Unit 5 Accounting Principles - Purpose, Evaluation, Branches, Systems, Ethics, Regulations, Cash Budget

This report covers the purpose of accounting in an organization, critical evaluation of the accounting function, explanation of main branches of accounting, accounting systems and the role of technology, issues of ethics, regulations and compliance, and a cash budget. It also includes a detailed letter to a client, financial statements, ratio analyses, and recommendations.

Unit 5 Accounting Principles

Table of Contents
Part 1............................................................................................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................3
2.0 An examination of purpose of an accounting function within an organization.....................................................................................3
3.0 A critical evaluation of the accounting function....................................................................................................................................4
4.0 Explanation of main branches of accounting.........................................................................................................................................5
5.0 Accounting systems and the role of technology....................................................................................................................................7
6.0 Issues of ethics, regulations and compliance.........................................................................................................................................8
7.0 Cash Budget...........................................................................................................................................................................................8
8.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................1
Part 2............................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Detailed letter to client.............................................................................................................................................................................3
Financial Statements................................................................................................................................................................................4
Ratio Analyses.........................................................................................................................................................................................5
Recommendation.....................................................................................................................................................................................7
Benefits of contemporary accounting software packages.......................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................9

Part 1
1.0 Introduction
Management Accounting is that branch of accounting which is concerned with the identification and measurement of the
financial information. Further it is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of the financial information in order to communicate
it to the managers of the company (Alabdullah, 2022). Management accounting is done for assisting the decision making of the
managers of the company. The principles that are followed in management accounting are principles of designing and compiling,
management by exception, control at source accounting, accounting for inflation, etc. The report will highlight the purpose of
accounting in an organization. Report will critically evaluate the accounting function. Further the main branches of the accounting will
be explained. Accounting systems and issue of ethics will be covered in this report. Further in the part 2 a detailed letter to client will
be contained in this report. Financial statements will be prepared and ratios will be analysed.
2.0 An examination of purpose of an accounting function within an organization
The purpose of accounting within an organization is to gather the financial information and report it to the users for showing
the performance of the business entity. The financial position along with the cash flows of the business are represented by the
accounting (Maheshwari, Maheshwari and Maheshwari, 2021). The purpose of accounting in an organization is to use the information
it prepares, for making decisions regarding the management of the business and the amount of money that is to be invested or lent to
it.
The scope of accounting is very wide. Accounting is used for analyzing the past financial data for determining the reasons
behind the poor performance of the organization and deciding the ways by which the improvement measures can be taken (Moll and
Yigitbasioglu, 2019). Accounting involves applying of knowledge regarding the theories, rules, conventions and convections that are
accepted. Accounting is needed for achieving the goals of the organization.

3.0 A critical evaluation of the accounting function
Accounting function is the term that refers to the sets of financial statements helping in the process of financial information
bookkeeping for an organization. Financial statements are analyzed, summary is created and transactions are reported to the
management and other users by accounting function. These reports are the backbone of the company. Accounting functions are the
systematic approach for identification, assessment and recording of transactions of financial nature.
As per the views of Burritt and et.al. (2019) the main function of accounting is to keep financial records and monitoring of
financial transaction from the purposes to preparing financial reports. It is the function of accounting to make payments to employees
and bill payments when it becomes due. Maintaining digital records is another function of accounting. Barradale, Plenborg and Staehr
(2022) suggest that the main function of accounting is to prepare budgets by anticipations regarding the future events. Financial
projections are based on this estimates. Accounting function ensures that the organization comply with the legal and statutory
requirements for the business entity. The records are made available for the auditing through accounting function. All the resources of
the organizations are kept updated by such functions. The core function of accounting is to review the performances.
Ricci and et.al., (2019) explains accounting function by dividing into two subparts: historical and managerial functions. The
historical function is concerned with keeping the records of past transactions of the business entity. And as per the managerial function
of accounting the responsibility of the managers of finance in the organization is to make decisions. Thus accounting function are
essential for the taking up of decisions smoothly in order to ensure that the accuracy of the results the previous reports’ records are
analyzed.
Advantages Disadvantages
Accounting function is used for maintaining
business records.
Accounting information is expressed in terms
of money.
It is useful in making financial statements. Accounting information is on the basis of the
estimated figures.

