Business Models and Entrepreneurship

This assignment delves into the domain of strategic entrepreneurship, focusing on business models. It covers various aspects, including innovation and entrepreneurship, international entrepreneurship, geographic location, urban growth, effectual entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurial legacy, and social entrepreneurship. The articles provide insights into how entrepreneurs and small firms perform, with a meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators.

Running head: AN ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Unit 9
An Analysis of Entrepreneurship

Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different Types of Entrepreneurial Venture and relate to topology of entrepreneurship.....................3
P2 Differences and similarities between different Types of Entrepreneurs...............................................5
P3 Impact of micro and small business on economy with statistical data.................................................6
P4 Importunate of small business and start ups on growth of social Economy........................................8
P5 Key aspects of an entrepreneurial mindset...........................................................................................9
P6 Aspects of entrepreneurial personality in reflecting entrepreneurial mindset and motivation...........12
P7 Different environment that foster or hinder entrepreneurship............................................................13
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................15
Books and Journals:.....................................................................................................................................17

Introduction
Entrepreneurship is known as the type of business where an individual person starts an
autonomous business venture. Entrepreneur is the key person of the organization that operates
the organization individually (Dees 2017). He is responsible to take the decision for the
organization. The skills and traits of the entrepreneurs are different from other managers. They
need to be more courageous to manage the entire business autonomously. The following report
has conducted research on entrepreneurship. It has discussed about different types of
entrepreneurship venture. It has enlightened the impact of the small businesses of a country on its
economy. Moreover, it has analyzed the mindset of successful entrepreneurs. Therefore, it has
discussed about the difficult environment that hinder or foster entrepreneurship.
P1 Different Types of Entrepreneurial Venture and relate to topology of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs are known as the people that plan, design, establish, manage the operations
of a business organization, and take the risk autonomously (Drucker 2014). From the owner of
salon to the owner of leading social networking site Face Book Mark Zuckerberg, everyone is
considered as an entrepreneur. According to the style of starting the business, the entrepreneurial
venture of the entrepreneurs can be divided into five different groups (Burns 2016). It defines
various common typologies of entrepreneurs. They are discussed below:
Small Business: Maximum number of entrepreneurial ventures starts as small
businesses. According to the report, there are 5.7 million small entrepreneurial business ventures
exist in the world (Barringer 2015). Small businesses like grocery stores, salon, carpenters, small
restaurants and electric shops are known as small entrepreneurial venture. People that want to
achieve limited success in life and do not want to face huge risk of competition and loss, take
such initiatives. The goal of such business ventures is limited within a small area. These business
ventures do not aim at dominating the entire industry (Bruton et al. 2015). Leaders of such small
enterprises hire local experienced employees and want to make profit by serving local people.
These entrepreneurs take small interest loans from the local banks, elders of the families or
friends to start the business. Although, such small businesses participate in the taxation or
payroll, it does not create leaders who can dominate the entire industry.

Social Enterprises: Social enterprises are those entrepreneurial ventures where the
leaders work for the society and they aim at resolving the issues of the world (Glaeser, Kerr and
Kerr 2015). They mainly work in sustainable manner. Entrepreneurs that want to achieve respect
from society often take part in such initiatives. They make sure that none of their activities put
negative impact on the earth. The owners of such organizations can pay attention to various
issues while starting their venture, such as- health issues of the aboriginals, global warming,
issues faced by the underprivileged kids or the issues of developing countries and so on. In order
to start such entrepreneurial business ventures, the entrepreneurs need to invest quality amount of
money to manage the organizational operations. Such initiatives are known as small amount of
job creators (Read et al. 2016). However, it must be mentioned that these organizations put
significant impact on the earth and improve the quality of life of people.
Scalable Startup: Scalable startups are known as the revolutionary organizations that
aim at changing the entire world. The vision and mission of the leaders of such organizations are
to dominate the industry and the world by organizational operations. There is one type of
entrepreneurs that want to make a mark on the entire world start such businesses. They contact
with the large financial investors and attract them to invest in their business ventures (Naudé
2014). These ventures are known as huge job creators. They attract job seekers from the entire
world and hire them to work for the betterment of the organization. They only hire the highly
skilled and hard-working employees from various corners of the world. Such business
organizations not only influence the economy of their native country, but the economy of the
entire world. These are some huge profit-making companies and the leaders of these
organizations keep expanding their business organizations (Decker et al. 2014). Although, these
organizations also enter into various sustainable practices to maintain healthy relation with the
society and the world, the main objective of these ventures is to make profit. These business
organizations located in the places like Silicon Valley, Bangalore, Shanghai and so on. One of
exemplary example of such organization is Google, Apple, Face Book and so on.
Large Companies Entrepreneurship: In order to manage the competitive nature of the
industry, to beat the rival companies or to meet the expectation level of the consumers, often
large companies start new business ventures and design new products or start offering new
services. It helps them to meet the requirement of the new consumers. Hence, it helps the

