration for others (Bush, 2020). Concept of Management Management 2
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Management is referred as an art or a science, which is essential for keep running the company smoothly and in an organised manner. Management tool is a backbone of a successful and healthy organisation where all resources are allocated at the correct place and managed properly. Management means getting things done in a prescribed manner which enable an entity to achieve all its predetermined objectives effectively. Similarities and Differences between Leadership and Management Similarities: Management and leadership is a task which involves performing activities with human resource or the personnel’s of company. Management and leadership performs operations of influencing people for making them work according to the organisation and in for attaining organisational goals in an effective manner. Management and leadership create a well-defined structure for people of their entity through which they are able to work appropriately and in a way by which goals and objectives needs to be achieved. Management and leadership performs their operations in such manner so that allocation of all the resources can be done in well-defined manner, no resource is wasted and optimally used which creates synergy in business and increases its productivity (Fard and et., al., 2020). Differences: ManagementLeadership Management team make Organisational plans andbudgetsinordertoaccomplishset strategies and plans on set timelines. Leadership of an entity Establish a direction of employeestowardsorganisationalvisionto achieve goals. Management creates and set priority task to be completed by the workforce who are associated with the entity. Management is at higher level andaccordinglytheyareresponsiblefor looking over the overall performance according to the priorities set. Ontheotherhand,Leadershiphelpsto assembling a team to accomplish all the task, motivate and inspire them positively and direct them in right direction for fulfilling their job roles and attain team objective for contributing to overall motives of company. 3
Managementreviewthe work performed to improveitsqualityandmeetwiththe performance standards. Leadership is concerned to motivate workforce for creating an example of hard work and success. All the activities and project scope is controlled by the managers of the business organisation as they are the higher authority. Leadership is concerned to identify when the scope of the project needs development for improved performance. Leadership Theories In big multinational organisation application of leadership is based on certain leadership theories. The structure of company is huge due to its vast spread operations in different geographical locations. Some of the leadership theories used in the organisation are as follows- Trait Theory (Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015) definesTrait theoryof leadership as, leaders are born with possessing correct qualities and learning they can be suited for leadership. Through this theory human behaviour is studied and evaluation for leaders is made to know their potential for success and failure. Focus of this theory is on the leadership and the characteristics that a leader possesses while performing various leadership activities. Trait theory is the one of the oldest or the first academic theory of leadership and highlights on the fact that why one individual or a person is tends to be a good leader. This theory is based on features and characteristics of a leader both successful and unsuccessful. Some of the most common and impressive leadership traits which are identified in an effective leader are confidence, honesty, integrity, emotional intelligence, energy, initiative and many others. It is important to use trait theory of leadership in an organisation in order to understand different personalities of individuals while performing various operations in business organisation. But as time is changing, business environment and practices are also evolving. Along with it current market trends have great impact on the leadership styles which are adopted by leaders of an organisation(Fowler, 2020). Therefore, Trait theory of leadership is becoming out dated and old. This is one of the drawbacks of trait theory which affect its implication and effectiveness when applied in an organisation. (Cattell and a Dual, 2018) while evaluating the concept of characteristics of a leader provides that a leader is available with number of traits. Availability of a trait among an 4
individual is an inborn quality which can be improved with learning. This theory helps to create an understanding of people behaviour working in a business organisation. As companies are working with huge human resource employed in different departments. These employees possess different characteristics, background and journey and in order to make all of them work together as a team application of trait theory of leadership is important. As organisations are working towards achievement of a goal which is common to all the employees and in order to accomplish that goal willingness must be generated among employs at each level. It is important for leaders to understand their followers so that motivational technique can be implemented in effective manner. Some of the characteristics that are appreciated in organisations are positive thinking, confidenceandcapacitytoinspireothers(GolenskyandHager,2020).Self-reviewand continuous learning is one of the essential tools demanded at each level for the workforce so that effective development can take place. The leaders of entities can make use of their different traits, features and characteristics for leading their teams and making them work in an effective manner. The leaders trait of inspiring others is will add value and employees will be inspired to work by adopting new ways which are productive. The team members of firms will be guided by the leaders which will create confidence in them and enable team to work together effectively towards their common goal of the team and contribute their part in company's ultimate aims and objectives. Applying trait theory of leadership