Computer System Components and Server Software

This comprehensive document covers essential topics in computer systems and servers, including hardware components like CPU, RAM, SSD, and HDD. It also delves into server types such as blade servers and micro servers, and explores operating systems like Windows and Linux. Additionally, it discusses server software, including Apache HTTP Server and Internet Information Service.

UNIT 10
WEB DEVELOPMENT
SUNDAY,21 2021
TMUC BAHRIA SPRINGS
BY:MUHAMMAD AZLAN

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. What is a Domain?............................................................................................... 2
2. What is a Domain Name System (DNS)?..............................................................2
3. How does DNS work?........................................................................................... 2
4. Types of DNS server............................................................................................. 3
4.1 DNS Resolver-............................................................................................... 3
4.2 Root name ................................................................................................... 3
4.3 TLD nameserver............................................................................................ 3
5 DNS RECORDS.................................................................................................... 3
5.1 A Record......................................................................................................... 3
5.2 AAAA Record.................................................................................................. 3
5.3 CNAME Record............................................................................................... 3

5.4 MX Record...................................................................................................... 3
6 How Domains Are Managed................................................................................4
6.1 Governing Body............................................................................................. 4
6.2 Registrars....................................................................................................... 4
7 Web Servers.......................................................................................................... 4
7.1 Server Hardware............................................................................................. 4
7.1.1 Random Access Memory (RAM)................................................................4
7.1.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)...................................................................5
7.1.3 Solid State Drive and Hard Disk Drive.......................................................5
8 Types of Servers................................................................................................... 5
8.1 Blade Server.................................................................................................... 5
8.2 Micro Servers.................................................................................................. 5
9 Server Operating Systems.....................................................................................6
9.1 Windows OS.................................................................................................... 6
9.2 Linux OS.......................................................................................................... 6
10 Server Software................................................................................................... 6
10.1 Apache HTTP Server...................................................................................... 6
10.2 Internet Information service..........................................................................6

1.WHAT IS A DOMAIN?
A domain name is basically the same as your local address. In the same way that
GPS needs a street address or zip code to provide directions, a web browser needs
a domain name to direct you to a website.
A domain name takes the form of two main elements. For example, the domain
name Facebook.com contains a website name (Facebook) and a domain name
extension (.com). When a company (or individual) buys a domain name, they can
determine which server the domain name refers to.
Registration of domain names is overseen by an organization called ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). ICANN specifies which domain
name extensions are available and maintains a single database to which domain
names refer.
2.WHAT IS A DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)?
Domain Name System (DNS) is an Internet call book. People find information online through
domain names, such as nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers work with Internet Protocol
(IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names into IP addresses so that browsers can load
Internet services. Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address used by other
devices to detect this device.
3. HOW DOES DNS WORK?
The DNS decision process includes converting the hostname (such as www.example.com) into
a computer-generated IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An IP address is assigned to each
device on the Internet, and that address is required to find the appropriate Internet device - such
as the street address used to locate a specific home. When a user wants to load a webpage,
the translation must take place between the user's typing in his or her web browser
(example.com) and the typed address needed to access the example.com webpage.

4. TYPES OF DNS SERVER
1.1 4.1 DNS RESOLVER- THE BROWSER CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A
LIBRARY THAT IS REQUESTED TO SEARCH FOR A SPECIFIC BOOK
ELSEWHERE IN THE LIBRARY. DNS RECURSOR IS A SERVER DESIGNED TO
RECEIVE QUERIES FROM CLIENT MACHINES THROUGH APPLICATIONS SUCH
AS WEB BROWSERS. FREQUENT REPEATERS ARE ALSO REQUIRED TO MAKE
ADDITIONAL REQUESTS TO SATISFY A CLIENT'S DNS QUERY.
1.2 4.2 ROOT NAME - THE ROOT SERVER IS THE FIRST STEP IN
TRANSLATING (RESOLVING) HOSTED WORDS THAT CAN BE READ
FROM IP ADDRESSES. IT CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A REFERENCE IN
THE LIBRARY THAT POINTS TO A LIST OF DIFFERENT BOOKS -
OFTEN SERVING AS A REFERENCE TO CERTAIN PLACES.
1.3 4.3 TLD NAMESERVER - A TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN SERVER (TLD)
CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A SPECIFIC LIBRARY PLACE IN THE
LIBRARY. THIS NAMESERVER IS THE NEXT STEP IN FINDING A
SPECIFIC IP ADDRESS, AND IT HOLDS THE LAST PART OF THE
HOSTNAME (IN EXAMPLE.COM, THE TLD SERVER “COM”).
2 5 DNS RECORDS
DNS servers create a DNS record to provide important information about a domain
or hostname, especially its current IP address. The most common types of DNS
recording are:
5.1 A RECORD