organizations to maintain the competitive advantage of the organization and to maintain the
stability in the organizational performance (Terjesen, Hessels and Li 2016).
Different types of Typology signify the styles of business of the entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs that want to achieve power and immense success in the business and want to make
mark in the global context, they often choose to start large and scalable startups. On the other
hand, entrepreneurs that want to be recognized within the society and achieve respect from the
society, often rely on the social entrepreneurial ventures and dedicate themselves for social
improvement. The attributes and traits of the entrepreneurs differentiate every entrepreneur and it
shapes their entrepreneurial ventures significantly (Terjesen, Hessels and Li 2016). For example:
the entrepreneurs that believe in self-satisfaction and safe business, they prefer small business
ventures that does not lead them to face massive loss or risk. It distinguishes them from
entrepreneurs of large-scale business.
P2 Differences and similarities between different Types of Entrepreneurs
The difference and similarities between various entrepreneurial ventures are as follows:
Differences:
Scalable start up Small business enterprises
 This start up bring new and unique
ideas for business.
 This enterprise copies ideas from other
business for set up.
Large Scale Social Enterprise
The main aim of such business is to earn
maximum profits by providing high quality
products and services as per demand of market.
The main aim of such enterprise is to offer
products and services for providing welfare to
society and solving problems faced by society
and community.

Similarities:
Similarities between Scalable start-ups and social enterprises:- Both enterprises work
with aim to provide product or services which contribute for improving standard of living.
Similarities between large scale and social enterprises:- Both organizations offers
product or services in order to satisfy need of people where large enterprises provide products as
per demand of customer. Social enterprises offer goods for fulfillment of basic need or problem
of customers.
Similarities between small business and social enterprises:- Both organizations doesn't
work for earning profit where small scale business operates to fulfill basic need and on other
hand social enterprise operates business for betterment of society.
P3 Impact of micro and small business on economy with statistical data
There are some reports that claim small businesses require small investments. It is
evident that government or local investors do not invest heavily on the small businesses.
However, it generates revenue and takes active part in the taxation process of the country and
contributes to the economic growth of the country. According to Daily, Kieff and Wilmarth Jr
(2014), small businesses are the hero of modern capitalism. It is considered as the driving force
for the economic growth. It is often evident that small business owners are not interested to
remain small business owners. They prefer to dream big. Thus, it helps them to push their
boundaries and put a strong impact on the world economy. As opined by Cassar, Ittner and
Cavalluzzo (2015), although, the market size and profit margin of the small business
organizations are lower than large corporations, it does not mean that these small business
ventures are not capable enough to influence the economic condition of the country. The
growing activities of the small entrepreneurs have demolished the boundary between the small
and large firms.
It is crucial to start a small autonomous business venture. It is the passion of the leaders
to work independently that motivates them to take the initiative to design and start business

organization (Braunerhjelm, Ding and Thulin 2018). Although, small business organizations start
with small initiatives, managed by small amount of people and in many cases produces small
amount of revenue, it put significant impact on the economy. It is often evident that small
business organizations do not get the limelight or enough attention from the media due to the
operations of large corporations, as the amount of revenue generated by the large corporations
are comparatively higher than the small business organizations. However, this cannot be
neglected that the small businesses put significant impact on the economy (Williams and
Martinez 2014).
Statistical data defining affect of SME on UK:
 SME provides 67% of UK private sector job and contribute 50% in GDP.
 UK has around 5.7 million enterprise that support in country development and
enhancement.
 Micro enterprise covers 96% market share that contributes 18% in employment
generation.

