Management Accounting Systems and Methods

This document provides an introduction to management accounting and its importance in organizations. It discusses the meaning of management accounting, the need for different types of management accounting systems, and various methods used in management accounting reporting. The document also includes a case study on Excite Entertainment Ltd., a company in the leisure and entertainment industry in the UK.

Management
Accounting

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Meaning of management accounting with essential need of types of management
accounting systems. ...............................................................................................................1
P2 Various methods utilised in management accounting reporting......................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P3 Figuring costs with the usage of appropriate methods of cost analysis and preparing an
income statement by using marginal and absorption costs....................................................5
TASK3...........................................................................................................................................10
P4 The benefits and disadvantages of various kinds of planning tools in budgetary control. 10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................13
P5 Adaption of management accounting systems by different organisations in solving
financial problems................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is the process of using the financial information of the company
to prepare management accounts and reports to make budget related decisions (Ali and Zhang,
2015). It prepares monthly and weekly reports for the management of the businesses. It is one of
the important element useful for running the organisation. It helps in assisting management to
achieve better control and efficient planning in the organization. It is applicable in every kind of
organization like not-for-profit administration, government organisation or sole proprietorship.
Management accounting is considered as a significant decision-making procedure utilised by the
internal management. This report is based on the company Excite Entertainment Ltd.
It is engaged in leisure and entertainment industry in the UK. This study alludes the
meaning of accounting system, explanation of need management accounting system in
enterprises, management accounting report methods. It also describes the usage of techniques of
cost analysis for preparation of income statement, merits and demerits of various types of
planning processes for controlling the budget. In the final part of the report the comparison
between different organisation's way of utilising this accounting system to solve financial
problems is discussed.
TASK 1
P1 Meaning of management accounting with essential need of types of management accounting
systems.
Management accounting- It make the necessary use of the data of the firm and make
valuation of the inflows and outflows (Arnaboldi, Lapsley and Steccolini, 2015). This
information can be used by the management to take important decisions about the product
manufactured, whether to make any changes in it or not. the applied strategies are improving the
sales; the estimated profit is earned or not. Management can conduct the planning for the future
and evaluate the overall performance of the concern. Management accounting helps in
identifying the risks associated in various fields. Hence, through this the company can take better
investment decisions.
Management accounting system- It involves the internal systems which the enterprise
utilises to figure out the processes for the organisational management. There are various types of
accounting system which different organisation uses in its operations. Excite Entertainment Ltd.
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make use of this system in valuing assets, revenues and expenses. It helps in selecting finite
alternatives for the formulation of better decisions.
Types of Management accounting system:-
Cost accounting system- Manufacturers use this system to keep record of the production
exercise by using a everlasting inventory system. It helps in tracking the flow of stock during the
different stages of manufacturing (Ashraf and Uddin, 2015). This cost accounting system can be
applicable in all types of businesses like manufacturing, trading products and delivering services.
It needs five basic things for valuation. They are input measurement base, an inventory method
of valuation, cost assemblage methodology and recording of inventory cost cycle at particular
period.
Cost accounting system depends on variety of costs which are flowing in and through
with the inventory accounts. It selects any from among the pure historical costing, standard
costing and orderly historical costing. It is not possible for any business to perform without the
usage of cost accounting and it will cause in making of incorrect decision and thereby result in
suffering losses. Its objective is to minimize the business operation cost by controlling and
distinguishing them whenever required. Hence, the profits will be increased. Excite
Entertainment Ltd. exercises cost accounting system in verifying the products manufactured by
it are profitable or it requires some modification. It manages the costs and keeps balance between
the cash inflow and outflow.
Job accounting system- This system assigns the costs to specific job in which the
company is engaged. It is used majorly by the industries like construction where the costs are
allocated according to the various projects held by the business. Job accounting system is the
process of collecting subject matter about the various costs related with a particular production of
commodity and service job (Bedford, 2015). This data may be essential for submitting the
information of cost to the client for the fulfilment of contract where costs can be returned back. It
can be also useful for finding out the quality of enterprise’s estimating system to quote different
prices for earning a reasonable profit. The costs of inventory manufactured can also be
determined by this system. Excite Entertainment Ltd. management team operates this system to
investigate whether production cost surpasses the overheads, the ultimate price of products and
the quantity. The company also use this system in evaluating profits attained on particular
employee jobs.