Accounting information is used for
comparing of results.
There are changes of accounting information
being biased (Zhang, 2018).
It facilitates decision making process. Fixed assets are recorded at original cost.
Act as an evidence for legal matters. Accuracy is not guaranteed.
Helpful in taxation Accounts can be manipulated.
Basis for the valuation of business (Yong,
and et.al., 2020).
As the measurement unit is money, the value
changes over time
4.0 Explanation of main branches of accounting
 Financial Accounting: Financial accounting is that branch of accounting that is concerned with the recording, summarizing
and reporting of the financial position of the company based on its financial transactions (Almagtome, and et.al., 2020).
Financial accounting prepares financial statements that are namely as income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement.
Company’s financial position is communicated to its various stakeholders like suppliers, creditors, investors, and customers.
Cash and accrual accounting are two types of financial accounting.
 Cost Accounting: It is that branch of accounting which records and analyze the costs of the company that in incurs over the
production life of the product it includes both fixed and variable costs, for the purpose of recording. The cost accounting is of
four types, standard cost accounting, activity based cost accounting, lean accounting and marginal cost accounting.
 Auditing Accounting: The objective of this particular branch of accounting is to examine and evaluate the financial
statements that are prepared by financial accounting branch. This examination and evaluation can be done internally or
externally (by governing authority). The auditing can be of three different types: Internal Audit – for improving internal
process and control, External Audit – performed generally by accounting firm. Both the financial statements and internal

controls are reviewed through external auditing and IRS audit – review of financial statements for ensuring they are prepared
as per the tax laws.
 Managerial Accounting: The managerial accounting branch of accounting functions with the motive of maximizing the
profits and minimizing the losses. The financial information is identified, measured, analyzed for further interpretation in order
to report the results to the management. The purpose is to assist the managers in their decision making responsibility
(Maheshwari, Maheshwari and Maheshwari, 2022). There are various techniques that are followed within the organization for
the purpose of management accounting. These techniques are margin, constraint analysis, capital budgeting and trend analysis
and forecasting.
 Tax Accounting: This branch of accounting is concerned with focusing on taxes. The transactions that results in increasing tax
burden of the business entity are on focus area. The relation of such transactions with the accurate tax calculations and
preparing of tax documents are done. The internal revenue code governs the tax accounting. The companies and individuals
must follow the specified codes while preparing for the tax returns (Weigand, Blums and de Kruijff, 2020). The functions of
tax accounting branch are essential as there exist complexities in the tax laws and the laws changes often. To find out the tax
liability of the company concerned is the main aim of the tax accounting and further reporting it to the governments using
correct tax forms. Companies hire tax accountant for the purpose of tax accounting.
 Forensic Accounting: This branch of accounting is the combination of accounting, auditing and investigation of the skills for
examining the available finances with the organization. The accountants of forensic accounting branch deals in compilation of
the financial evidence for communicating their findings during the legal proceedings with the usage of reports and
presentations (Grunblatt and et.al., 2019). The accounting is used is the incidents of fraud and cases of embezzlements.
Forensic accounting gives in detail explanation of type and degree of financial crime.
 Fiduciary Accounting: The transactions recorded in fiduciary accounting are related with a trust or an estate. The dealing
basis is in cash. When cash is received it is recorded and also when payments are made it is recorded. This information is given

to the concerned authorities. The rules for fiduciary accounting varies in every country. An account is opened by a fiduciary on
the behalf of another person owning the money. Principal is the term used for the owner of money.
5.0 Accounting systems and the role of technology
The systems employed in business for organizing financial information for referred to as financial information. The accounting
systems are both manual or computerized. Accounting system are used for tracking expenses, income and other activities. Accounting
systems are helpful in generation of reports.
 Managerial Accounting System: The system provides managers with the essential information in order to assist planning and
operations control. Cost and lean accounting comes under the managerial accounting. The cost incurred are recorded in cost
accounting, lean accounting examines for determining the ways that can help in cost reduction and elimination of wastage of
resources by increase in value.
 Inventory Accounting System: This system is used for tracking and planning the levels of inventory and activities related.
 Industry Specific Accounting System: The system is altered specifically for the industry. Specific system for sales or legal
business are some examples (Novruzova, 2020).
 Not for Profit Accounting System: The system for ensuring right direction of the finances. The system for generation of
expense based reports.
Accounting information systems:
AIS is the shorthand used for the term accounting information system. It is a method based on computer for tracking activities
of accounting that has been mixed with the resources of IT (information technology). AIS is defined as a structure used by the
organizations in order for collection, storage, management, processing and retrieving of financial information for reporting. This data
is useful of the accountants, business analysts, auditors, consultants, tax agencies and finance chief officers. The main components of
accounting information systems are: computer hardware and software, telecommunications, databases and data warehouses, human
resources and procedures.