Source: impact on small businesses, 2018
P4 Importunate of small business and start ups on growth of social Economy
Social economy is mainly constructed by the diversity of large, small and medium sized
enterprises within a society. It works towards the social goals. In this scenario, it must be
mentioned that small businesses contribute in three ways to the nation’s economy. They are
discussed below:
Financial Independence- Small business organizations of the country make large
number of people financially independent. It is often evident that small business organizations of
the country, especially from the cottage industries, hire women, physically unable male
employees (that are not able to work with heavy equipments), old people to manage the
organizational operations and to perform for the organization. It makes people from low income
group and comparatively low educated people to become financially independent (Stam,
Arzlanian and Elfring 2014). When the female or old members of the family also become
financially independent, it affects the economic condition of every family in positive manner.
Eventually, it stimulates the financial infrastructure of the country. It is known that when every
individual person of country become financially independent, the country automatically become
stable.
Innovation- Small business organizations mainly start based on talent, skills and
creativity of the owners. Thus, it can be understood that small businesses always welcome
innovative ideas and creativity. These innovative ideas also play major role in the growth of the
economy, as it helps the business leaders to draw the attention of foreign investors. Many foreign
government and foreign investors rely on such innovative ideas and invest heavily for the growth
of such businesses (Cassar, Ittner and Cavalluzzo 2015). Eventually, it helps the country to earn
huge amount of foreign currency, which stimulates the growth of the financial structure of the
country. Sometimes, small business starts with big ideas. Companies like, Disney, Face Book,
Google all had started their journey as small businesses. However, the passion, creative idea of
the leaders has fueled the growth of the organizations. Hence, the power of innovative ideas of
small business can be understood. These types of small business always look for the crazy
investors that will show immense trust on them and invest on the business. At the same time, by
offering services to the entire world business leaders earn foreign currencies from the various

corners of the world, which helps the native country of these business organizations to grow
significantly and to make a place in the world economy. An exemplary example of such country
is United States of America. Many entrepreneurs focus on Silicon Valley to start their innovative
business organizations. It is one of the major reasons for America to be the largest and strongest
economy of the world (Braunerhjelm, Ding and Thulin 2018).
Job Opportunities- Small businesses create employment opportunities for the educated
and skilled youth of the society (Williams and Martinez 2014). At the same time, such business
initiatives create job opportunities for the foreign employees as well. It is often evident that
people visit foreign countries for work purpose. Eventually, it helps the workers to earn foreign
money, which affects the economic growth of the country (Stam, Arzlanian and Elfring 2014).
At the same time, when small businesses create job opportunities for local people, they do not
need to invest in traveling to other places. It also affects the economy of the country in positive
manner.
From the previous discussion, the strong impact of small businesses on the economic
development of the countries can be understood. These areas must be considered by the
government while supporting the development of the small business initiatives.
Small business impact on social economy of United Kingdom are as follows:
Social and economic evolution- This provide helps in providing employment
opportunities after brexit. It also assist in improving education level by offering training to
students. There are many organization working under this to gain profits.
Development of society- Increase in capabilities of small business helps in improving per
person income of individual that provide social security to nation.
Effect on taxes and revenues- As m ore than 51% of total revenue taxation comes from
small business enterprises in United Kingdom because of employment opportunities which
enhance per person income of citizen of nation. There is direct relationship between taxation and
revenue which resulted into same proportion increment.