will benefit the entity in making their staff acquire various features, improve their skills set as they develop dynamic nature and attitude which will be boosting their performance level and working manners. Transactional Leadership According to the view of Cheery, (2019),Transactional Leadership,is also known a managerial leadership. This leadership style focuses or concentrates on the supervision skills, overall organisation and group performance. This main focus of applying this form of leadership style, the leader puts their efforts on specific tasks which are assigned to individuals. According to the task or job role which is given to team or personnel, the leader set their rewards or punishments if work is not done in a proper manner(Cattell and a Dual, 2018). The leaders make use of rewards for motivating staff and increasing individual’s enthusiasm in order to make them work most effectively and efficiently. The effectiveness of this leadership style depends upon the number of assumptions such as, once individual have clarity of task they work in proper manner, also the followers obey their leaders and follow their commands, this is their main aim for being 5
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effective and efficient. In accordance to leaders the assumption is that they focus mostly on their employees and carefully monitor and supervise their task in order to meet the expectations of company. The theory is based on behavioural approach of leadership and revolves around or works upon the basis of rewards and punishments. The rewards makes the employee enthusiastic and motivate them on them on the others side the fear of punishment keeps them in order a discipline making them work effectively and in efficiently. Transactional leadership works in a particular way, where the nature of rewards and punishments is contingent and depends upon the performances and productivity of employees. There are specific rules, procedures and standards which are made essential for individuals to followwhiletransactionalleadershipstyleisfollowedbyleadersoforganisations.The transactional leaders excel in setting standards and expectations which can help in improving and enhancing the efficiency and productive of overall organisation. The leader’s gives regular feedbacks about the performances of employees to the management and higher staff in order to bring better output accordingly and increase their efficiency(Gümüş and et., al.,2020). In transactional leadership style, the leaders motivate their teams to increase their efficiency by improving their performance level rather than adopting new ways to work. Basically leaders, makes team member work with old techniques by which entity is working and motivate them to be more effective and make optimal use of resources allocated. They do not make use of hit and try method in search of new effective ways of performing. This type of leadership approach helps Companies in case of crises and emergency, as then focus will be on accomplishing certain task rather than on finding news solution to the problem. Leadership is the ability and power of individual to influence and guide their staff or followers in correct directions while working in organisation. The companies have large number of operation which is spread in wider world locations. This implied that the organisations needs to have synergy and operates commonly in all different locations. Therefore, the leaders make use of transactional leadership style; it states that the focuses of leaders are on guiding staff for improving their efficiency by working with same old techniques. This style is adopted by organisations and their leaders by keeping in mind the end goal of developing and inspiring representatives since they are remunerated for their execution of plans and fulfilment of goals ( Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015). It is the obligation of directors or the management staff of entities to develop strategies in an order which will remunerate the workers according to their 6
execution of work and performance levels. Then the role of leaders start where they are required to direct and guide all the employees in right directions and also to those they are responsible for those individuals who are not able to give their output and efforts(Thorpe, 2020). In this case leaders will put more efforts and put more input in those individuals who are unable to make the most out of their talents. The leaders of different firms give the employees or representative legitimate trainings in those areas where they lack. These trainings will develop positive culture in the organisation and also increases the motivation level of workforce, inspire them to work in potentially and in an effective manner for attaining excepted performance level. The rewards and punishments which are related to the performance of individuals also, encourage staff of Tesco to render higher level of performance in order to earn higher level of rewards. EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Leadership training and development programme Training and development is a programme of an organisation which enhanced the improvementofemployee’sskillsandknowledgeofaparticularindividualsorgroup performance. Training and development is an activity which is undertaken by every entity for the development and enhancement of their employees where they keep the staff updated and improve their skills sets. The training programmes can be for long or a short term and the trainings can be given on-the-job or off-the-job (Hafford-Letchfield, 2020). TheLeadershipTrainingandDevelopmentiscomprisestothoseactivitieswhich improves the competencies and confidence of respective leaders. Even though, it focuses to those key skills which have wide range of gap influencing the performances of individuals or group. Importance of Leadership in training and development AccordingtoAlexHamilton,2017,theimportanceofleadershipintrainingand development is creates the opportunities of workforce where they can improvised the skills and knowledge as well it provides some methods and techniques which improves the better work qualities. The importance of leadership in training and development are given below: Improves work productivity-By providing the training to leaders with effective leadership skills, where the employees as well as leaders can increase their work productivity. Therefore, leaders are available to provide the right guidance and ensuring that are they performing well as per the expectations. 7
