Oaks Crossing Project Procurement and Contract Report
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This report focuses on the Oaklands Crossing Grade Separation Project and discusses methods for tendering, contract types, tender evaluation, and more.
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University of South Australia Division of Build Environments, Engineering…. School of ….. MPM Procurement and Contract Management Oaks Crossing Project Procurement and Contract Report Students: Alistair Turner, Neha Gupta, Matthew Rowson, Kareen Bawa Tutor: John Bidiss i
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Disclaimer During the research phase of this assignment, the students contacted various sources to gain access to the tender documents of selected projects. Unfortunately, due to disbandment of procurement teams, required permissions or unavailable key personnel, these documents have not been made available to include them in this report. Some assumptions have been made as to what would be expected within the tender documents of the selected project. Where this has occurred, it has been documented and can be found in the table at Appendix A. ii
Contents MPM Procurement and Contract Management........................................................i Oaks Crossing Project Procurement and Contract Report.......................................i Disclaimer..............................................................................................................ii Figures..................................................................................................................iii Tables...................................................................................................................iii Symbols................................................................................................................iii Introduction...........................................................................................................1 <Methods for Tendering and Contract Types>......................................................2 <Tendering>......................................................................................................2 <Contracts>.......................................................................................................2 <Tender Evaluation>............................................................................................2 <Pre-qualification>............................................................................................2 <Evaluation>.....................................................................................................2 Procedural Fairness...............................................................................................2 Achieving fairness..............................................................................................3 Prequalification................................................................................................3 Probity.............................................................................................................3 Where fairness is not maintained.......................................................................3 Legal Implications...........................................................................................3 Transparency...................................................................................................4 <Understanding Specifications>...........................................................................5 Conclusion.............................................................................................................8 References.............................................................................................................9 Appendix A..........................................................................................................10 Meeting Minutes..................................................................................................11 Figures Tables Symbols iii
Introduction This report focuses on the Oaklands Crossing Grade Separation Project. 1
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<Methods for Tendering and Contract Types> <Tendering> It is defined as the process which involves the bidding from the interested contractors intending to carry out the specific construction works and packages. The process should adopt and adhere to the critical and crucial values associated with the clarity, fairness, and simplicity as well as accountability values. Further to this, it is also essential to embark on the risk appointment as well as examining and assessing the fundamental elements regarding the project success for the Oaks Crossing Project Procurement (Al-Yahya and Panuwatwanich 2018 p.267). Methods for Tendering There are different methods associated with theOakland railway crossing tendering process, and these mainly discussed as follows Open or Public Tendering This method of tendering applied when acquiring infrastructure works, goods as well as services for theOakland railway crossing project. Other than this, it also preferred when there is competition in the procurement method. However, the process involves the application of the set procedures regarding the details and the guidelines of the procurement per the stipulated standards in the bidding document. The process can also be described as the open competition, competitive bidding as well as public solicitation. Under the analogy, it is a requirement for the employer to advertise the proposed Oakland railway crossing project and after that permits different contractors to apply for the makeable tender document. Some situations, the employer might require that the contractors pay the commitment fee which can either be refundable or non-refundable. Subsequently, the method in some cases mainly regarded as wasteful since it may lead to wastage of the contractor's resources and time while 2
