TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 LO1..................................................................................................................................................3 P1. Explaining the concept of management accounting and essential requirements of its various system........................................................................................................................3 P2. Explaining various methods of management accounting that are used for reporting......5 M1. Evaluating the advantages and the application of the management accounting system within the organization...........................................................................................................6 D1. Evaluating the integration between the system and the reporting of the management accounting...............................................................................................................................7 LO 2.................................................................................................................................................7 P. 3 Calculating the cost using various appropriate techniques............................................7 .......................................................................................................................................................10 LO 3...............................................................................................................................................10 P. 4 Assessment of advantages and disadvantages of different planning tools....................10 M. 3 Analysing use of different planning tools...................................................................13 LO 4...............................................................................................................................................13 P. 4 Comparing organizations which are adapting to various management accounting system. ..............................................................................................................................................13 M. 4Analysing how resolving to financial problems in management accounting helps in further growth and success...................................................................................................16 D. 2 Critical evaluation of the planning tools for accounting.............................................16 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18
INTRODUCTION Management accounting is an effective process of preparing accounts and reports in an accurate and efficient manner. Management accounting helps in planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling and monitoring the activities of the organization which helps in effective decision making. Management accounting effectively helps in forecasting, margin analysis, constraint analysis, forecasting, valuation, variance analysis, profitability, break even analysis, new product analysis, etc. It helps in managing and analysing the cost of the business by effectively preparing internal financial reports. This helps managers in decision making for long term growth of the business. This study will highlight, different types of management accounting systems. This study will also calculate the cost using various appropriate techniques which helps in preparing income statement by using absorption and marginal cost. Furthermore, this study will include various planning tools which are used for budgetary control. This study will also compare organizations which are adapting to various management accounting system, which eventually helps in resolving various financial problems. LO1. P1. Explaining the concept of management accounting and essential requirements of its various system Management accounting refers to the representation of the accounting information in respect of formulating the policies that are been adopted by management and enables Arcadia group in managing their routine activities (Thomas, 2016). MA helps the company in performing the managerial functions that involve planning, directing, organising, controlling and staffing. Unlike financial accounting, management accounting facilitates useful information to the internal staff within Arcadia group and not for the outsiders. MA aims for providing both qualitative and the quantitative information which helps the managers of Arcadia group in making suitable decisions and seeks for the opportunities that generates larger profits. Management accounting is very useful for internal stakeholders of the company and does not have top comply with any rules and regulations. It is not compulsory to carry out management accounting reports. On the contrary, financial accounting is performed based on certain set of rules and regulations. Financial statements are compulsory to prepare every
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financial year ending. Theses financial reports are distributed to both internal and external stakeholders which helps in strategic decision making. There are various systems of management accounting which plays a significant role in efficient functioning of Arcadia group business that are as follows- Cost accounting system- It is the system that presents the information for analysing and classifying the expenditure that is involved in producing the product. It provides systematic record of the cost ascertained in purchasing the raw material and the labour used in respect of the production process. The major objective of this system is to evaluate the cost, ensuring proper controlling and the planning of the cost and assessing the cost for making managerial decisions. This system is adopted by Arcadia group in order to estimate product cost for making profitability analysis, cost control and the valuation of the inventory. Inventory management system- It refers to the system that tracks the goods through entire management of the supply chain and the portion in which the business operates (Ismail, Isa,and Mia, 2018). It covers all the things that begins from the production to the retail, warehousing to the shipping and other aspects like movement of the stock and in between the parts. This system helps in proper management of the supply chain and assist the managers in developing focus to other critical parts of the business. Inventory management system plays an essential role in managing the stock items of Arcadia group and consistently tracing its delivery to its ultimate customers. It also helps in analysing the requirement of the inventory and creating automated ordering. It enables the organization in understanding its assets and in making optimum use of the asset so that business operation could be improved and larger profitability can be gained. Job costing system- It is the method of recoding cost that is been incurred in the job of manufacturing the product of Arcadia group. Through this system, manager of the company could be able to track the cost for each job and in maintaining the data that is relevant for the business operations (Nguyen, 2018). It is very important for the company as appropriate evaluation of the costing results in better estimation of the project, management decisions and the financial reporting. It helps the business owners in determining the true cost that is attached to every job or the service within its organization. Price optimization system- It is the mathematical tool that is been applied by Arcadia group in order to assess the response of tits customers towards different price level of its
