Unit 16 –Operations and Project Management

Operations and Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Make a appraisal and comment the execution which are used in operations management rule 3
Continuous improvement plan ..............................................................................................7
Apply each level of the PLC to a given projection, producing needed supporting certification
for completing the project....................................................................................................10
Review and review article the effectivity of the PLC in usage to the chosen projection using
appropriate theories, concepts and models...........................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is the process which provide a concern which make a strong
relation with planning, organizing and supervising in the context of the production in the
organisation. These activities are related to the production, manufacturing and make a provision
of the services which are renders in the organisation. Operations and project management work
more precisely in supply chain management and logistic area of the improvement in the various
organisation (Abd Razak, Mills and Roberts, 2020). The main purpose of the work management
is to make the balance in the revenue and cost activities and helpful in achieving the highest
profits. Whereas the project direction require to make implementing a specific job or task. For
this assignment the chosen organisation is London North Eastern Railway, a British railway
company, which is managed and operated by department for transport. This company was
founded in 1923 and they are operated almost 12 stations. This company is train operating
company in the UK, which perform in intercity east coast franchise line between London,
Yorkshire, north east and Scotland. In this assignment the company has gone through with the
research and development which are related to the Operational management. Various theories
and concepts are evaluated which are used in the respected organisation. Various product life
cycle stages evaluated on the aspect of theories, concepts and models of small projects has been
discuss in the assignment.
MAIN BODY
Make a appraisal and comment the execution which are used in operations management rule
Operation management play a significant role in managing the business operations in the
best and effective manner. The activities which are used and operated in the organisation like
planning, organising, controlling, and labour controlling which leads to manage the management
and provide the best services and products to their customers (Abdallah, Alkhaldiand Aljuaid,
2021). There are various principles which are used in the organisation to facilitate the fast
working and enhanced the efficiency. For the effective direction of London North Eastern
Railway, these principles are analysis and then critically evaluated for helping them in managing
the functions. These principles are discussed in details;
Principles of reality: In the functional management they demand to focus on the overall
problems, not for only the techniques. This principle show that none of the tool in the operational

management techniques are not for the universal solution. That is very important to manage the
direction in the LNER to analysis the want and need of the customers before implementing the
new service and products in the markets. Firstly the managers make the rolling stock and draw a
crew diagram which helping in finding the key issues and check out the capacity of their
business organisations.
Principles of Organisations: While using them in the proper way, everything is
interconnected with the organisational behaviour and activities. All these elements which are
consistent and predictable so without making the complete interaction with the organisations the
company would not be able to achieve the profit (Amaral, And et.al., 2020)). In the London
North Eastern Railways all the department must make an connection for getting high efficiency
in achieving the goal.
Principles of accountability: Being responsible is the success central for running a
manufacturing the operations. The director of the operating team of London North Eastern
Railways are expected to be able in setting the rules and regulations. While the frequent checking
on the activities are helping in meeting goals. The managers of the respected company have to
make rules which are associated with their own designation and responsibilities. They further
motivate their peer employees for beneficiary of the organisations.
Principles of humility: Trial and Error process is the most costly methods, so it is
important that every employee must know their limitation. This way they can save money and
time which are used in the operating team for the long run.
Principle of change: With the introduction of new theories and solutions, it is important
to change the things in the operating department and work in the operational manufacturing
process of the respected company. Change implementation policy will help the company to make
the stability in the long run aspect.
Informed the Competition: For any organisation, it is important to know their
customers and timely check their strategies so that they can stand in the market. In the London
North Eastern railways, there are various competitors which are faced by the respected company.
So to manage the operating management it is important to know their competitors and their
strategies.
LEAN PRODUCTION