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Inventory management system- The requirement of this system can be felt at various
locations of the unit to carry out smooth performance of the daily stock production. An inventory
management system involves the processes which provides assistance in tracking products across
the supply chain of business. It makes the entire supply chain cycle effective from order
placement work with seller to delivery of order to the customer and processing the entire process
of product of the company (Brewer, Garrison and Noreen, 2015). This system is further divided
into periodic Inventory System, Radio Frequency Identification Inventory Systems and perpetual
system. Excite Entertainment Ltd. applies this type of system in improving the productivity and
efficiency in conducting entertainment events. It uses inventory management tools like radio
frequency identification and various software of inventory to manage stock.
Advantages of Management accounting systems: -
Basis Benefits
Cost accounting system With the use of this system, Excite Entertainment Ltd.
performs the task of evaluation of costs, calculations
of costs of various factors of manufacturing,
controlling costs, examining wastages and fixation of
goal-price.
Job costing system This system will benefit the Excite Entertainment Ltd.
in the estimation of different types of costs entangled
in the manufacturing processes. The quality of the
performed work can be also evaluated using this
system.
Inventory management system Excite Entertainment Ltd. can modify the inaccuracy
found in the orders of inventory through this system.
It is advantageous for the company in preventing
stock outs.
P2 Various methods utilised in management accounting reporting
Inventory management report- This reports keeps the track of the inventory by the
scheduled time and the location. It determines the overall turnover during the period, demand
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and quantity delivered and the profitability produced by the stock. It helps in finding the
strengths and weaknesses involved in inventory management (Christ, Burritt and Varsei, 2016).
It is very vital in the businesses of manufacturing. This report keeps the information of the units
produced with quality and units wasted during holding of the inventory. Excite Entertainment
Ltd. put to use these reports in producing efficient manufacturing processes. Its keeps the record
of inventory scrap, per unit costs of overhead and timely labour costs in this report.
Budget Report- This kind of report is called as internal report. It is utilised by the
manager to make comparison between the estimated budget and the actual cost of the
performance during the specific period (Christopher, 2016). It is used to determine the factors
which are responsible for not working according to the budget. As the report is made on
estimation basis it is not accurate and hence, the large difference can be seen in the actual costs
incurred in performances.
The management of Excite Entertainment Ltd. utilises this report in managing future
costs and rendering incentives to skilled employees.
Performance report- This report assists in addressing the result of any particular project
or work. It makes comparison between the estimated performance and the actual performance
given on a work. It helps in planning, making decisions, regulating and controlling the
performances. Excite Entertainment Ltd. uses performance reports to interpret the accuracy of
the formulated strategy for attaining the company's objective. The company provides bonuses on
outstanding performances of the workforce through this reports.
Job Cost Report – It records the information about increase in total cost by a specific
product as compared with the estimated profit earned on that project. It assists in measuring the
profitableness of particular kinds of jobs and which jobs should be given importance to improve
profits (Cooper, 2017). The manager in Excite Entertainment Ltd. make analysis of progress of
projects with estimated time and costs through this report. If any weaknesses are found during
examination then they are corrected at that time only by the managers. It also helps the company
in finding out the gain in investment in particular jobs.
Accounts receivable ageing report- This report make the list of the non-paying
customer invoices and the credit memos which are not used. It is gainful in the businesses which
are involved in the activity of providing credit to its customers. Almost reports consists of
separated columns including invoices for late days as in 30, 60, 90 days. The accountant in
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Excite Entertainment Ltd. utilises this report in searching flaws in the present collection process
and managing the flow of cash. Credit policies are made in the company with the assistance of
this report.
TASK 2
P3 Figuring costs with the usage of appropriate methods of cost analysis and preparing an
income statement by using marginal and absorption costs
Cost: It is overall costs of the resources exhausted in the operation of manufacturing a
product or on a particular product (Falkner and Hiebl, 2015). Fixed cost and variable costs are
the two basic basic kinds of costs incurred in organisations. Some of the examples of cost
incurred in Excite Entertainment Ltd. are payment of rent, purchase of materials, advertisement
costs, etc.
Cost volume profit analysis: It helps in understanding the activity of the profits in the
company as a result of change in volume of production and costs. For conducting cost volume
profit analysis it is essential to differentiate the costs of the organisation into fixed and variable
costs. Excite Entertainment Ltd. put to use this analysis in planning profit, controlling costs,
performance evaluation and making decisions.
Flexible budgeting: It assists the establishment in predicting the performance and level
of incomes at a different activity and sales levels (Gibassier, 2017). Flexible budget evaluates the
performance of the management in the firm. Excite Entertainment Ltd. can exert this budget in
controlling irregular payouts and use funds at needed time.