The accounting has been transformed greatly with the increasing role of technology. The sector has become improvised with
the newer and advanced software. The ability to ensure accuracy has increased with reduction in errors, helping businesses in
avoidance of penalties for tax and related issues. Organizing audits has become easier and efficient.
6.0 Issues of ethics, regulations and compliance
Ethical Issues in Accounting: Underreporting Income: It is an illegal practice done for avoiding taxes. The federal government loses tax revenue when
organization or individual underreport their income (Wieringa, 2020). The tax revenue is used for the purposes of national
concern like social security and medical acre. Companies if caught under reporting of income are subjected to penalties. Falsifying Document: Alteration, changing or modification of document with the view to deceive another person is classified
as falsifying document. Creative Accounting: The accounting practices following the laws and regulations but violating accounting standards are
termed as creative accounting.
Regulation and Compliance Issues in Accounting: The accounting has to compile with the regulations of both the regulatory
bodies and the accounting standards. Non- compliance to the regulations statutory by the law by accounting practices of the
organization results in the formation bad market image of the company that affects its future sales largely (Munoko, Brown-Liburd
and Vasarhelyi, 2020). Also firm has to face legal actions and the fines that are imposed by the court over the company. It is beneficial
for the company to compile to each and every regulation for its smooth and hurdle less, prosperous functioning.
7.0 Cash Budget
Memorandum
To: Hospitability and catering start-up business
From: Account Manager of UK SME
Subject: Proving support and guidance with budgeting.

Date: 26/ 05/ 2022
Budgets are an important part in the planning and controlling process of the business. A framework is provided through budget
based on which management can develop action plans, for estimating the revenue and expenses that will be generated and incurred by
the organization during the year. The future events are anticipated, helpful in reducing the uncertainty of the future. Effective budget
involves more accurate estimation of the future incidents, increasing the possibilities of a business to achieve its goals and objectives
by effective coordination in plans.
Effective controlling is another role of budgets. The actual results at the yearend are compared from the estimated figures for
knowing the variances or deviations from the budgeted figures. This helps in further preparation of future budgets.
Budgets are beneficial for the organization as they give control to the management over the flows of money. It makes easier to
understand the spending pattern of the organization. Following the budget prevents the organization from overspending (Wanjuki,
Githui, and Omurwa, 2021). The predetermination of future events provides time for reducing the uncertainties thus stress is
eliminated to great extent. Organizations can prepare for emergencies and work most efficiently for achieving the desired goals.
There are some difficulties that are faced in preparation of budget these include finding budgeting method that will best serve
the needs of the company. Preparation of budgets is time consuming event requiring efforts. Organization may find that the budgets
are rigid and resist from changing (Schmidthuber, Hilgers, and Hofmann, 2022).
CASH BUDGET
Particulars Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Receipts
Opening Balance 8000 22170 -19890 -51265 -97865 -120965 -102485 -141750 -177810 -187700 -228760 -247840
Sales 72000 48000 54000 48000 60000 72000 48000 54000 78000 54000 48000 72000
Issue of Shares/Deb XX XX 2000 XX XX 2000 XX XX XX 2500 XX 2500
Total 80000 70170 36110 -3265 -37865 -46965 -54485 -87750 -99810 -131200 -180760 -173340
Less Payments