This is the method which is used for minimising the wastage in the production systems
and maximising the productivity in the respected organisation. In the chosen company the
managers are try to achieve the productivity maximising in the company by reducing the wastage
which are happening in the operational activities (Birindelli and Ferretti, 2017). As if the waste
production is minimised in the company by suing lean production techniques, then it will lead to
minimise the overall cost production and maximising the profitability of the company. The
various aspect of the lean production are described:
Value: In this aspect the most important thing is involved which is the goods and
services which are operated by the company in order to complete the demand of the customers.
By completing customer's demand, with in the affordable price, timely manufacturing and
deliver the service and product at the right time to the customer. All these things create value of
the company. While completing all these steps in the right sequence will decrease the wastage of
the products. LNER will get advantage as it will help in improving its production process and its
punctuality. Moreover, by outlining run diagram it would be able to organize non strop trains and
customers need not to wait for long duration of time. On the other hand, if there is delay in train
timings then it will have negative impact on the business as it lead to customer dissatisfaction.
Value Stream: It is basically an eye opening experience in which all the actions are
determined which take place in the process of product or service. According to this factors, the
managers of the London North Eastern Railways, must measures the customer’s satisfaction after
executing the products in the market of their operating cities. It provide advantage to LNER in
the process of designing of run diagram where all the unwanted elements are removed in the
ongoing process as it helps in saving time. Whereas if effective steps are not taking in the
process of monitoring and controlling then it lead to disadvantage as company would not able to
meet its desire results.
Flows: In this aspect of the lean principle a company is responsible and accountable for
conducting an examination for checking the level of wastage and checkout their uncertainties in
the future related to their wastage level (Chapelle, 2019). The managers of the LNER, is focusing
on controlling the wastage as it will help in reducing the extra expenses which act as advantage
as the operation cost is reducing. On the other hand, it has disadvantage too as work load of
employees increased due to which they get frustrated and not able to perform well.

Pull: The products must be delivered to customers on time that is organisation must take
step to improve its flow and time to market. Hence, it become easy for the customers to buy the
product form market and for that company need to ensue that its products are available in market
and are not out of stock. By focusing on pull principle of Lean production, LNER would able to
improve its line passage density and average wagon lead weight which act as advantage. On the
other hand it has disadvantage as if management of LNER would not able to take essential steps
then customers will not get timing services and will search for better alternative.
Perfection: As it is not possible that all the companies are deliver their products and
services to their customer at the right time. So they have to manage the new techniques so that
they can do better and try to minimise the waste. All the changes in the organisation are
implemented according to the products of the company. This principle of lean production
provide advantage to LNER, as it would able to adjust its production chain according to
requirements with the primary motive to improve quality and quantity of transportation product.
On the other hand, imperfection in business operations lead to failure and has negative impact on
the bran image of company which act as disadvantage.
SIX SIGMA
This is the concept that is used by organisation in order to reduce the decrease in the
production sector while maximising the ratio. This is the concept which is founded by Bill Smith
in 1980. It is the techniques which are used by the companies in order to rising the operations
and procedure of the arrangement (Congiu, Plaisant and Unali, 2020). In the Six Sigma
technology there are two main methodologies which are DMADV and DMAIC.
DMAIC is used for rising the quality of the products, this is used by the companies in
order to make the more efficient products to improve the meeting customer satisfaction. This
methodologies include five phase; define, measure, analysis, improve and control. Whereas the
DMADV approach is used to introduced a new products which are not used by the organisation.
It has five phases which are used to make the new product more effective and control in the
market. London North Eastern Railway, is going to improve their services in the market
therefore they are using DMAIC.
Define: In this step the companies try to analysis and make the demand of their
customers. The operating team of the London North Eastern Railways are try to evaluate and