Cost variance: It is the cost of completed work after comparing with planned cost. It is
determined by the difference of earned value (EV) with actual cost (AC) incurred. Over
budgeting can be evaluated with the negative cost variance. It ensures that the task is delivered as
per budget. The manufacturing company Excite Entertainment Ltd. uses cost variance in
improving the budgeting activity.
Absorption & marginal costing:
Absorption costing: In this method while calculating profits any difference is not done
between variable and fixed cost. This type of costing presumes that fixed costs are related to
products hence, all the production costs either variable or fixed costs should become portion of
product cost. The overheads regarded by this costing statement are production, selling &
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administration and distribution overheads. It finds out the outlay of every unit. Excite
Entertainment Ltd. can use this statement in tracking accurate profits in various activities of the
production.
Marginal costing: This statement considers difference in both the costs fixed and
variable costs during calculations. There is no place of gross profit in the marginal costing
income statement. It makes consideration of fixed costs and variable costs overhead only. It uses
profit volume ratio to determine profits and calculates the cost of succeeding unit. To find out the
quantity of optimum production Excite Entertainment Ltd. can use this costing statement.
Cost allocation:
Fixed cost: This is the cost that is obtained for a particular period and remains unaffected
with the fluctuations in the different level of activity, turnover or production with definite
production and limits of turnover (Harrison and Lock, 2017). For instance in Excite
Entertainment Ltd. fixed costs are salaries of employees, rent, insurance charges, rates, etc.
Variable cost: This cost is the portion of the overall cost which changes with change in
production. Variable cost per unit of production changes with the increment in output and
decreases with the decrement in the overall output. Examples of variable costs in Excite
Entertainment Ltd. manufacturing can be seen as direct labour costs, direct expenses and direct
material.
Normal costing: This is the cost allocation methodology that apportions the costs to
commodity on the basis of material cost, labour cost and other overheads needed to produce that
product. Excite Entertainment Ltd. make use of this costing in deciding the cost of the
commodity. It makes the real costs for the components of the commodity.
Standard costing: It refers to estimated expenditure that generally occurs in the
production process of a product or carrying out of a particular service. The management in
Excite Entertainment Ltd. uses this costing to improve efficiencies and plan for the future
processes of the production.
Activity based costing: It is the methodology that is utilised for attributing costs to units
of products and services as per the profit received from that activity (Hirsch, Seubert and Sohn,
2015). The drivers of costs determines the behaviour of cost pattern in the production. In Excite
Entertainment Ltd. it is exercised to make correction in the inaccurate cost subject matter and to
distribute the overheads on the basis of activity.
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Inventory cost: These are costs which are concerned with the storage and maintenance
of the inventory for a certain time period. They consists of Ordering costs, carrying costs and
stock-out costs. Excite Entertainment Ltd. should focus on maintaining the low cost of inventory
because it helps in managing the businesses efficiently.
Valuation methods:
LIFO: It is the method which valuates the inventory and costs of good sold in the
establishment. The company which uses this method sells the newly produced items first and
keep the old products in the stock. It is easy to understand and operate.
FIFO: In FIFO method the organisation sells the inventory which are produced first or
the inventories which are purchased first are considered for the sale. It is considered as more
pragmatic and practical approach (Jack, 2015).
Excite Entertainment Ltd. can implement any of the two LIFO and FIFO method as per
various situations prevailing in the market and economy of the country.
Overhead: These are costs of the businesses that are affiliated to daily operations of the
organisations. They provide assistance to Excite Entertainment Ltd. in revenue creating work of
the business concern (Ji, 2017). Typical examples of the overhead alludes office supplies,
business equipment like telephone and computers, salaries of workforce, rent and utilities.
Overheads are divided into three forms. They are fixed, variable and semi-variable costs.
Income statements of Excite entertainment company for month of may (Marginal costing
method)
Particular Amount(in £ )
Sales
Less- Variable cost
Contribution
Less- Selling and manufacturing expenditures
Net profit
120000
51000
69000
-
69000
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Working note*
▪ Calculation of sales- 8000*15= 120000
▪ Calculation of variable cost- (Opening stock+ production overhead- closing stock
: 500*6+ 10000*6- 2000*6= 51000)
Income statements of Excite entertainment company for month of may(Absorption costing
method)
Particular Amount(in £)
Sales
Less- Cost of good sold
Gross profit
Less- Selling and manufacturing expenditures
Net profit
120000
85000
35000
-
35000
Working note*
▪ Calculation of sales- 8000*15= 120000
▪ Calculation of cost of good sold- (Opening stock+ production overhead- closing
stock: 500*10+10000*10-2000*10=85000)
TASK3
P4 The benefits and disadvantages of various kinds of planning tools in budgetary control.