Purchases 48000 80000 81000 90000 75000 48000 80000 81000 80000 90000 60000 48000
Selling & Admin Expense 2800 3400 1800 1000 2000 2400 2500 2400 2600 2600 2400 1500
Marketing Expense 5500 4620 3300 2750 4400 3080 2640 4620 3080 2750 2640 3300
Property/Rental Expense 1530 2040 1275 850 1700 2040 2125 2040 2210 2210 2040 1275
Closing Cash 22170 -19890 -51265 -97865 -120965 -102485 -141750 -177810 -187700 -228760 -247840 -227415
The cash budget of the company shows negative closing cash balance for all the months expect the month of January. It is
recommended to the client that the main focus should be over increasing the sales revenue. Sales revenue can be increased by
marketing the extensively. Further the most suited method for marketing the products and services of the company is through social
media platforms, as these have great impact over the minds of the targeted audience and also the technique requires comparatively less
money spending (Khanka and Gupta, 2022). Further it is recommended for the client to over discounts on the room tickets and also the
food it offers for attracting more and more customers. Selling and administration expenses needs to be revised for reducing the costs
that will incur. These will help largely in maintaining the situation for the company.
8.0 Conclusion
On the basis of the above report the concept of management accounting and the principles followed by the management
accounting. The report has examined the purpose of accounting in context of the organization. Main branches of accounting like
financial, cost and tax accounting have been covered in the report. The report has outlined the accounting systems and the part that
technology plays in the process. Further the report has explained the issue relating to ethics, regulations and compliance to the
accounting standards. Lastly the report has formulated a cash budget for the company.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alabdullah, T. T. Y., 2022. Management accounting insight via a new perspective on risk
management-companies' profitability relationship. International Journal of Intelligent
Enterprise. 9(2). pp.244-257.
Almagtome, A. H. and et.al., 2020. Circular economy initiatives through energy accounting and
sustainable energy performance under integrated reporting framework. International
Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences. 5(6). pp.1032-1045.
Barradale, N., Plenborg, T. and Staehr, S., 2022. Investor feedback: impact on analyst biases and
investor critical evaluation. Accounting & Finance. 62(1). pp.767-803.
Burritt, R. L. and et.al., 2019. Diffusion of environmental management accounting for cleaner
production: Evidence from some case studies. Journal of Cleaner Production. 224.
pp.479-491.
Grunblatt, S. K. and et.al., 2019. Giant planet occurrence within 0.2 AU of low-luminosity red
giant branch stars with K2. The Astronomical Journal. 158(6). p.227.
Khanka, S. S. and Gupta, C. B., 2022. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Sultan
Chand & Sons.
Maheshwari, S. N., Maheshwari, S. K. and Maheshwari, C. S. K., 2022. Financial and
Management accounting. Sultan Chand & Sons.
Maheshwari, S. N., Maheshwari, S. K. and Maheshwari, M. S. K., 2021. Principles of
Management Accounting. Sultan Chand & Sons.
Moll, J. and Yigitbasioglu, O., 2019. The role of internet-related technologies in shaping the
work of accountants: New directions for accounting research. The British Accounting
Review. 51(6). p.100833.
Munoko, I., Brown-Liburd, H. L. and Vasarhelyi, M., 2020. The ethical implications of using
artificial intelligence in auditing. Journal of Business Ethics. 167(2). pp.209-234.
Novruzova, A. H. E., 2020. New technologies in energy sector and automated energy accounting
systems and their main factors of influence on ecology. International Journal on
Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering (IJTPE). (42). pp.53-57.
Ricci, M. and et.al., 2019. Numerical Aspects Affecting Heat Transfer in ICE Applications and
Definition of a Temperature Wall Function Accounting for the Boundary Layer
Compressibility. SAE International Journal of Engines. 12(5). pp.525-542.
Schmidthuber, L., Hilgers, D. and Hofmann, S., 2022. International Public Sector Accounting
Standards (IPSASs): A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Financial
Accountability & Management. 38(1). pp.119-142.
Wanjuki, E. N., Githui, T. and Omurwa, J., 2021. Relationship between Cash Management and
Financial Performance of Private Hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of Finance
and Accounting. 5(2). pp.128-146.
Weigand, H., Blums, I. and de Kruijff, J., 2020. Shared ledger accounting—implementing the
economic exchange pattern. Information Systems. 90. p.101437.
Wieringa, M., 2020, January. What to account for when accounting for algorithms: a systematic
literature review on algorithmic accountability. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on
fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 1-18).
Yong, J. Y. and et.al., 2020. Pathways towards sustainability in manufacturing organizations:
Empirical evidence on the role of green human resource management. Business Strategy
and the Environment. 29(1). pp.212-228.
1

Zhang, Y., 2018. Model innovation and teaching effect evaluation of accounting teaching in
higher vocational colleges in the era of big data. Educational Sciences: Theory &
Practice. 18(6).
2