analysis the demand and need of their customer. Before making the improvement in their
services.
Measures: In this step the marketing team will launch the products and services in the
market and then measures the outcome and feedback which are comes from the customers.
Analysis: In this step LNER try to focus on the effective plan and solve the various
problem or issues which are arising after implementing the new product service.
Improve: In this phase they improve their services which are demanded by the
customers. Like in LNER, they try to provide the food and beverages facilities in their normal
coaches too. Like in first class, Chair class, sleeping and AC (Dao and et.al., 2017).
Verify: In the last step they verify the services which are used by them in the markets.
This step is important to make the profit by providing goods and service in the markets.
Six sigma based on the track record of adding values and it will ensure the quality of the
company and their project. The outcome of the project comes as the incremental improvement to
a product and service of the company. And the disadvantages which are no matter the amount is
taken in the project it is expensive and time taking activity.
JIT (Just in Time): JIT is the methods which is suggest by the companies to reduce the
waste of large inventories. All the inventories are inferred with cash flow management and by
this method money is also saved through reducing warehousing needs. JIT mostly include
continuous improvement plan and eliminating the waste production within the organisation.
In the LNER, they used JIT inventory in order to reduce buffer inventory, or zero-based
inventory, search for reliable products, reduce purchasing cost and try to improve their material
handling programme. Furthermore, it provide real time opportunities where by improving and
modifying their services they would be able to meet the need and desires of individual
manufacturer which is acting as advantage as company would able to increase its productivity.
But there are some disadvantages which LNER is facing, as it would require more reliable
supplier who provide raw material whenever needed. Most of the time in LNER, they are not
able to complete their desired objective due to unavailability of raw material.
Continuous improvement plan

Continuous improvement plan
This is essential to make the continuous programme in the different department of the
organisations. The continuous improvement plan provide the quality of the products and
improving the efficiency of the products (Demirkesen and Ozorhon, 2017). To make the
continuous improvement plan the managers of the London North Eastern Railway provide the
best performing activities which are effective in their uses. This continuous improvement plan
for the chosen organisation provided here in details:
Source Principles Outcomes
Cost reduction
process
Six Sigma model In the chosen organisation, there managers are
needed to implement the plan by using six sigma at
their working environment for the smooth and
efficient working conditions (Huikku, Hyvönen and
Järvinen, 2017). The company have to invest less in
the operational management and help in finding the
appropriate results to make the profits. With the help
of six sigma, the company try to achieve the
objective in order to make the innovation in the
products to make the success. It help in future
operations as by cost reduction process company
would able to save its money and it would prepare
the company for future uncertainties as business
world is dynamic in nature.
Quality
management
Lean manufacturing Operational team of London North Eastern Railways
must be use the new and innovation techniques in
order to improve their qualities and products so that
they give the tough competition to their competitors.
With the help of lean operational activities they can
implement the plan to reduce the waste which are
producing in the manufacturing department. To
reduce the waste help the company and the

environment both. This way the chosen organisation
find a new and innovative way to increase their
outcomes and work effectively in the industry of
railway. It would prepare the organisation for future
as it help in enhancing the brand reputation of the
company and it will able to retain it's position in
marketplace.
Safety standards Fundamentals
regulation and plan of
action
The operational administrator of London North
Eastern Railway should be able to make the safety
precautions in the business and invention process.
To solve the safety contented in the structure it is
important to make the fundamental record is
maintained for the use of inventory which are
helpful in maintaining the safety of the data and
confidential information. It will prepare the
organisation for future and has positive impact on
business operations as it would able to hire large
number of skilled and talented employees. People
will prefer the organisation for their career growth
due to its safety standards.
Delivery
instruction and
policies
Organisation
management
There are various strategies which must be useful to
make the effective policies to manage the resources
in the organisation (Huikku, Hyvönen and Järvinen,
2017). With the help of making proper organisation
in the company will help them to reduce the
defective items and reduce the wastage of the
production process in the manufacturing process.
Technology up-
gradation
Principle of change The management must focus on introducing new
technology based tools and equipments in order to
make its process faster. In this business dynamics

customers are preferring those services and products
which are based on latest technology and provide
fast results thus, the use of latest technology would
prepare organisation for future. With the increasing
level of competition in marketplace, they must focus
on using new technology based tools and
equipments in order to maintain its position in
marketplace and attract large number of customers
as it is helpful in future growth and development of
company.
As various companies needed to brand the effective operational direction, as it is
important to form the evaluation to make the core reasons for their success and growth. After
finding the necessary loopholes of the company they have to enough them with the different
solutions. With the ceaseless improvement plan help the illustrious operating company for
delivering the goods and employment to satisfy the customers (Islam, and et.al., 2020). With the
help six sigma and lean manufacturing products they can improve the railway services in the
selected cities which are improving the qualities of their production. Furthermore these plan are
very helpful in making the plan and reducing the cost standard of the company. With the help of
cost reduction, they can minimize the effect of input cost and set the standard for estimating the
time. Furthermore, company can include more and beneficial safety which are related to the
safety and SCM techniques to operate other operations. They can reduce operational costs while
using improving efficiency and greater customer satisfaction. Further they can use radio
technology and advance weighting technologies which are helpful for the company.
Apply each level of the PLC to a given projection, producing needed supporting certification for
completing the project
To use the PLC for the project of cross-rail, the primary factors are used to make the
estimate cost of the survival of the new cost and fresh time of the company. It is the European's
biggest railway infrastructure project which are making for delivering the railway line in
Elizabeth line (Kremers and et.al., 2017). This project is started with the help of over 15000 men
and women. In the PLC, there are many production and time period which are used in the