preparing the document only for one to be picked in the long run (Al-Yahya et al. 2018 p.608). Selective Tendering The process involves developing a list of the selected firms and thereafter asking the individual entities to apply for the tender. The method is commonly used in many tendering processes since it allows and dictates the price decision criterion. Other than this, it is essential to note that the plan takes into the assumption that the other selection criteria are often considered at the pre-qualification stage (EARL-SPURR et al. 2019 p.107). Preferably, there are three fundamental mechanisms which are sophisticatedly applied in drawing up the selective tendering list for the Oakland railway crossing project. They are discussed as follows The use of advertisements helps in producing the various records of interested contractors as well as suitable firms upon which the selection can be made for the Oakland railway crossing project. Also, the consultants may help in the process by reaching out to those they would like to add to the ad-hoc lists. The selections can also be conducted via the application of the national bodies as well as local authorities. These may involve the list of the contractors approved grounded on the cost ranges as well as the work types. It is essential for the contractors to provide the proof indicating their technical performance and financial reports the similar for the works as the proposed Oakland railway crossing project under considerations. In many cases, the standards and clauses regarding the selective tendering method often provided by the National Joint Consultative Committee for Building or NJCC. The organization assists in the process by giving the questionnaires to be 3
utilised in the preparation of the answers to the various questions in advance for the for the proposed Oakland railway crossing project (Yan, Liu and Skitmore 2018). Negotiated Tendering This type of tendering method widely applied in the construction and engineering industry. The norm is often used from the tendering process to the time when the disputes emerge in the process.It means that process mainly will involve both the pre-contract negotiations as well as the post-contract negotiations in line with theproposed Oakland railway crossing project. The process may involve either one or up to three contractors. Some of the considerations which one must adhere to when handling this type of tendering method include The employer should identify the keynote and potential contractor to negotiate with regarding the analogy and standards for the design and the construction of the Oakland railway crossing. The selection of the contractor can either be from the advisory opinion given by the professional team or the preference of the employer. The contractor should also be appraised regarding the scopes of the workfor the Oakland railway crossing projectwhich the individual should carry out. Notably, it is essential to note that the selected contractor should be issued with different details of the tender regarding theOakland railway crossing project. Some of the details include work scope ofthe Oakland railway crossing project, relevant drawings, obligation extends, design information as well as the actual needs of the employer. However, there are situations in which the employers help in the preparation as well as issuing of the tender documents with the inclusion of the bill of quantities. This helps the contractor in pricing for the work scopes and thereafter creating an avenue for negotiation with the client (Koçak, Kazaz and Ulubeyli 2018 p.18). 4
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<Contracts> The contract type is defined as the term utilised in describing the significant differences which often exists in the contract form or structure. The norm may include risk amounts as well as the compensation arrangements. Other the other hand, it is important to note that there are different forms of contracts. However, the Federal government contracts are sophisticatedly divided into two amicable forms which include cost-reimbursement and fixed-price (Urquhart and Whyte 2018 p.369). Contract Types There are different contract types which one can identify and discuss in line with the tendering and procurement as far as the for the Oakland railway crossing project is concerned. They are considered as follows Traditional Contract These contract types have a decisive keynote in which theOakland railway crossing project works will be divided between the contractor and the consultant. The consultants mostly deal with the design works of the railway crossing whereas the contractors are often mandated with the constructionof the proposed Oakland railway crossing project. In this contract type, the consultant acts as the sole client and therefore administers all the roles in the contract on behalf of the employer. Also, it is essential to note that the majority of the risks are passed to the parametric contractors as well as sub-contractors as far as theOakland railway crossing project is concerned. The traditional contract depicts on the analogy of the ‘sort it out latter.’ This relates that time, costs and other emerging problems are often left and dealt with at the end of theOakland railway crossing project. Also, it is important to articulate that design and construction overlapping is not encouraged at all stages for the railway crossing as per the standards of Australia (Smith 2017). Design and Build Contracts 5