Budget
It is a statement that represents the estimation of financial data of the company which
includes the approximation of revenues and expenses for the particular period (Langfield-Smith
and et. al., 2017). It is implemented for the future period. It is framed by the befitting authority
present in the company. It assists in tracking the current performance of the firm with the
estimated performance in the budget. It forecasts the future financial position of the
establishment.
Budgetary control tool
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It is a technique in which the differences in the actual outcomes and estimated results
from the budget are recovered. It helps in taking necessary actions at the required time. This tool
assists the manager in the company in making proper plans and co-ordinating the activities. It
controls costs by preparing budgets, assigning responsibilities and organising departments to
attain maximum gains in businesses.
Forms of Planning tools utilised for budget control:-
Sales budget- This budget provides a complete sales strategy for a particular time period.
Sales budget sets the sales estimation with product, quantity, quality, beliefs and time
(Schneider, 2015). It is important budget from among other budges as provides base for the
preparation of rest budgets in the organisation. In Excite Entertainment Ltd. sales manager
constructs sales budget by taking help of sales supervisor, market researchers, sales officer and
other employees related to sales. Trends in the price of the product, customer's trends, purchasing
power of consumer, content of advertising, previous year sales, current competition in the
market, economic conditions in the location of marketplace are regarded for formulating the
sales budget.
Merits-
 It provide assistance to the organisation in aligning the employees with the activities of
sales.
 Several costs like equipment cost, travel costs, marketing costs for functioning of the
sales objective can be determined by the Sales budget. It frames clear-cut goals for the sales function in the establishment.
Demerits-
 It consumes much of the time of management in preparing budget after considering
modifications, additions, etc.
 It cannot forecast the trends in the future events that arises due to unpredictable calamity
and market situations. Sales budget is not always accurate and it may provide unfavourable results.
Cash Budget- It furnishes the firm estimated statement of receipts and expenses for the
period fixed in budget and discloses the current situation of cash valued from it. This budget
displays the requirements of cash at various period of the budget and thereby helps the manager
in arranging to satisfy the demands of business concern (Schuster, 2015). Hence, it gives
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assurance that a firm will never face shortage of finances. It also encourage the management to
control and coordinate the activities involved with payments as well as receipts. Excite
Entertainment Ltd. uses this budget to keep a control on the usage of funds in less productive
activities and maintaining the required liquidity or cash balance. Maintenance of excess cash in
the firm is essential so as to manage the situations of selling on credit and meeting short term
liabilities. Cash budget helped the company in boosting the sales and increasing profitability.
Merits-
 Cash budget helps in acquiring financial assistance from lenders and financial institution
by providing projected cash flow report to them. It aids the management in devising efficient and effectual ways for handling the resources
of the company.
Demerits-
 Cash budget do not provide significance to the non-financial factors which may be
responsible for the non-performance of plan.
 It may be manipulated by the top authority according to their interests.
Production Budget-This budget is also referred as output budget. This budget is largely
based on the sales budget and reveals the estimated units quantities which are to be produced
throughout the time of budget (Solovida and Latan, 2017). This budget assists in keeping
optimum balance among production and sales stock position in the manufacturing unit. The task
of preparing this budget is given to production manager in the company. The production team in
Excite Entertainment Ltd. exercises this budget to identify the appropriate factors responsible
for lowering the sales of the businesses. The company make the necessary strategy to meet the
requirements of the stock to serve the customers and therefore plan the chronological sequence
of various operations to produce estimated production. It helped the company in controlling the
supply of raw materials, stock of finished goods and unfinished work.
Merits-
 It enables optimum utilisation of labour hours in the production and maximum use of the
plant and machinery. It keeps a check on the expenses of the production as there is consistent production in the
unit.
Demerits-
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 In this budget the changes needed during production are not possible to apply quickly due
to its rigidity.
 The default in the plant and machinery may hamper the use of production budget.
Master Budget- This budget alludes summary of the various functional budgets of the
company and collects the factors responsible for influencing the operations within the
establishments. It consists of elements regarding production, sales, fixed assets, liquidity
position, factory overhead, financial ratios, administration overhead, net income and selling and
distribution overhead (Vasarhelyi, Kogan and Tuttle, 2015). Excite Entertainment Ltd. make
usage of this budget in controlling the management. It helped in making classification of the
expected sales through sales budget. It is used for making uninterrupted financial plan for the
firm. This budget was utilised in verifying the performances of various functions. It is developed
the director of Budget or controller of the organisation.