Part 2
Detailed letter to client
Account Manger
Date: 26/ 05/ 2022
Alpha Ltd
Subject: Reporting financial statements
Dear Client,
Income statement of the company shows the sales revenue of £400,000. The company
incurs number of expenses for earning this revenue. The income statement and the balance sheet
has been prepared using the trial balance of Alpha Ltd for the year ended 2021. The opening
stock as per the as per the trial balance is £32000. The additional information included closing
stock of £28000. Cost of goods sold is the opening inventory add purchases less closing
inventory. The COGS of the firm is 162000. This amount is deducted from the total revenue to
reach gross profit. Operating expenses are written down next. Alpha Ltd’s operating expenses
include wages and salaries, rent and rates, energy, bad debts and provision for doubtful debts. An
energy bill of £3000 was unpaid at the ending of the year as the expense relates to this year it is
added in the energy expense. Also the provision for doubtful debt is created 10 % on the amount
of trade receivables as per the trial balance. Deduction of the operating expenses helps in
reaching the net income of the company.
Balance sheet of Alpha Ltd is prepared as per the adjustments given and the trial balance
for the year end 31st December, 2021. Assets of the company are divided as current assets and
non-current assets. Trade receivables, inventory and cash at bank are the current assets of the
company. Trade receivables have additional information of bad debts occurred of £8000 and
creation of 10 % of provision for doubtful debts. Trade receivables as per the trial balance,
£50000, 10 % of which is £5000 plus bad debts amount of £8000 is deducted from the trade
receivable for getting the amount adjusted for the trade receivables. The non-current assets of the
firm are premises and equipment valued at £160000 and £150000 respectively. The next part of
the balance sheet is liabilities. Current liabilities of the company are outstanding energy bill that
remained unpaid at the end of the year, trade payables. There are no long term liabilities of the
company. Owners’ capital as per the trial balance stood at £180000. Drawings during the year
amounted to £12000. The net income as per the income statement is £172000. Drawings are
3

deducted and net income is added to the owners’ capital for getting the adjusted amount. The
total assets of the company match the total liabilities of the firm. Total liabilities of the company
include outsider liabilities and the amount invested by the owners.
Financial Statements
Income Statement
Of Alpha Ltd as at 31st December, 2021
Revenue Amount
(in £)
Sales Revenue 400000
Total Revenue 400000
Cost of Goods Sold
Opening Inventory 32000
Purchases 158000
Closing inventory (28000)
Total cost of goods sold 162000
Gross Profit 238000
Operating Expenses
Wages and Salaries 34000
Rent and Rates 10000
Energy 6000
Outstanding energy bill 3000
Bad Debts 8000
Provision for doubtful debts 5000
Net Income 172000
Balance Sheet
Of Alpha Ltd As At 31st December, 2021
Assets
Current Assets
Cash at bank 14000
Trade Receivables 50000
Bad Debts 8000
Provision For Doubtful Debts 5000 37000
Inventory 28000 79000
Non-Current Assets
Premises 160000
Equipment 150000 310000
Total Assets 389000
Liabilities
Current Liabilities
Outstanding Energy Bill 3000
4

Trade Payables 46000
Total Liabilities 49000
Owners' Capital 180000
Drawings -12000 168000
Net Income 172000
Total Owners' Capital 340000
Total Liabilities 389000
Ratio Analyses
Particulars Formula 2021
Liquidity Ratio
Current Ratio
Current
Assets/Current
Liabilities 2.33
Current Assets 350000
Stock 200000
Sundry Debtors 100000
Bills Receivable 10000
Cash at Bank 40000
Current Liabilities 150000
Sundry Creditors 100000
Bills Payable 50000
Quick Ratio
Liquid Assets/Current
Liabilities 1.00
Liquid Assets
Current Assets -
inventories - prepaid
expenses 150000
Inventories 200000
Prepaid Expenses 0
Current Liabilities 150000
Capital Structure Ratios
Debt Equity Ratio
Total Long Term
Debts / Shareholders
Fund 1.56
Total Long Term Debts 420000
Shareholders Fund 270000
5