P5 Key aspects of an entrepreneurial mindset
As discussed earlier, the skills and traits of an entrepreneur is different from the normal
managers (Suddaby, Bruton and Si 2015). It is not an easy task to design an autonomous
organization and manage the entire organization individually and bare all the risks. However, the
mindset of the entrepreneurs needs to be different and courageous enough to support the dream
and passion of the entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial business venture starts with the mindset of the
entrepreneurs. It is his mindset that motivates to follow the dreams and to become self-employed
(Boh, De-Haan and Strom 2016). There are seven key aspects that needs to be preserved by the
entrepreneurs while starting own business venture.
Curiosity- Entrepreneurs need to be curious enough to experience the leadership, start
anything new and to see the world in a new frame. It is considered as the most common traits of
an entrepreneur. This skill helps the entrepreneurs to try new things within the organization
every now and then. It motivates the entrepreneurs to taste the life of other entrepreneurs who
have set an example in front of the society. It influences them to ask questions, experiment with
things and conduct research on the market to learn about the competitive nature and so on (Boh,
De-Haan and Strom 2016).
Commitment- Commitment is the key trait that ties an entrepreneur with his dreams.
Without immense commitment towards the goal, it is not possible for a person to take every risk
associated with the business venture, or to work hard while facing massive losses (Reuber et al.
2018). Entrepreneurs need to be dedicated enough to their passion, skills and talents that
motivates the entrepreneurs to take new challenges every now and then. It is often evident that
entrepreneurs need to face failures and disappointments at the initial stage. High commitment
level of the entrepreneurs keeps motivating them to work hard to achieve the final goal. It is very
important for an entrepreneur to look forward to tomorrow’s success after learning something
new from yesterday’s failure. Commitment towards the goal can only make entrepreneurs to
willing to overcome the gloom of failure and start everything fresh (Chell et al. 2016).
Optimism- As discussed earlier, entrepreneurs need to face massive failures before
achieving the final milestone of success. In this scenario, optimistic behavior of the
entrepreneurs plays vital role (Piperopoulos and Dimov 2015). Entrepreneurs need to seek for
learning opportunities from every mistake and every failure. They must not consider the failure

or mistake as the end of their journey. Otherwise, they will not be able to reach to the destination
of success. It has been evident that all the leading entrepreneurs of the world have taken lesson
from their mistakes. Moreover, it boosts up their moral values and influences them to work hard
from tomorrow. It is the optimistic behavior of the entrepreneurs that act as a driving force for
the entrepreneurs. Hence, it is considered as the key part of entrepreneur’s mindset (Jaskiewicz,
Combs and Rau 2015).
Flexibility- Entrepreneurs must be flexible enough for adjusting in every situation. In
order to reach to the goal, entrepreneurs need to work in various kinds of difficult situation
(Gupta, Chiles and McMullen 2016). They need to work from the early mornings to late nights to
turn their dreams into reality. At the same time, they need to fulfill the unexpected demands of
the clients and investors. It is often evident that the initiatives of the entrepreneurs need to face
various kinds of hurdles at the initial stage while getting approval from the local government. In
this scenario, entrepreneurs need to be flexible enough to resolve these issues and to adjust in
every situation. Hence, flexibility is one of the key aspects of entrepreneurial mindset (Gupta,
Chiles and McMullen 2016).
Risk Taking Capacity- Risk is considered as an integral part of entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs need to face various kinds of risks every now and then in the workplace (Demil et
al. 2015). Although, entrepreneurs do not have anyone to answer for their activities, they need to
tackle all the risks by their own. Thus, they must be mentally strong and courageous to take new
risks and challenges. As initially entrepreneurs need to manage every activities of the
organization autonomously, they need to face the challenges alone. Thus, entrepreneurs need to
preserve risk taking capacity (Stephan, Uhlaner and Stride 2015).
Leadership- Entrepreneurs need to preserve leadership capacity, as they need to lead the
entire organization. They need to visualize the future of the organization, take wise decisions for
the betterment of the organization. At the same time, they need to guide the organizational
members properly, so they can work hard to lead the organization towards its final goal. Thus, it
can be understood that as entrepreneurs do not have anyone to guide and they need to manage
everything individually, entrepreneurs need to preserve leadership qualities (Welter et al. 2017).