products and the services. This system is essential because it helps in determining demand and fixing the best price so that sales of the company could be increased with larger customer base. Fixing the most suitable prices enables the organization in meeting its various objectives like profit maximization and reaching the sales target (Latan and et.al., 2018). This process helps in setting up the adequate retail value of the product that is affordable and reasonable for the customers. P2. Explaining various methods of management accounting that are used for reporting Budget report- This report refers the estimations of various aspects of the business such as sales budget, purchase budget etc. Budget report helps in analysing the performance of the business and assist the mangers of Arcadia group in keeping proper control over the cost or spending so that profit margin increases. The anticipations made in this report are based on the actual expenses from previous years. Budget reports are useful for Arcadia group in providing the incentives to its employees. Accounts receivable report- This report relates with keeping the track on the receivables that are to be collected from the debtors of Arcadia group. Preparing this report is critical for the enterprise in order to maintain its cash flow that is timely collection of dues helps in meeting the cash expenses in the future. It prevents the collection department from overlooking of the old debts and in managing the present dues (Quinn and et.al., 2018). Manager of Arcadia group uses this report in finding out the problems if present in the collection process of the company. Account receivable report provides for tightening the credit policies so that average collection period does not result in longer period. This in turn helps in maintaining the cash liquidity of the firm. Performance report- It is created by Arcadia group for reviewing its overall performance and also the performance of its employees at the end of the period. Departmental performance reports are also been formulated which helps in making the analysis of each department which in turn helps in performance management appraisal of the employees. Managers uses this report for making strategic decisions relating to the future prospects of its business. On the basis of this report individuals are been rewarded against their commitment and the under performers are been given proper training. Performance report helps in identifying the flaws if any present in the operation of Arcadia group and it plays a crucial role in keeping the accurate measure of the strategy developed by an entity in achieving their mission.
Cost report- It refers to that management accounting report which records the cost associated with the specific project so that proper planning can be achieved with low cost and maximum profits. This report helps in identifying the areas that are incurring higher cost so that corrective measures can be taken by the managers of Arcadia group (Cooper, Ezzamel and Robson, 2019). It ensures controlling on the expenses with optimum utilization of the company's resourceswhichinturnleadstoefficientworkingandeffectiveachievementofthe organizational goals. Othermanagerialreport-Thisincludesinformationreports,competitorsanalysis, project reports etc. that are very vital for organization for achieving the growing success in the long run. For attaining the most from the decisions, it helps the managers in reaching towards the credible and the authentic conduct of the business activities. M1. Evaluating the advantages and the application of the management accounting system within the organization Cost Accounting System-This management system is applied in all organisations with the purpose of determining cost incurred during manufacturing process of products & services. Thus, this system play a significant role in profitability analysis of Arcadia group Ltd (Otley, 2016). Advantage Provide effective utilisation of resources in order to set high profit margin on products & services offered by Arcadia group Ltd. This helps Arcadia group Ltd. In identifying different types of financials issues and provide solution for resolving those problems. Disadvantages There is a lack of uniform procedure which may lead to different results and outcomes. Inventory Management System-Internal managers of Arcadia group Ltd implement this system in organisation to determine availability of inventory and to calculate value of available inventory so that company can easily carry out its manufacturing process. This system is also beneficial in managing output level and sales volume. Advantage
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This system provides monetary benefits to a company as with these Managers of Arcadia group Ltd take decision of adapting a inventory management method. This enhances customers loyalty and Inventory turnover of Arcadia group Ltd (Ofosu, 2018). Disadvantages It is an expensive and complex approach. It is very difficult to traxck the level of inventory needed at the particular time. Job costing System-This is applicable in a company which is offering unique and different types of products such as Interior Designing Company and Event Management Companies. This system is useful as it provides detailed information of cost associated in each job. Advantage This system facilitate waste management in Arcadia group Ltd which in turn enhances profitability of company. Disadvantages The overhead of the company cannot be controlled while using this method and it may lead to rise in the conflict of the organization. It is an expensive and complex system. Price optimization system:This system is essential because it helps in determining demand and fixing the best price so that sales of the company could be increased with larger customer base. Advantage This system helps in setting a price which a consumer is willing to pay. It helps in increasing the demand of the products which eventually leads to higher profitability and performance for the company. Disadvantages Dynamic price affect the demand of the company which leads to lowerprofitability and performance for the company.