Emotionalintelligencedevelops-IntraininganddevelopmenttheEmotional Intelligence plays an important role as leadership traits which focus to make a great leaders. It better defines about how emotions can affect to others that people are enhancing towards with efficiency and considerably. Leadership training programs set up the strong importance on emotional intelligence because it leads towards the more prosperous outcomes. Strong Adaptability-It increases the power of adaptability in terms of risk taking during at workforce as well it improvised the flexibility to adapt according to prevailing situation. Thus, it facilitates effective decision making to encounter the specific situation. An effective decisions maker can choose right alternative but wrong alternative can penalised a huge cost which not reflect the characteristics of leadership. Project leadership-Leaders will face conflicts to handle all prospect of a project if there would be not any sufficient project skills. This difference might cause the project flow and it will gain significant loss to the business. There should be proper understanding of effective leadership skills in which respective leader will manage their teams and accomplish the projects in a given time schedule. Above the importance of leadership in Training and development can facilities workers to skills improvisation by which they can deliver the better work productivity, they can learn and adapt new thing regarding of workforce services through leaders as well as increase the decision making power of an particular individuals or groups (Snelling, Exworthy and Ghezelayagh, 2020). Analysing the leadership training and development programme MarySeacoleProgrammewithinNHSleadershipacademyisdevelopedbywith partnership of global experts that is associated with leadership and management and in order to increase their knowledge and skills. The concept of learning and becoming a successful leader is very difficult. Therefore, Mary Seacole programmes is based on reality and applicable on real workplace application. The aim of Mary Seacole programmes of leadership of is to create balance in learning and applying theory in practical scenario. This programme was designed for individuals those who are in first formal leadership role, empowering them to turn their success into the success of the whole team and ultimately of the organisation. Eligibility 8
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The programmes are for those individuals who are in any formal position in NHS. That means the individual holds an authority to become a leader, who has responsibilities of people andservicesandabilitytorelatetheirlearningwithworkplaceandpracticalscenario (Radoynovska, Ocasio and Laasch, 2020). Structure Mary Seacole programme is a six month long programme which involves 100 hours of long trainings and online study. It also has three face to face behavioural workshops for the applicant which is delivered to them locally in their domestic region. The programme can be undertaken in two ways that is nationally with number of intakes in a year. Or through a locally- tailored programmes provided by the NHS at training hub. Training methods and intended outcomes Mary Seacole programme is conducted by NHS leadership academy virtual campus, it holds programmes files, interactive contents, online resources and Mary Seacole Programme session forums. Also, the face to face training workshops will be given by experts and facilitators around the country locally. This the brief information of the whole Mary Seacole programme leadership programme which is offered and conducted by the NHS leadership academy (Leithwood, Harris and Hopkins, 2020). Identify and evaluate the benefits of this leadership programme for both the organisation and individual MarySeacoleprogrammeofleadershiplearningisthetrainingsessionwhichis conducted for the persons working in an organisation and holds any formal position to become a leader or who are managing and responsible for any persons and services. This programme is advantageous and beneficial for both the individual who is registering for the programme and for the NHS as organisation as well. It enhances the skills of person taking the programme and in context of organisation it helps as the practical applicant Mary Seacole Programme on of theory which is learned by the person is done in the organisation itself making it more effective. Therefore, more applicable and elaborated benefits of this programme on individual and organisation are as follows: Benefits for individual: 9
Motivate-Mary Seacole programme of leadership encourages the person to be more evaluative and search for better leadership style rather than copying others and comparing themselves with other leaders.The leaders of NHS can be benefited with this programme as they will be motivated and encouraged to search for better innovative and creative ways of leading staff and directing them towards the respective motives and ultimate goal of their team. Awareness-Mary Seacole programme of leadership enables to be more informed and increase their awareness about them; they recognize more abilities which are in them. It gives them more clarity about their strengths and the styles which they can adopt to lead their staff.The leaders of NHS get the clarity about their behaviours and its impacts upon others and more importantly on their subordinates so as to keep them informed and more enthusiastic for performing in the most productive and more potential manner while providing their services to the patients and other health care needed individuals(Moran, 2020). Asset-This programme is techniques or a tool which changes the emotion of the leader into their assets and develops more skills to be more efficient and productive.The skills and abilities of better leadership is the asset to all the leaders and this programme will provide