Networking- Although, the journey of an entrepreneur begins alone, it does not mean
entrepreneurs stay in an island or work alone (Chi, Tansuhaj and Sun 2016). They need to take
initiative to establish a strong connection with the local government, investors, consumers and
employees of the organization. Thus, they must be willing to interact with people, discuss
various issues with them and share an emotional bond with them. It will connect them with the
stakeholders of their organization. Entrepreneurs need to connect especially with their
organizational members, as they play major role in turning their dreams into reality. Thus,
entrepreneurs need to give special preference to the employees and connect with them
significantly. By maintaining transparency, loyalty and offering rewards to the organizational
stakeholders, entrepreneurs can build healthy relation with them. Thus, they must be able to
connect with different sets of people (Fernhaber, Gilbert and McDougall 2014).
Balance- Entrepreneurs need to be able to maintain a balance between the personal and
professional life. Although, the responsibilities of entire organization rely on the entrepreneurs,
they need to find some free time from the hectic schedule for relaxation. Continuous work
pressure makes the body and mind tired and restricts the creativity level and innovative ideas to
some extent. Thus, entrepreneurs must be able to take out some free time to invest in their
personal life. It will act as a driving force for the growth of organizational management capacity
of the entrepreneurs (Piperopoulos and Dimov 2015).
P6 Aspects of entrepreneurial personality in reflecting entrepreneurial mindset and
motivation
The previously mentioned aspects of entrepreneurs play vital role in motivating them to
take the initiative to start a fresh business independently (Piperopoulos and Dimov 2015). The
risk-taking capacity, commitment level, curiosity and optimistic behavior helps the entrepreneurs
to chase their dreams and achieve success in life. On the other hand, the risk-taking capacity,
leadership quality of the leaders helps to lead their organization towards its final goal and set an
example for other organizations. The balancing capability helps leaders to connect with the
people around them and maintain a healthy relation, which his highly beneficial for long term
growth in life (Fernhaber, Gilbert and McDougall 2014). By analyzing the motivational theory
of McDonald’s, it can be understood that networking capacity of entrepreneurs will help to
compete with the rival companies and to beat them. At the same time, it will help them to

achieve their goal. The motivation of entrepreneur is described with help of OCEAN big five
model:
Openness- Person should be aware about market place and latest things in order to
increase knowledge and capabilities. Openness helps in expressing thoughts in front of many
people and build confidence to take right decisions effectively.
Conscientiousness- The covering of various features like high control over work and
behavior such as goal oriented, focused and others. It helps in achieving objectives of business in
limited period of time and make conscientiousness about work.
Extra version- In this, individual share opinion with others in order to achieve goal and
objectives in given time period. It includes high emotional expressiveness, sociability,
excitability and others.
Agreeableness- It includes trust, affection, kindness and altruism and many others. Such
characteristics of human being has effective in nature which helps in attracting people with their
thought and opinion. This also assist in gaining high market share and profitability in long term.
Neuroticism- It can be defined as instability, moodiness, sadness, emotion, irritability,
mood swings and others. It helps in making neuroticism factors into entrepreneur that assist in
achieving goals in short period of time.
P7 Different environment that foster or hinder entrepreneurship
There are factors that can play both positive and negative role in the growth of the
entrepreneurship. These factors can hinder or foster entrepreneurship. These factors are
discussed below:
Economic Factors- Economic factors act as a driving force in this scenario. While
stating any business, it is important to understand the financial infrastructure of the country. High
tax rates, high export and import charges can hinder the growth of entrepreneurial business
venture, as initially it is not possible for maximum entrepreneurs to invest heavily in the business
(Drucker 2014). Small entrepreneurs that take entrepreneurial ventures like small businesses,
non-profitable organizations, freelancing are not able to invest heavily in the business. In this
scenario, high tax rates, tariff rates can restrict the operations of entrepreneurs. Weak and