D1. Evaluating the integration between the system and the reporting of the management accounting Both management accounting systems and reporting are an integral part of a business organisation. With management accounting reports Arcadia group Ltd is able to evaluate performance of company, variance in actual & estimated cost with cost accounting report and organise production process by analysing different reports. Whereas management accounting system helps company in managing inefficiency evaluated from reports. Moreover, both reports are inter-dependent on each other (Renz, 2016). LO 2 P. 3 Calculating the cost using various appropriate techniques In management accounting, cost and profitability aspects can be assessed by using mainly two methods namely marginal & absorption. Marginal costing: A decision making technique which is used for determining total cost of production known as marginal method. According to this method, variable cost is associated with product, whereas fixed cost recognized as periodical one. Absorption costing:This costing method lays emphasis on assigning all manufacturing costs to the units produced during the specific time period. In this, cost of finished products includealltheexpensesrelatedtomaterial,labouraswellasbothfixedandvariable manufacturing overhead. Absorption costing: MayJune ParticularsunitsFigureNet figureunitsFigureNet figure Sales30050150005005025000 Less: cost of goods sold Opening stock000200265200 Add: purchases5002613000380269880 Less: closing stock20026520080262080 COGS780013000
Gross profit720012000 Less: Fixed selling40004000 Fixed Administration20002000 Commission7501250 Total indirect expenses67507250 NP4504750 Interpretation:Absorption costing is an effective method which takes into consideration all the direct and indirect expenses. The net profit of the company for the month of May is 450 and for the month of June it is 4750. Marginal costing MayJune Particularsunits Per uni t cos t Figur eNet figureunits Per uni t cos t Figur e Net figur e Sales300501500050050 2500 0 Opening stock200163200 Add: purchases500168000380166080 Less: closing stock20016320080161280 Less: variable commission7501250 40506750 GP10950 1825 0 Fixed production overheads40004000 Fixed selling40004000 Fixed Administration2000100002000 1000 0 net profit9508250
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Interpretation:Marginal costing is an effective management accounting method which helps in evaluating the cost of producing of one additional unit in the level of production. The net profit of the company for the month of May is 950 and for the month of June it is 8250. Hence, Absorption costing is an effective method as it takes into account all the cost at the time of manufacturing particular product. Absorption costing gives accurate results which helps in higher operational efficiency. Calculation of material price variance. ParticularsResults Materialprice variance Budgeted price – actual prices ) * Actual hours (10-9.5)*2200 = 1100favourable Materialusage variance Budgeted hours– actual hours) *budgeted price (2000-2200)*10 = -2000Unfavourable Calculation of closing stock with LIFO method. LIFO Method DatestockissuedCl stock unitpricevalueunitpricevalueunitpricevalue 01/05/19403120403120 12/05/19203.672203.672 15/05/19203.672 1634824372 20/05/19203.757524372 203.7575
23/05/19103.7537.524372 103.7537.5 27/05/19103.7537.59327 15345 30/05/1953154312 (Last in first out) LIFO method: the stock which comes last in the inventory is sold first. This method is used because it result in less taxable income. LO 3 P. 4 Assessment of advantages and disadvantages of different planning tools. Budgetary control is an effective process which helps managers in in setting performance and financial goals with the budget (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Budgetary control helps in comparingtheactualresultwithinthesetbudgetbyeffectivelyutilizingtheresources. Budgetary control helps in controlling the deviations which leads top higher operational efficiency, performance and productivity. Activity based budget Activity based budget is a budgetary control tool which helps in recording, analysing and evaluating the activities which leads to cost for the company. Activity based budget goes through three stages which mainly comprises of identification of the activities and cost drivers, second is forecasting the units of cost drivers and calculation of the cost driver rate. In this activity cost is associated with each activities which helps in enhancing the cost structure which leads to long term, growth and development of the business (Berry, Broadbent and Otley, 2019). It helps managers to prepare budgets by critically evaluating the past production activities. Advantages of Activity based budget This offers management more control to effectively carry out the budgeting process, by aligning the budget plan with the goals and objectives of the company (The Disadvantages & Advantages of Activity-Based Costing,2019). Implication of activity based budget planning tool helps in generating revenue which in turn leads to higher profit. Activity based budgeting helps in drawing attention to various overheads of the company, to evaluate the accurate cost of the activity.