Share Capital 200000
Profit & Loss 30000
General Reserves 40000
Proprietary Ratio
Shareholders Fund/
Total Assets 0.32
Shareholders Fund 270000
Total Assets 840000
The current and quick ratios are calculated for knowing the profitability of the company.
The ideal current ratio is considered as 2:1 (Kiruba, and Vasantha, 2020). Which means that firm
must have two of its current assets against each of its liabilities. The ABC ltd’s current ratio is
2.33:1. It means that the firm is efficient to pay for its short term obligations when it arises. The
firm can reduce its current ratio to make it the ideal current ratio.
Quick ratio is another liquidity ratio. The represents the ability of a firm to pay for its
short term obligation from its highly liquid assets (Gabric, 2018). The liquid assets include all
those current assets that are either in the form cash or can be converted into cash instantly when
required. Inventories and prepaid expenses are deducted from the current assets to reach the
quick assets. The ratio of 1:1 is considered to be ideal ratio. The firm holds the ideal ratio. ABC
ltd should try to maintain its Quick Ratio.
Further the debt to equity and proprietary ratios are classified under the capital structure
ratio. Capital structure ratios are calculated to analyse the capital structure of ABC ltd. All the
items relating to long term debt are included in the debt component of capital structure (Nyathi
and et.al., 2018). Shareholders fund is the sum of share capital, profit and loss account and
general reserves. The debt to equity ratio of the ABC ltd is 1.56:1. It means that the debt
component is higher than the equity component in the capital structure of Alpha Ltd. The firm is
more dependent on the debt source of finance rather than the equity source of raising funds.
The proprietary ratio is calculated by the formula shareholders’ funds divided by the total
assets. The computed result of ABC Ltd for the proprietary ratio is 0.32:1. Proprietary ratio tells
the contribution of shareholders’ fund in the total assets of the company. The results of ABC ltd
indicates that in each of the total asset of the company the 0.32 part is contributed from the funds
invested by the owners of the company.
6

Recommendation
It is recommended for ABC ltd to increase its current liabilities for reducing its current
ratio. The current liabilities of the company can be increased by converting the long term
liabilities into short term liabilities by reducing the time period.
For reducing the dependence of the company over the debt component of the capital
structure of the company, it should repay its debt. It will reduce the dependence of the company
over the debt. It will be beneficial for the company as the risk factor will be reduced.
Benefits of contemporary accounting software packages
Contemporary accounting packages are the software that are used for the accounting
purposes. Examples of some contemporary accounting packages are FreshBooks, NetSuite ERP,
QuickBooks Online and Rossum. Using this software are beneficial for the company as they save
the time (Mosteanu and Faccia, 2020). Accounting functions being performed manually as per
the traditional approach consumes too much time. Using technology based software inbuilt with
features to support accounting helps in generation of financial report instantly. The chances for
errors are also minimal. All the financial data gets synchronized easily. Using these
contemporary accounting packages promotes accuracy. The statement produced are in specified
layouts and formats giving them the professional look (Syed and et.al., 2020). The payroll
system gets simplified. Otherwise doing payroll manually involves consumption of too much
time and efforts. Also the calculations involved are complex that increases the chances of errors
being done. The tax filing is stream lined with the help of contemporary accounting software
packages. The errors in the inventory also reduces to a great extent
CONCLUSION
Based on the above part 2 of the report the preparation of the income statement and
balance sheet has been done. The report has highlighted what items are taken into income
statement and what items are recorded while preparation of the balance sheet from the trial
balance of the company. The report has written a detailed letter for the client of the company
describing the income statement and balance sheet for the year ended. For ABC Ltd ratios have
been calculated for analysing the solvency and capital structure of the company. Liquidity ratios
such as current and quick ratio along with the debt to equity and proprietary ratios have been
computed in this report. The report has recommended for the company of the basis of the
7

interpretation of the ratios computed. Lastly the report discusses the benefits of contemporary
accounting software packages.
8

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Gabric, D., 2018. Determination of accounting manipulations in the financial statements using
accrual based investment ratios. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and
Business. 16(1). pp.71-81.
Kiruba, A. S. and Vasantha, D. S., 2020. The Impact of Accounting ratios on Stock Returns: The
Case of India’s Chemical Industry. Adalya Journal. 9(1). pp.362-371.
Mosteanu, N. R. and Faccia, A., 2020. Digital systems and new challenges of financial
management–FinTech, XBRL, blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Quality-Access to
Success Journal. 21(174). pp.159-166.
Nyathi, K. A. and et.al., 2018. The role of accounting information in the success of small &
medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe: A case of Harare. Journal of Business and
Management (DRJ-JBM). 1(1). pp.01-15.
Syed, R. and et.al., 2020. Robotic process automation: contemporary themes and
challenges. Computers in Industry. 115. p.103162.
9