It is the widely used contract type in the recent days as far as the procurement process is concerned. This type of contract will requires that the client employs the designer to prepare documents which outlines the requirements of the employer for theOakland railway crossing project as per the Australian Standards. Thereafter, a single contractor is selected and mandated with the role of providing the designed schemes as per the required proposal. Once this is done, the contractor will be required to carry out theOakland railway crossing project construction as per the contractor's plan and employer's requirements. Non-Traditional or Management Contracts Non-traditional contracts are regarded as specialist contract forms. They are primarily used in situations which require specialists like a project manager and management contractors. The specialist helps in carrying outOakland railway crossing project dutieson behalf of the employer and clients. Non-traditional contracts are utilised mainly in fast-track and complex projects likefor the construction of the proposed Oakland railway crossing project.This type of contract helps in solving the management problems associated with the makeable traditional agreements in the railway crossing project. This is conducted by collaborating and trying to bring various participants together and thereby avoiding the emergence of the polarisation in the long run. It is the best mechanism for preventing and removing the inefficiencies, increased cost as well time certainties in theOakland railway crossing project (Oyeyip et al. 2016 p.21). <Tender Evaluation> The selection criteria that are stated in prequalification to tender document are the basis for the buying decision. The tender evaluation criteria have been well- defined before sending out Request for Proposal (RFP). Tender Evaluation criteria reflects the risk and the price of the project. For DPTI Oakland rail crossing tender the criteria and weightings are complete foundation on which bidder’s proposal is judged. 6
For the Oakland Rail crossing project DPTI followed the prequalification process and then shortlisted 3 companies were sent request to proposal. As stated in Zedan Hatush’s paper “Prequalification is a pre-tender process used to investigate and assess the capabilities of contractors to satisfactorily carry out a contract should it be awarded to them. The current practice of prequalification involves a screening procedure based on a set of criteria and has been examined by several researchers (eg., Hunt et al, 1966; Helmer and Taylor, 1977; Russell and Skibniewski, 1987,88; Merna and Smith, 1990; Ng, 1992; Holt et al, 1994; Potter and Sanvido, 1994; Hatush,1996). For prequalification to be useful however it is necessary to know how these different criteria are likely to impact on the main project objectives in terms of time, cost, and quality” The prequalification process set by SA Government and DPTI played an important role in selecting the contractor as its objectives were to ” lift the performance of the building and construction industry give confidence in the ability of contractors to provide satisfactory project outcomes in terms of time, cost and quality provide objective, quantifiable data to support the decision- making processes in selecting contractors. set minimum requirements based on criteria against which the suitability of contractors to perform government work can be assessed. “ It is assumed as per DPTI evaluation guidelines for Building contracts DPTI first assessed whether the applicant met the requirements of the DPTI Building and Construction Project Prequalification System for the following benchmark criteria: technical capability financial capacity quality assurance skill formation work health and safety ecologically sustainable development industry initiative human resource management. The first step of the prequalification and shortlisting procedure was to find which associations have qualified the required thresholds in all the prequalification criteria. Shortlisting was also completed partly based on responses that were submitted to a set of open-ended questions such as questions about technical capability demonstrating previous experience and how the companies would address key risks of the project. initial shortlisting was based partly on an assessment of the outline and indicative solutions given by the candidates. After completion of the prequalification process detailed prequalification report was drafted for audit purposes and unsuccessful bidders were debriefed via emails and feedback was given on request by the unsuccessful bidders. 7