unstable financial structure of the country is also harmful for the growth of the business
organizations, as in this scenario, local government does not provide support to the business
ventures. It affects the growth of the organization in negative manner (Burns 2016).
Market Environment- The intense competitive nature of the industry affects the
emergence and growth of the entrepreneurial ventures in negative manner. In the industries like
fast food industry, airline industry, telecommunication industry where giant players cover the
huge market share, emerging entrepreneurial ventures face massive difficulties in those
industries. On the other hand, in the industries where entrepreneurs do not need to invest heavily
to enter and can easily enter and operate within the industries, entrepreneurs can arrive and stay
easily (Barringer 2015).
Labor Supply- Labor supply is considered as one of the major factors that often hinders
or fosters the growth of entrepreneurial ventures. The countries that can supply enough
workforce to the entrepreneurs to work for the organization are considered as the suitable market
for growth of the entrepreneurial organizations. As the growth of the business organizations is
highly dependent on the workforce, it is important to higher skilled and experienced employees
in the organization. Being a start up business, it may not be possible for every entrepreneur to
invest heavily to hire foreigner employees from various parts of the world. Thus, the lack of
labor supply can hinder the growth of the entrepreneurial ventures (Bae et al. 2014). Hence,
entrepreneurs look for the countries that can support their initiative by providing immense labor
supply.
Family Background- Family background of the entrepreneurs play major role in their
activity, as the progressive mindset of the family motivates the business person to take many
risks and innovative and unique decisions. On the other hand, the financial support from the
family helps business leaders to start their own business. In this scenario, they do not need to rely
on other investors (Bae et al. 2014).
Social Factors- It is often evident that business leaders need to face various kinds of
social barriers while operating their business within a society. Thus, social factor can support or
hinder the growth of the organization. Societies with broad thinking, wide acceptance capacity
for accepting new things stimulates the growth of the business organizations (Boh, De-Haan and

Strom 2016). Educated societies mainly support the growth of the entrepreneurial ventures, as
they accept the business ventures and help the entrepreneurs to act peacefully. On the other hand,
societies where gender discrimination, cast policy exists are not suitable for the growth of the
business organizations, as it is often evident that such societies raise their voice against the
women entrepreneurs. It creates various issues for the entrepreneurs and restricts the growth of
the organizations significantly (Davidsson 2015).
National Culture- National culture also plays major role in the activity of the
entrepreneurs, as it is often evident that local government does not allow business leaders to start
many businesses. On the other hand, the technological and financial infrastructure of the country
also takes a major part in this scenario (Davidsson 2015).
Educational Structure- The educational structure of the countries plays vital role in the
growth of the entrepreneurial ventures. It helps the entrepreneurs to hire educated experienced
employees within the organization. Although, in cottage industries, entrepreneurs do not hire
highly educated employees, large business organizations and scalable business organizations
(Example- Google, Face Book, Nokia, Samsung, Apple) look for educated and skilled employees
that will serve the organization by providing high quality service (Stephan, Uhlaner and Stride
2015). Thus, educational infrastructure of the country plays major role in this scenario. Unstable
and weak educational structure of the country does not support the organizational growth
properly as it does not allow organizations to hire educated employees (Demil et al. 2015).
Technological Factor- The technological environment also stimulates the growth of the
entrepreneurial ventures. The stable technological aspect of the countries stimulates the growth
of the organization, as entrepreneurs can adopt modern technologies for production, marketing,
distribution purpose. It enhances the speed of organizational activities (Naudé 2014). Thus, it
helps the entrepreneurs to reach to their goal within a short span of time. However, the weak
technological infrastructure can hinder the growth of the business organizations, as it affects the
competitive advantage of the organization in negative manner (Glaeser, Kerr and Kerr 2015).

Conclusion
As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that the entrepreneurial ventures play
major role in stimulating the financial growth of the countries. These ventures make people
financially independent and improve the standard of living of local people. However, in order to
take the initiative to start an autonomous organization, it is important for the entrepreneurs to
preserve some key traits and features. Otherwise, the environmental factors that can hinder the
growth of the organizations may restrict the initiatives of the entrepreneurs.