Disadvantages of Activity based budget The major limitation associated with activity based budgeting is that it might leads to duplication of the activity. Collection of the data and accumulating cost to each activity is a tedious and and time consuming task. Evaluation of the right cost of the activity is quite difficult. The major disadvantage of activity based budgeting is that it mainly focuses on short term and immediate activities. It does not focus on long term activities. Zero based budget Zero based budgeting is an effective process which focuses on preparing the budget from, the scratch for each period. The process of this planing tool initiates from “Zero base” which helps in effectively analysing the need and cost of the each function of the Arcadia group. Zero based budgeting helps in effectively reducing the unnecessary cost, which helps in increasing the profit. Advantages of Zero based budget Zero based budgeting helps in efficient allocation of the resources for each department which leads to higher operational efficiency and productivity. This method helps in reducing cost by giving true picture of the cost in relation to the desired performance. It helps in eliminating unproductive activities, which helps mangers to focus on important functions to reach desired gaols and objectives. Zero based budgeting enhances better communication and coordination within each department of the Arcadia group. Disadvantages of Zero based budget The major disadvantage ofzero based budgeting is that it is time consuming process, as everything is to be evaluated from the scratch for every new period (Kyei, Kwaning and Francis, 2015). High manpower turnover and lack of expertise is also a major limitation for the company. Another major limitation associated with Zero based budgeting is that, this planning tool is biased for short term planning and does not give accurate results. Cash budget Cash budget is an effective planning tool which helps in estimating the cash inflows and outflows for a particular financial year of the business (Mohamed, Kerosi and Tirimba, 2016). This helps management of the Arcadia group to identify whether the company has sufficient
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amount of cash to carry out the business. Production and sales forecast are used to create a cash budget. It also helps in forecasting future needs and maintaining ample cash balance in case of emergency. Advantages of Cash budget Cash budget helps in providing the clear image of the cash flows of the company for a particular period of time. It helps in evaluating the cash liquidity of the company to carry out day to day transactions of the organization (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Cash Budgeting, 2019). Cash budget helps in optimum utilisation of the funds, by quickly identifying potential deficits. Cash budget helps in effectively communicating the financial position of the Arcadia group. It helps in planning, controlling the cash expenditures and evaluating the performance. Disadvantages of Cash budget The major limitation of the cash budget is that it limits the spending power of the company, which in turns limits the overall productivity and profit of the organization (Kassahun, 2019.). Another disadvantage of the Cash budget is that it does not take into consideration credit transaction, which in turn does not reflect accurate financial position of the company. Flexible budget Flexible budget is a budgetary control planning tool which can be adjusted with the change in the volume of the activity. Flexible budget will estimate the expenses and revenue in the current level of production. This planning tool helps in evaluating the change in the actual revenue levels. Advantages of Flexible budget The major advantage of the flexible budget is that, it includes variable cost while preparing budget. Flexible budget helps in better cost control, performance measurement and flexibility (Kyei, Kwaning and Francis, 2015). The flexible budget is a basis for easy comparison and in case of any deviation necessary action can be taken. Disadvantages of Flexible budget
Flexible budget is complex and difficult to formulate. It is a time consuming process becauseflexiblebudgetrequirescontinuousmonitoring.Revenuesofthecompanygets overshadowed by comparing budgeted to actual. M. 3 Analysing use of different planning tools. Activity based budgeting is useful as it helps in providing greater transparency in the budget process. Activity based budgeting helps in assigning the cost to each unit of the activity. Zero based budgeting is useful in identifying the cost for each period from the scratch which helps in more disciplined execution of the plan. It helps in lowering the cost of the operations. The budgets are prepared without considering any past budgets and everything is prepared from the zero base (Berry, Broadbent and Otley, 2019). Cash budget is useful in effectively evaluating the cash flows of the company. It is useful in evaluating and forecasting the cash position of the company, by predicting the financial liquidity, income and expenditure of a particular period. Flexible budget is useful as it helps in adapting to changes which leads to long term sustainable growth and development (Toyosaki and et.al., 2018). LO 4 P. 4 Comparing organizations which are adapting to various management accounting system. There are various financial problems which affect the functioning of the Arcadia group. The management of the organization focuses on taking necessary decision in order to solve the necessary problem (Mohamed, Kerosi and Tirimba, 2016). This leads Arcadia group to long term sustainable growth and development of the business. Financial Problem Method 1Method 2Conclusion Thesaleofthe Arcadiagroupis decliningandthe companyisina positiontodecide whetherto manufacture Benchmarkingisa processofmeasuring the performance ODF the company by setting benchmarkandhelps infindingvarious opportunitiesfor Financialgovernance is an effective way as ithelpsorganization ineffectively managing, controlling andmonitoringthe activities of financial Benchmarking isaneffective methodwhich helpsin determining the costofthe productbetter,