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Invited tenderers submitted proposal in response to tender which included how DPTI requirements will be satisfied. Once tenders were received, a vigilant process of assessment was commenced to classify an ideal tenderer. On basis of information provided in DPTI Evaluation construction contract tender document it is assumed Oaklands rail crossing Tender evaluation was managed by the DPTI Project Risk Manager for this project along with established panel for the evaluation of tenders.Firstly, it was checked that all 3 tenderers fulfils the overall basic conditions and that they have understood the implications and risks of the project. The Panel used the evaluation criteria described clearly in conditions of tendering documents for the evaluation process. The selected Panel evaluated tender on basis of Price and Capability. Also, the shortlisted tenderer’s Prequalification System performance score for the specified category was made available by the Prequalification Registrar to the Panel. It was mentioned in the tender documents to tenderers the relative weighting of Price is up to 100 percent and Capability up to 10percent. The assumption that scoring for Oakland rail crossing tender was done as the DPTI evaluation of construction tenders document suggests “The DPTI Value Selection Matrix included built in formula that created a score for the two price sub-criteria of tender price and price risk based on the tender sum. The tender pricesub- criterion compared the tender sum with the lowest acceptable tender sum received. The lowest acceptable tender submitted received the highest score of 10. Range of scores (Sliding score to 2 decimal points) % greater than the lowest acceptable tender sum Up to 10 points0-9% Up to 8 points10-19% Up to 6 points20-39% Up to 4 points40-69% Up to 2 points70-99% 0 points100 or greater Sourced from DPTIEvaluation of Construction Contract Tenders The price risksub-criterion compared the tender sum with a Price Benchmark. Tender sums close to the benchmark received the highest scores. Tender sums percentages below or above the Price Benchmark received increasingly reduced scores.A tender sum 25% below or above the benchmark received a score of 0. Range of scores (Sliding score to 2 % Below Price Benchmark % Above Price Benchmark 8
decimal points) 10 points0-5%0-5% Up to 10 points5-10%5-10% Up to 9 points10-15%10-15% Up to 6 points15-20%15-20% Up to 3 points20-25%20-25% 0 points>25%>25% Sourced from DPTIEvaluation of Construction Contract Tenders The matrix was then applied to agreed weightings of tender price and price risk to calculate the final weighted score for price. After the decision of the evaluation of price and capability criteria the Panel determined the initially preferred tender. The initially preferred tender and tenderer were then considered regarding following assessment criteria as per DPTI evaluation tender guidelines such as - Tender qualifications, list of prospective subcontractors, general conformity with the tender documents. Also including submitted outline construction program, other commitments affecting capacity to carry out the contract through review of current and pending DPTI contracts and, where relevant, contracts as advised by the tenderer. Also assessed on basis of schedules of technical data, priced Bill of quantities, schedule of rates, estimated monthly cash flow schedule and any other matters as determined by the Panel. Panel also considered information submitted by the preferred tenderer regarding experience in performing work of a similar nature and comparable value and proposed construction methodology and resources. Scoring produces a spread of points that reflected the relative merits of each tender submission. This guide sourced from DPTI tender evaluation guidelines shows a generic scoring method for project specific services criteria therefore it is assumed for Oaklands crossing scores were allocated across a range from 0 to 10. Range of scores (0 to 10 points) 9-10Demonstrates excellent level of capability 7-8Demonstrates good level of capability 5-6Demonstrates adequate capability 3-4Demonstrates some capability 1-2Does not adequately demonstrate capability 0Fails to address criterion 9
Sourced from DPTIEvaluation of Construction Contract Tenders The matrix was then applied to the agreed weighting of each services criteria to calculate the final weighted score for services criteria. After completion of evaluation the Panel recommended preferred selected tender for the project on the basis on Services criteria, weightings for Price, Services and Capability criteria, sub-weightings for Price sub-criteria, sub-criteria and sub- weightings for Services criteria and incorporated criteria, sub-criteria and an indication of the relative weightings of criteria into registration of tender documents.” It can be concluded Oaklands rail crossing tender evaluation panel used their professional skills and experience to identify the preferred tenderer for Oakland rail crossing submitted tenders were evaluated in accordance with the DPTI Evaluation construction tender guidelines. Panel also submitted an evaluation report, and recommendation for approval to award of a contract. Procedural Fairness Defining Fairness The definition of fairness according to Oxford Dictionary (reference web site) is “Impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination”. For fairness to be maintained during the process of evaluation of the bids a form of guidance is therefore required. The Australian Government defines procedural fairness as “acting fairly in administrative decision making” (https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/procedural-fairness-duty-and-its-content). In other words, it can be considered an administrative process is required to determine that decisions are made in conformance to a set of rules. Achieving fairness Prequalification Prior to any tender documents being released, companies that wish to engage with the government agencies are required to be pre-qualified. This prequalification evaluation and approval provides an initial layer of fairness to all potential bidders. DPTI publishes all companies who have successfully pre- qualified, allowing transparency to the public and each other under state or national prequalification systems. Therefore, each bidder can understand the potential competition, knowing that they need to meet the same exacting standards such as: assessment of the contractors capabilities current and future financial checks compliance to quality standards 10