Merits-
 This budget aids in planning in advance the costs of the operational activity of the
businesses.
 It helps in determining the overall expenditure of the company during the specified
period recorded in the budget.
Demerits-
 This budget is not flexible and therefore any of the updation required for managing the
tasks of the company cannot be executed.
 It is challenging to understand and make proper use of this budget.
TASK 4
P5 Adaption of management accounting systems by different organisations in solving financial
problems.
 Calculation of contribution per unit-
Selling price per unit
Less- Variable cost per unit
40
10
Contribution 30
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Interpretation- On the basis of above calculation, it has been analysed that company's
selling price per unit is of £40 which is deducted by variable cost per unit to calculate the
contribution per unit of 30.
 Calculation of breakeven point- Fixed cost/ contribution per unit
120000/30= 4000 (in units)
Interpretation- From above solved numerical it has been analyzed that breakeven point is
calculated by dividing fixed cost (120000) by contribution per unit (30). Hence the breakeven
point is of 4000 (in units).
 Calculation of cost volume profit analysis- Fixed cost+ desirable profit/ contribution
(120000+60000)/ 30= 6000 units.
Interpretation- On the basis of this solved financial problem, cost volume profit analysis
is calculated by dividing addition of fixed cost and desirable profit from the contribution. The
CVP is of 6000 units.
 Profit at the sales of 4000 units-
Sales (4000*40)
Less- Variable cost (4000*10)
Contribution
Less- Fixed cost
Profit/ loss
160000
40000
120000
120000
0
Interpretation- On the basis of above statement, it can be analysed that if company
sells the 4000 units then they will not be able to gain any profit. As well as there will be zero
loss.
 Profit at the sales of 6000 units-
Sales (6000*40)
Less- Variable cost (6000*10)
Contribution
Less- Fixed cost
Profit
240000
60000
180000
120000
60000
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Interpretation- From above solved numerical, it has been analysed that company has to
sell 6000 units to gain the desirable profit of £60000.
Advice- On the basis of this numerical it is identified that the company should sell 6000
units which will help them to achieve their desired level of profits as they are not able to get the
desired profit with 4000 units.
Enterprises can make use of performance indicators to evaluate the performances from
time to time. They can aid the companies in measuring the success rates of particular operations
which are carried out by them and can determine the effectiveness of the firm in attaining the
goals and objectives. There are various Performance indicators which can be opted by the
organisations. Few among them are Cash flow forecast, inventory turnover, Benchmarking,
Employee satisfaction rating, etc.
Cash Flow Forecast- It discovers whether the company is meeting its business
expectations or not. The need of the funds for running the activities can be measured through
cash flow forecast.
Inventory turnover- It finds out whether the adequate amount of inventory is available
or not in the organisation after comparing with the sales in the organisation.
The application of MA system by various enterprises is given as follows:
Basis Excite Entertainment Ltd. Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO
Financial problems The company faced the problem of
shortage of funds due to increase in
the payments and decrease in the
receipts.
The collection of the funds as per
the budget was not attained during
the current financial year.
The advertising and sales
expenditures enhanced to a great
Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO
faces issue related with
spending excessive income
than actual which causes
financial scarcity.
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extent.
Management accounting
system
To curb this situation, Excite
Entertainment Ltd. are
implementing stiff inventory
management system in the
management so as to boost the job
costing. This will lead in
maintaining balance among
receipts and payment of funds.
An organisation uses pricing
policy which keeps their
customers more loyal and
generate profits as well on
regular basis.
Need of management accounting in achieving sustainable success in an organisation: -
 It provides assistance in implementing a reporting strategy which integrates the issues
related with sustainability so as to assure that necessary non- financial and financial
content is revealed.
 To consider the impacts of sustainability in preparing budgets, pricing decisions, strategic
planning and investment assessment.
 It is needed in applying appropriate management accounting techniques and tools to
integrate decisions taken in the business with the success.
 Understanding the consequences of the business challenges on the growth of the
organisation.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from this study that management accounting system is required in
developing and strengthening the internal decisions taken by the establishments. Various
accounting systems are taken into consideration like cost accounting, job costing and inventory.
There are various budgetary control techniques which can be used in the firms to control
processes and make necessary planning for the profits amplification. Marginal and absorption
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costing are used in the preparation of income statement. The income statement of absorption
costing is also termed as the traditional income statement. Both the costing differs from each
other. Comparison between organisations shows the applicability of management accounting
system to solve the financial crisis.
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