Books and Journals:
Bae, T.J., Qian, S., Miao, C. and Fiet, J.O., 2014. The Relationship between Entrepreneurship
Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta–Analytic Review. Entrepreneurship theory
and practice, 38(2), pp.217-254.
Barringer, B.R., 2015. Entrepreneurship: Successfully launching new ventures. Pearson
Education India.
Boh, W.F., De-Haan, U. and Strom, R., 2016. University technology transfer through
entrepreneurship: faculty and students in spinoffs. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(4),
pp.661-669.
Braunerhjelm, P., Ding, D. and Thulin, P., 2018. The knowledge spillover theory of
intrapreneurship. Small business economics, 51(1), pp.1-30.
Bruton, G., Khavul, S., Siegel, D. and Wright, M., 2015. New financial alternatives in seeding
entrepreneurship: Microfinance, crowdfunding, and peer‐to‐peer innovations. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 39(1), pp.9-26.
Burns, P., 2016. Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan Limited.
Cassar, G., Ittner, C.D. and Cavalluzzo, K.S., 2015. Alternative information sources and
information asymmetry reduction: Evidence from small business debt. Journal of Accounting
and Economics, 59(2-3), pp.242-263.
Chell, E., Spence, L.J., Perrini, F. and Harris, J.D., 2016. Social entrepreneurship and business
ethics: Do social equal ethical? Journal of business ethics, 133(4), pp.619-625.
Chi, T., Tansuhaj, P. and Sun, Y., 2016. International Entrepreneurship Activities and Business
Performance: An Empirical Study of Chinese Textile and Apparel SMEs.
DAILY, J.E., KIEFF, F.S. and WILMARTH JR, A.E., 2014. Introduction. In Perspectives on
Financing Innovation (pp. 13-16). Routledge.

Davidsson, P., 2015. Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-
conceptualization. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), pp.674-695.
Decker, R., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. and Miranda, J., 2014. The role of entrepreneurship in US
job creation and economic dynamism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), pp.3-24.
Dees, J.G., 2017. 1 The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship. In Case Studies in Social
Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (pp. 34-42). Routledge.
Demil, B., Lecocq, X., Ricart, J.E. and Zott, C., 2015. Introduction to the SEJ special issue on
business models: business models within the domain of strategic entrepreneurship. Strategic
Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(1), pp.1-11.
Drucker, P., 2014. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge.
Fernhaber, S.A., Gilbert, B.A. and McDougall, P.P., 2014. International entrepreneurship and
geographic location: an empirical examination of new venture internationalization. In Location
of International Business Activities (pp. 94-136). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Glaeser, E.L., Kerr, S.P. and Kerr, W.R., 2015. Entrepreneurship and urban growth: An
empirical assessment with historical mines. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(2), pp.498-
520.
Gupta, V.K., Chiles, T.H. and McMullen, J.S., 2016. A process perspective on evaluating and
conducting effectual entrepreneurship research. Academy of Management Review, 41(3), pp.540-
544.
Jaskiewicz, P., Combs, J.G. and Rau, S.B., 2015. Entrepreneurial legacy: Toward a theory of
how some family firms nurture transgenerational entrepreneurship. Journal of Business
Venturing, 30(1), pp.29-49.
Naudé, W., 2014. Entrepreneurship and economic development. International Development.
Ideas, Experiences and Prospects.

Piperopoulos, P. and Dimov, D., 2015. Burst bubbles or build steam? Entrepreneurship
education, entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small
Business Management, 53(4), pp.970-985.
Read, S., Sarasvathy, S., Dew, N. and Wiltbank, R., 2016. Effectual entrepreneurship.
Routledge.
Reuber, A.R., Knight, G.A., Liesch, P.W. and Zhou, L., 2018. International entrepreneurship:
The pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities across national borders.
Shepherd, D.A., 2015. Party On! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive,
activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial.
Stam, W., Arzlanian, S. and Elfring, T., 2014. Social capital of entrepreneurs and small firm
performance: A meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators. Journal of Business
Venturing, 29(1), pp.152-173.
Stephan, U., Uhlaner, L.M. and Stride, C., 2015. Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The
role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations. Journal of
International Business Studies, 46(3), pp.308-331.
Suddaby, R., Bruton, G.D. and Si, S.X., 2015. Entrepreneurship through a qualitative lens:
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