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assessment of a contractors performance during the tender process, during and at completion of a contract. Although a register for rail projects was not immediately available at the time of this report, an example can be drawn from the road and bridge prequalification register in Appendix B. As can be seen, McConnell Dowel meets all the required criteria. Probity The rules for fairness can all fit under a heading of probity. A comprehensive way of ensuring fairness during the evaluation process is by the development and implementation of a comprehensive probity plan. This is described well in a legal briefing by the Australian Government Solicitor (2005) where it strongly encourages the need for establishment of a probity plan, along with appointing a dedicated probity advisor to monitor and report on the plan. This has the additional benefit of minimising challenges from unsuccessful bidders as it becomes more difficult for them to argue that the department acted unfairly and had breached their obligations. By implementing a mature probity process and advisor throughout the evaluation of the bids, the bidders can have an increased level confidence fairness will be maintained. Where fairness is not maintained Legal Implications In the first instance, any project needs to be determined if the project is in fact lawful. Bidders can be confident that the OCP is, as seen in the advice provided to the South Australian Parliament by the Public Works Committee (PWC) report. This clearly articulates that it has been assured that “the works and procedures are lawful”. This should increase the confidence of the bidders that legal action preventing the project from proceed is highly unlikely. During the RFT process the agency needs to be aware of their obligations created in pre-contracts. In large projects that have specific details, pre- contracts are created by implication in that the tenderer will specify key items including, but not limited to; cost, schedule, set start times, intervening events, materials, branding, etc. In the case of the Oaklands Crossing Project, significant risks have been identified including program delays, community and stakeholder impacts, maintaining operations during construction, etc as demonstrated in the DPTI submission to the PWC. This is but one example that requires the bidder to spend considerable effort preparing their submission to ensure the outcome sought can be achieved. This requirement to follow a particular process infers is now an offer and no longer simply a tender (or invitation to treat). (Graw 2017, pg 53). This offer, within the process of the RFT, can be considered a pre-contract, but remains separate from the contract that will be established. 11
It was established in the caseHughes Aircraft Systems International v Airservices Australiawere when a pre-contract exists bidders have the right for all tenders to be evaluated equally and with fairness. It was held that the bid was entitled to judgement because the tender was not a simple invitation to treat but a preliminary contract (Graw 2017 pg 54) Transparency During the RFT process, a bidder may be required to clarify a component of their submission. This can arise because of conflicting statements or due to ambiguity. The manner in which this is undertaken must be given due consideration. The department needs to consider if their clarification could in fact amount to affording the them an advantage or even a disadvantage.As such, it may be necessary to inform all bidders the clarification is sought to enable an equal opportunity for response (AGS CN15, 2005). Application of Fairness To determine the scale and when to apply managing fairness in the Oaklands Crossing Project tendering and evaluation, we need to consider the projects attributes. To this, the Australian Government Solicitor (2005) provides guidance. Bidders for the Oaklands Crossing Project can be confident this advice has been followed when reviewing the DPTI Procurement Procedure (DPTI 2017). They describe that probity “may be regarded as being able to demonstrate strict adherence to a fair procurement process and observing ethical behaviour based on honesty and integrity.” For complex tenders (as in this case) they refer to a specified Evaluation Plan. Xxx (TBD) xxx This can involve the engagement of a probity advisor. Initially though, it must be determined if a probity advisor is warranted. Considering that the contract is an alliance agreement, one may consider that because the risk is equally shared between the government and contractor a probity advisor is not warranted. While this may the case during the term of the contract, due to the tender complexity it would be recommended for the position to be appointed. However, project size is always a consideration. The OPC being small to mid-sized (reference required), additional consideration should be given to the role of advisors. A legal process advisor considers both the project management techniques during procurement and probity issues. Therefore, implementing this mixed role would be an appropriate consideration for this project to bring application of both fairness and legal process to evaluation. <Understanding Specifications> Tender specification requirements are an integral part of the tender documentation. The Law Dictionary (n.d) defines specification as ‘the precise 12