more potentials to the leaders of NHS bringing better critical and analytical thinking that will allow them to develop better directions for staff and motivate them to the highest level. Change-The leader will be more authoritative, develop more enthusiasm and motivation to be most effective in their job role and accordingly implement change in an efficient manner.NHS requires the most motivated leaders as it is a service provider which makes itimportantforthemtobethebestandtheleadersencouragementlevelswill automatically affects their productivity and that will directly enhance their productivity bring better change in their leadership styles and approaches which will enhance the performance of employees as well. All these benefits of the Mary Seacole programme of leadership helps individual to be more aware, this higher awareness, emotional intelligence will enable them to work more efficiently with others, lead them in an appropriate manner and increase their productivity (Nghia and et., al., 2020). 10
Benefits for organisation: Succession planning-NHS will be benefited too; the planning and strategies which are developed by individuals for the future of company will be more potential as the capabilities of their leaders will increase.NHS leaders will be become better and motivated which will boost them to bring better and more creative plans towards the success and growth of NHS. Professional skills-The NHS leaders will develop new skills and abilities which increases their professional skills, this implies that they will draw better ideas within organisation to work on and change the operations into more effective one. Culture-ThecultureofNHSwillimproveastheleaderswillimplementbetter approaches and effectively manage their teams keeps them in order and develop effective culture.The culture is the most influential element on the success and smooth running of an organisation and better culture development in NHS will automatically bring better results for the running and functioning of the health care institute(Moreno and et., al., 2020). Healthy competition-The level of competition in NHS will increase as more degree of challenges will flourish throughout the organisation rather than just at senior or higher level.The competitive approaches of NHS leaders to prove themselves the best will more significantlybenefitstheorganisationastheleadersandemployeeswill bemost productive and most potentially working. Evidence based decisions-The knowledge which is developed by the leaders of NHS will be practised in company that is the Mary Seacole Programme theoretical knowledge will be applied in organisation by the individual. This will develop a structured and evidence based perspective which will enrich the level of decision making impacts the company positively. CONCLUSION The report concludes that leadership and management is a very important concept for an organisation. This allows company to be in order, follow all rules and regulations to be in order and achieve all organisational goals in the given time frame and in effective manner. The concept of management and leadership is considered same, but they are two different concepts which are followed in an organisation. The management is above and hold the highest level of authority, 11
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which are involved in developing strategies and plans on behalf of company. On the other side, the leadership concept is related to the managing and handling the workforce of company. The leaders role is to guide and direct their followers towards aims and objectives of company. The leaders map a path for individuals to follow and be most effective. The leaders adopt various leadership styles to motivate the personnel’s in order to make them most efficient. The leadership style which is suggested to the entity is trait theory which is based on the inbuilt features and characteristics of a leader to lead the staff effectively. The traits which a leader holds make them successful or unsuccessful. On the other side the leaders of organisation follows transactional leadership style which is based on the nature of reward and punishment. The motivation level of an individual will be dependent on the efforts they make and the rewards they receive. This theory makes the entity and its workforce perform potentially with regularly increasing productivity. At the end, concept of leadership training and development is highlighted for which NHS leadership academy has many programmes which can be undertaken by the individual to excel in their skills. The Mary Seacole Programme of leadership is evaluated in the report which is a leadership programme for individuals who have a formal position of responsibilities and services. The leaders by this programme will enhance their skills and talents of leading staff or their team members. This leadership programme is beneficial for the individual and the organisation both. More skills and talents are developed by the person and when theoretical knowledge is applied in organisational context it improved the operations of company and its productivity.Therefore, overall leadership and management are a very essential and beneficial concepts for the organisation.Training and development is considered as one of the most important and essential activity for an organization to undertake for improving and enhancing the skill sets and competencies of workforce working in it. In relation with the training and development leadership training programme which is divided by NHS leadership academy is examined and identified for NHS and for the leaders of the company. The help of this programme it is evaluated that training and development is an essential and very important tool for a company like NHS as it is a very large size and scope. Along with it this leadership training and development programme is beneficial for leaders and for NHS both making it very influential on the productivity standards of initially on the leaders and for the company as well 12
because the productivity standards of organization increases with the help of development of the staff and more specifically of the leaders. 13
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