certain products or topurchasethem fromdifferent contractors outside the company.This leads to lower sales and it largely affect theoperational efficiencyand productivity of the organization. improvement.This helpscompanyin determining the cost of productionbytaking effectivedecision accordingly(Maskell, Baggaley and Grasso, 2016). information. Financial governancehelpsin controllingthe activities,disclosure andmanaging performanceofthe Arcadia group. because it helps insetting prescribed benchmarkto attaindesired goalsand objectives.It alsohelpsin determining the cost,timeand quality in order to attain higher operational efficiencyand productivityof the organization. The major problem facedbythe Freemans company is that, it does not have much control over the expense of the company. TheFreemans companycanuse varianceanalysis where the management ofthecompanywill help in determining the deviationinthe problem.This focuses on controlling the cost andmeasuringthe actual result with the budgeted plan. Keyperformance indicatorshelpsin measuringthe performanceofthe companyand effectivelyattaining thegoalsand objectivesofthe company. It helps in coordinatingthe functionsand eliminating unnecessaryactivities forsmooth TheFreemans companymust opt for variance analysis method asithelpsin justifying all the expensesfora particular period and also determinethe causeof deviation.This methodwill helpin
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functioning(Maas, Schalteggerand Crutzen, 2016). controllingthe cost effectively. M. 4 Analysing how resolving to financial problems in management accounting helps in further growth and success. Resolving financial problem by taking necessary decision helps in higher operational efficiency, performance and productivity of the business (Ray and Gramlich, 2015).The management of the organization mainly focuses on taking effective decision by critically examining the cause of the problem and take necessary effective decision beforehand. With the useofvariousmanagementaccountingsystemlikevarianceanalysis,marginalcosting, absorptioncosting,keyperformanceindicators,benchmarking,jobcosting,etc.helpsin increasing the productivity of the company. It helps in resolving the issue without hampering the performance. Effectively resolving the financial problem of the company helps in determining the goals and objectives in an effective and efficient manner (Chenhall and Moers, 2015). Benchmarking helps in gaining independent perspective and also helps in drilling down the areas for improvement. On the contrary, Benchmarking does not take into consideration the overall efficiency of the metric. It is a costly affair and leads to incorrect comparison. Key performance indicators is beneficial as it helps in monitoring the performance by effectively evaluating how company's helps in attainment of desired goals and objectives. On the contrary, Key performance indicators may lead to decrease in level of innovation and creativity among employees. There is no common standard and is short term oriented. Variance analysis helps in analysing the cause of deviation and is also beneficial in better budgeting activity. On the contrary, Variance analysis takes into consideration past data and is a complex method. Financial governance helps company in collecting, monitoring and presenting the data within the prescribed set of regulatory rules. D. 2 Critical evaluation of the planning tools for accounting. The planning tools used in the budgetary control like flexible budget, zero based budget, activity based budget, cash budget, fixed budget, master budget, operating budget, production budget, sales budget, etc. (Christian, 2018) helps in forecasting the future spending of the
company in an effective and efficient manner. Theses budgetary control planning tools helps in comparing the actual plan with the budgeted plan of the company (Uyar and Kuzey, 2016). This helps in determining the variance and take necessary action to reduce the deviation for long term sustainability growth. Implications of budgetary control tools helps in limiting the spending which leads to higher profit. It helps in controlling the cost for long term growth and success. CONCLUSION From the above conducted study it has been summarized that, management accounting is a effective process which helps management of the organization to take necessary decision in order to forecast the future growth of the business. This study will also evaluate different types of management accounting systems like cost accounting system, inventory management, job costing, price optimization.This study also helps in analysing various management accounting reporting like budget report, performance report, Accounts receivable report, Cost report and other managerial report. This study will further evaluate the appropriate techniques for preparing income statement by using absorption and marginal cost. It helps in effectively evaluating advantages and disadvantages of different planning tools like activity based budget, zero based budget, cash budget and flexible budget of the budgetary control. This study will also evaluate and analyse different planning tools to effectively prepare and forecast the budget. This study will further compare two organizations which helps in comparing the financial problems of the two different organizations and also use various management accounting system to resolve this problem for long term sustainable growth and development of the business. This study will further evaluate different planning tools to resolve the financial problem of the company for future operational efficiency.
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