Law & Legal System: Types of Law, Principles, Court Structure, and Effectiveness

LAW & LEGAL SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
REPORT..........................................................................................................................................1
Types of Law in English Legal System ......................................................................................1
Main principles related to Criminal Law.....................................................................................2
Structure of magistrate and crown courts ...................................................................................3
Route for appeal in Criminal Court Structure .............................................................................4
Roles and responsibilities of range of public service and the related organisations involved in
criminal justice process. ..............................................................................................................5
Different ways through which effectiveness of the criminal justice process could be measured.
......................................................................................................................................................6
Performance data could be used for measuring effectiveness of criminal process. ....................7
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Criminal Justice system of United Kingdom is collective body which is responsible to
administer justice in UK. It consists of different institutions like police, crown prosecution
services and prison system of UK. Like every government department in UK, Ministry of justice
is forced to grapple with with lesser resources in last decade and also saw the budget to fall from
9.1 billion in 2010 to 7.35 billion in 2016. Since 2016 budget of Ministry of Justice gradually
increased, although budget for the year 2020 has shrunk by 2 percent compared with 2018-19.
Reduction in the police officers from 2010 in well known result of cuts and also funding of other
legal aspects in Judicial system have been reduced. Report is based on Legal and Judicial System
in jurisdiction of the England and Wales.
REPORT
Types of Law in English Legal System
The English Legal is made from combination of different laws. There are different types
of laws:
Constitutional Law
It governs operations of the political communities and most notably state. It revolves
around concept of state protection fundamental rights of individual, though sometimes
legislations originates from the non national sources like EU. Protection of the individual rights
has been increasing concern for supranational institutions like EU.
Corporate Law
Lawyers work over directors, shareholders' rights, article of association, incorporation,
listing or desisting of the companies. The corporate law governs all the matters related with
companies, stakeholders and its operations. Corporate law provides regarding the rights and
liabilities of director and shareholders and penalties, punishments in case of breach (Partington,
2017).
Criminal Law
The law covers all forms of the criminal behaviour, without considering severity or
scale, lawyers could work over crimes on serious matters like, robbery or murder. The law
requires involvement in the international relations and also understanding the laws from different
jurisdictions, mainly when concerning the issues like extradition, terrorism and the money
laundering.
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Employment Law
It regulates relationship between employer and employee. It includes the judgement what
employers could ask and expect from the workforce and the rights individuals have in
workplace. The legislation focus over areas like discrimination, data protection, working hours,
dismissal and redundancy. The professional have to be very careful in understanding the
situations and application of this law.
Commercial laws
It advises government and companies on the business related issues about what this area
provides. The lawyers handle range of different stand-alone transactions and business deals and
is responsible to negotiate and create contract regarding business deals like supply of goods.
Contract Law
Contract refers to legal and binding agreement between parties regarding sale of goods or
services, exchange of ownership or interests (Altarabin, 2018). The contract law centres on
relations, validity and content of the agreements.
Main principles related to Criminal Law
Criminal law is somewhat different from the civil law where people from both sides may
not have tried for criminal offence or are not criminals. The four principles in criminal law
Presumption of the Innocence: Person are considered innocent until proven guilty. Even if they
are charged with offence in the question, it does not mean person is guilty and could not be
punished until evidence shows person is guilty. Judge, magistrate or jury has to listen all proofs
and decide abut whether person is innocent or guilty. If reasonable doubt is there that person is
guilty it needs to be acquitted of offence.
Burden of proof: It means whoever prosecuting a person should provide enough enough
evidence for proving the guilt. The guilt needs to be proved beyond the reasonable doubt, that
means person on the trial does not requires to prove the innocence (Thomas and McGourlay,
2017). It is in interest of the defendants to carefully explain reasons why person is not guilty or
to give other evidence which will help to prove innocence.
Right to remain silent: No individual is required to answer questions that are put by police. If
police has found person in act to commit the crime or to derive reasons to believe they have done
or about to conduct crime, person is required to provide necessary details like name and address
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