launching phases but that phases are not able to survive in the market. So to master this issue,
product life cycle is used to manage the operations to get the success in the project. Cross-rail
follow the different project life-cycle for examining their products:
Initiation Stage: In this stage the handler are try to analyze the preference of user and
make their creation accordingly the need of the people. In cross-rail project they are started for
making the cross-rail hollow that have been misconception for making an ease for the group of
the busy street of the London by huge transmission and boring machines. They start their good to
make the ease in the life-style of the people of the London and try to cut the environmental
impact which occur on the toiling streets of the London.
Planning Stage: After making the installation stage, this is important to make different
plan which are related to different strategies and planning to absolute the project in the desirable
time. In this stage the coach of the cross-rail project try to develop the market planning by using
different project portfolio, work regime and initialisation of the written document (Netto, Silva
and Baltazar, 2020). For order this project the managers of cross-rail project, choose the
impressive labours and employed skilled labours who execute the work towards the goal within
the given time time period.
Execution stage: In the third stage of project life-cycle, the performance of the planning
is enforced in the best manner so that the goals and neutral are meet in the right time. In the
cross-rail project their in working order managers ensure that the projection is been utilise and
execute among their under appropriately. As now in the cross-rail task testing process is spouting
to check the new self-acting train power system which are run in central subdivision of the route.
Closure Stage: This is the last stage of the undertaking as in this stage supply the
necessary documents which are used in the pass completion of the project (Procop, Weathers and
Reddy, 2019). This project takes approximately 10 months for play. It is due to test the entire
cross-rail line earlier opening the primal section which are used for Elizabeth line.

GANTT CHART
Gantt chart is used and defined as a horizontal chart which define a deep schedule of the
projects. This is the conception which is given by Henry Gantt in 1915. This chart is given a
relationship between the schedule and task of the activities which are implement in the process
of accomplishing the project (Rasmussen, 2020). This is the graph which show the tasks on the
vertical axis and horizontal axis represent the time interval for the respective project. The
operational and project department of the cross-rail project prepare the Gantt chart to show the
performance of their task which are diversifying according to their time intervals. This Gantt
chart show the starting and end date of the project.

Project Portfolio:This is the focused management procedure which show the method
acting, content, executive summary, cost and diverse steps that help in distinguishing project
report and pull off the current project.
Executive summary: This is the report for accomplishing the rail project by cross-rail
network. This company is famous for design for their structure programme (Smolińska, 2017).
Their main aim is to share the knowledge and insights which are helpful in managing the lessons
and recommendation.
Objectives: The main object is to satisfy the customer and try to reduce the burden of the
busy street in London. Furthermore they try to provide to share the cognition and insights which
are needed to be known by their customers.
Solution: A perfect market research for knowing the market need and demand for their
customer is very important.
Cost: This is the cause which is utilised by the every single project in order to complete
the project without facing any hurdles. The cost can be come in the shape of hardware, software,
instruments and human capital. The final cost include £14.8bn.
Benefits: when a company try to launch a new products in the market it is important to
create the value for getting the success and benefit for the company.
Time: After production the plan it takes almost ten months to complete the cross-rail
project and achieve the success.
Project Plan: For completing this project cross-rail considered various aspect in order to
completing this project:
 Cost: With the work of 50km communication channel, 750Loudspeakers, 200above
CCTV, and human cost include £14.8bn.
 Scope: With the help of large railway line, more customers and more revenue can be earn
by the company (Smolińska, 2017).
 Risk: For reducing the risk structure it is important to make good implementation
programme and effective planning.
 Resource: the main resource of the cross-rail projection are device and human capital.
WBS
This method is used in dividing the activity into small parts and projects for managing the
work structure more effectively. This WBS will show the contact and distribution of the