ALSO KNOWN AS A DNS HOST RECORD, KEEPS THE HOST NAME
AND ITS CORRESPONDING IPV4 ADDRESS.
5.2 AAAA RECORD
RETAINS THE HOST NAME AND THE EXISTING IPV6 ADDRESS.
5.3 CNAME RECORD
CAN BE USED TO NAME A HOSTNAME FOR ANOTHER HOSTNAME.
WHEN A DNS CLIENT REQUESTS A RECORD CONTAINING CNAME,
WHICH POINTS TO ANOTHER HOSTNAME, THE DNS
CONFIGURATION PROCESS IS REPEATED WITH THE NEW
HOSTNAME.
5.4 MX RECORD
DESCRIBES THE DOMAIN SMTP EMAIL SERVER, WHICH IS USED TO
FORWARD OUTGOING EMAILS TAN EMAIL SERVER.
6 HOW DOMAINS ARE MANAGED
6.1 GOVERNING BODY
Domain management, or domain name management, refers to the ongoing
activities of maintaining a private or corporate domain (or domains) that are stable,
secure, and able to support related websites. A domain name not only establishes
its owner's presence on the Internet, but it also serves as a place to enter the
business or personal website designed to meet the unique needs of the owner. Site
owners may be tempted to focus on the overall design and maintenance of the
website itself, but domain management is an important factor in keeping a website
live and accessible.

2.1 6.2 REGISTRARS
Protecting the domain requires only a few steps. Finding the right domain name can
take time and thought, as well as online tools to do domain name search and test
availability, but once the name has been selected, all you need to do is register it
with a private registrar or web hosting company for a year or more. Once
registered, the name is assigned to the primary and secondary nameservers, which
point to the domain of the website.
3 7 WEB SERVERS
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
and other client response requests made on the World Wide Web. The main function
of a web server is to display website content by storing, processing and submitting
web pages to users. In addition to HTTP, web servers also support SMTP (Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol), used for email, file transfers
and storage.
3.1 7.1 SERVER HARDWARE
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer and related
devices. Internal hardware devices including Random Access Memory (RAM),
Central Processing Unit (CPU), Solid State Drive (SSD) and Hard Disk Drive (HDD).
3.1.1
3.1.2 7.1.1 Random Access Memory (RAM)
Alternatively called cache memory, cache memory, or system memory, RAM
(random access memory) is a hardware device that allows information to be stored
and retrieved on a computer. RAM is often associated with DRAM, which is a type of
memory module. Because data is accessed randomly instead of in sequence such
as on a CD or hard drive, access times are much faster. However, unlike ROMs, RAM
is a stable memory and requires power to keep data accessible. When the computer
is turned off, all data contained in RAM is lost.
3.1.3 7.1.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Stands for "Medium Performance." The CPU is the main part of a computer that runs
commands. Uses the operating system and applications, always receives input from
the user or the operating system software. It processes data and generates output,
which can be saved by the app or displayed on the screen.

3.1.4 7.1.3 Solid State Drive and Hard Disk Drive
Solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of end-to-end computing device. SSDs
replace traditional hard disk drives using flash-based memory, much faster. Older
slow disk storage technology is slower, which often makes your computer run
slower than it should.
A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a fixed
data storage device. It is usually installed inside the computer, attached directly to
the computer's motherboard disk drive. It has one or more containers, placed inside
a closed air cell. The data is compiled in layers using a magnetic field, which moves
rapidly over them as they rotate.
4 8 TYPES OF SERVERS
The concept of servers is almost as old as the connection itself. After all, the point
of a network is to allow one computer to communicate with another computer and
to distribute work or resources. A computer has emerged since then, leading to
several types of server and hardware architectures.
4.1 8.1 BLADE SERVER
The blade server is a model server that allows multiple servers to be located in a
small area. These servers are physically smaller and usually have CPUs, memory,
integrated network controls, and sometimes internal storage.
4.2 8.2 MICRO SERVERS
A Micro Server is a small operating system that acts as a server. Smaller servers are
machines that are not on the shelves designed to facilitate installation and
maintenance.

5
6 9 SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS
Server operating system (OS) is a type of operating system designed to be installed
and used on a server computer.
6.1 9.1 WINDOWS OS
Microsoft Windows (also referred to as Windows or Win) is a graphical operating
system developed and published by Microsoft. It provides a way to store files, run
software, play games, watch videos, and connect to the Internet.
6.2 9.2 LINUX OS
Linux is an operating system. In fact, one of the world's most popular platforms,
Android, is powered by a Linux operating system. An operating system is software
that handles all hardware sources associated with your desktop or laptop.
7 10 SERVER SOFTWARE
Server software is a type of software designed to be used, activated and managed
on a computer server. Provides and facilitates the use of basic computer computing
power for use by members of high-end computing services and services.
7.1 10.1 APACHE HTTP SERVER
Apache is a popular open-source, cross-platform web server that is, by the numbers,
the most popular web server in existence. It’s actively maintained by the Apache
Software Foundation.
Some high-profile companies using Apache include Cisco, IBM, Salesforce, General
Electric, Adobe, VMware, Xerox, LinkedIn, Facebook, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T,
Siemens, eBay, Etc.

7.2 10.2 INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICE
The IIS server runs on Microsoft .NET platform in Windows OS. While it is possible to
use IIS on Linux and Mac using Mono, it is not recommended and may be unstable.
(There are other options, which I will introduce later). It is practical and stable, and
has been widely used in production for many years.