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Pathophysiology of Diabetes - PDF

   

Added on  2020-05-11

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IntroductionChronic condition or illness is a prolonged illness or condition to a human health that cannot be cured. Chronic diseases are persisting and their effects come with time (DeCensi et al 2010). Human beings have to live with chronic condition by managing it. The common chronic diseasesare cancer, diabetes, HIV/Aid, Arthritis, stroke, and Asthma. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of deaths in the World accounting for 60% total death per year (Green et al., 2015). Chronic diseases are common and costly to human beings that impacts people economically and socially. They make patients vulnerable to other infections. Many chronic illnesses are both manageable and preventable. Chronic diseases are highly linked to an individual lifestyle (Owen,Bauman, & Brown, 2009). Chronic diseases can be prevented by avoiding tobacco, regular undertaking physical exercises, and eating nutritious foods. On the other side, chronic diseases can be managed by eating healthy food, exercising and taking medications to prolong one’s life. The following write up discusses a case study of Ann Nobis who has diabetes for the past ten years. Ann Nobis is an Australian citizen and was diagnosed with diabetes in 2007. Ann is 45 years old and has been working as a hotel manager for the past 20 years. Diabetes is a complex condition and affects the entire body. Diabetes is condition that occurs as a results abnormal highlevel of glucose in a person’s blood. Ann suffers from Diabetes type 2 that is a condition as a result of the body not making or using insulin. Ann is also obese. The write up will involve discussing Pathophysiology of diabetes, the impact of the disease to the patient and her family and recommendation on diabetic prevention and pharmacological management. Pathophysiology of DiabetesAnn had the following symptoms; first, Ann experienced frequent urination and increase thirst. The excess sugar in the bloodstream builds up causing fluid in tissue to be pulled off leading to dehydration. The tissues get dehydrated that leads to Ann drinking more water and consequently urinating more. Ann was urinating more times per day than a normal person and felt thirsty throughout the day (Noto et al., 2012). Secondly, Ann has increased hunger. Ann confessed that she felt hunger even after immediately taking a meal. This symptom was as a result of her body organs and muscles becoming depleted of energy. This is because there is no enough insulin in the body to move sugar to her cells that triggers hungers. Thirdly, Ann lost weight. Even with

increased eating to reduce hunger, Ann lost weight. She recorded 5% weight loss (Chiuve et al., 2012). Ann’s body with type 2 diabetes has no ability to metabolize glucose leading to the body opting for alternative fuels that is stored in the muscles and fat. The calories that can be used in the body are released as excess glucose from the body in form of urine. This leads to the body losing weight despite increased food intake (Esser et al., 2014). Fourth, the Ann’s body is fatigue. She gets tired walking around or undertaking easy chores at home. She feels tired and irritable. The body cells are deprived of glucose that energizes the body cells to work. The fatigue in her body cells cause her to fell tired ad be unable to carry out her duties in her daily life. Fifth, Ann said that she was experiencing blurred vision. She could hardly clearly see objects especially from a short distance. This was caused by high blood sugar in the body that pulled the fuel from her eyes lens (Noel et al., 2009). This led to her eyes being affected hence losing ability to focus on objects. Lastly, Ann confessed that she had slow healing sores. The sores took longer than expected and she was forced to visit her doctor even with minor cuts. Type 2 diabetes has caused serious health complication to Ann. Type 2 diabetes is as a result of insulin resistance which is likely to be a combination with reduced insulin secretion (Dabelea et al., 2014). This has become a lifelong disease and has affected how her body handles glucose in the blood. The pancreas produces insulin but Ann’s cells do not use the insulin as it is supposed to. The pancreas produces more insulin than normal to get all glucose into the cells which it not able to keep up leading to sugar building up the blood instead. This is a result of insulin resistance by the body. The overproduction of insulin happens for a long period until the cells producing insulin in the pancreas wear out. In this case, an individual loses 50-70% of the cells producing insulin for the disease to be diagnosed (Bunck et al., 2009). Therefore Ann’s illness was a progressive condition on destruction of cells producing insulin in her pancreas.Type 2 diabetes condition is caused by ineffectiveness of insulin. Insulin is produced by pancreasgland. It is the pancreas that secretes insulin to the blood stream. The insulin then circulates in the whole body enabling glucose to enter to the body cells. This process lowers the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. The production of insulin is stimulated by the amount of sugar in the blood. Glucose (sugar) is an important source of energy for body cells. The human body musclesand tissues require glucose to function normally through provision of energy. Glucose in the

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