projector and their work which are assigned to different projects. The WBS of cross rail project
is very big in network as it is the one of the largest project of UK.
Review and review article the effectivity of the PLC in usage to the chosen projection using
appropriate theories, concepts and models
The effectiveness of PLC in the project is based on the various idea and concepts. These
theories help the project enforcement to make the goals doable which are discussed below:
Initiation Phase: Cross-rail use the autocratic leadership which are actually helpful for
the large-scale organisations. This will be helpful in making the leaders as they don't need to
make the advice for the subordinated in the process of decision devising skills (Vijayaraghavan,
2018). Cross-rail is the large scale commodity so they need to make the dominating leadership
style to perform effectively.
Planning Phase: This is the phase where the leaders form the situational leadership style,
in the organisation to perform the functions and make the decisions on the basis of the different

situations either large-scale or small-scale production units. Initially planning is not so effective
but the changes happened during the process is very important and effective for running the
business and completing the projects.
Execution Phase: In this phase the leader, manager or a guider use the servant leadership
style so that they can use and implement the plan. Leaders have to make the strong focus on
development of the team. In the large projects such as cross-rail project, the individual
development is based through the organisational development. In the large projects the need of
finance and make the proper execution plan. As small project doesn't need any type of large
funds and cost effective strategies but large-scale projects do.
Closure Phase: In this phase the managers and leaders of the cross-rail project use the
team leadership style. As this is the large-scale undertaking so the number of human assets is
used and their grasp is also needed (Yadav and et.al., 2019). This scheme helps in development
of the team members after complementary the project.
Programme theory is the procedure which state engagement to understand the concept
and chain of consequence that will helpful for administration the real impact of the company.
This will include positive and negative impact of the company and their plan of action.
Programme theory is developed by LNER, in order to programming force, external judge by
various programming interior designer and assemblage which are useful for the operating
department of the company. In simple words programme theory is helpful for the company in
order to achieve the programme design, activities and execution will be lead to management and
helpful in achieve the organisational objective and complete the project (Pavlov, Romodin and
Petrochenkov, 2020).
KPIs (Key Performance Indicator)
It is define as the process which indicates the success in the activity and measures the
actual obtained results with the set standards so that the necessary changes can be done
according.
Cost- In order to keep an eye on monitoring the growth, LNER is taking steps with the motive to
improve its performance so that its benefit can be obtain in future. It is focusing on wastage
management and is able to obtain its desire results in the cost structure outline by the top
management.

Quality- The KPI of quality is that trains should be on platform according to it's time and is able
to meet its its quality standards as customers give more importance to quality. In order to keep an
eye on monitoring the growth the management along with its team able to accomplished it.
Time- LNER motive is to achieve its goals and objectives for future growth within the time span
of 1 year and has able to meet its time standard.
Scope- The scope of the company is to satisfy the customers by providing quality services and is
able to achieve it.
Programme theory and logic Model
It is an process in which various steps are taken by the management with the motive to
achieve the desire results and also it provides logical description of the tasks or activities
performed. In LNER, this theory help in doing the operations and activities in effective manner
so that the desire results can be accomplished. Programme theory and logic model is used in
activities performed in designing of run diagram.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above project and stated that the operational management
and its technique which are related to the different project and period in order to provide relevant
time period. There are different principles and resources which are related to the growth and
objective of desired company and projects. This report would include different lean methods,
manufacturing units, six sigma and various methodologies which are related to different policies.
All of the above discussed policies are related to analysis and major impact on sustainability and
effective policies. After discussing on the policies which are effective for the growth and success
of innovative strategies and their basic applicabilities which are related to different sectors and
life-cycle approaches are related to different innovative and helpful in success the project while
completing Gantt chart and major success and complete project in order to achieve desirable
outcome.

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