statement of needs to have to be satisfied or a characteristic needed by the customer which must be delivered by a vendor’. Essentially, a specification is an in depth detailing of all the goods and services required to deliver a project to the prescribed standard. The main functions of specifications include: Defining the buyer’s needs. Explaining the requirements to potential suppliers. Overseeing and aiding supplier responses. Guiding the buyer on how offers are evaluated. Laying out the criteria for monitoring. Protecting the buyer(UniSA PPT). It is important that the content of the tender specification does not limit competition by including bias that gives clear favour to a certain supplier. They also need to allow for and be open to the introduction of alternative products to that which has been presented; this encourages suppliers to present new innovative options or solutions which may lead to the delivery of a project in a more cost effective way. They must also support the standardisation of the end product, including clearly defined requirements and sufficient information for vendors to accurately estimate and cost the goods or services they will be offering and to what quality. The Government of South Australia (2019) describe the importance of clear tender specification, explaining that ambiguous details can often lead to incorrect and unwanted responses from potential suppliers. This may also lead to the desired product or service not being delivered as required. The importance of putting the time into a detailed specification is confirmed by the Tasmanian Government (2019) who document the following as results of poor specification: The product/ service not being delivered as requested. Difficulties in the evaluation of offers. Receiving offers from unsuitable suppliers, or the potential to not receive offers from any suppliers due to unclear requirements. Unwanted variations in contracts. In the case of the Oaklands Crossing Development project, the tender was awarded by the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) to the Public Transport Project Alliance (PTP Alliance) after a competitive tender process was completed, stated Federal Minister for Urban Infrastructure and Cities Paul Fletcher (2018). PTP Alliance is a formation of McConnell Dowell, Mott Macdonald and Arup. A project of such a specific and large ($174.3 million) nature would require an in depth analysis of tenderers, how they met the specification requirements and what beneficial alternatives they brought forward to deliver the project. 13
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The specifications presented by DPTI in the tender documents initially focus on the Tenderer and ensuring they have the necessary background experience relevant to the project and have a track record showing they have the capabilities of successfully delivering the project. This section of the specification requirements includes sub sections detailing the tenderers status of entity, their understanding of requirements and an ability to understand requirements, relevant experience in relation to the provision of similar services, resource capabilities including financing, technical and planning, staffing policies and competencies and history of project management. PTP Alliance immediately suited the initial components of the specifications through their extensive and successful history in similar projects such as the Gold Coast Light Rail Project (McConnel Dowell and Arup, 2014) and the Butler Park ‘n’ Ride Train and Bus Station (Arup, 2014). With PTP Alliance bringing together three extremely reputable companies together with DPTI to deliver a value for money, public transport solution set to improve liveability and connectivity in South Australia, the specification has been clearly met. Specifications based around the Tenderer are quite a common spec across the board of projects, but DPTI has a very specific list related solely to their Railways Division (Government of South Australia DPTI 2018). This list involves specifications related to management planning, systems and safety assurance, design, access to the railway corridor and inspection testing and commissioning. DPTI’s specification requirements in regards to management planning, systems and safety assurance and design all clearly state the necessary legislation and Australian codes and standards that are to be complied with by the tenderer. Some of these Acts and standards include, the Rail Safety National Law Act and Work Health and Safety Act. Along with this, the specifications also specifically detail that the tenderer must comply with a list of pre existing DPTI documents that relate to the project. Being able to prove that plans and actions can work within the constraints of these standards and documents is non negotiable, and with PTP Alliance dedicating their services to South Australian transport projects, they are experienced and familiar with the specifications. Due to the specific nature of this project, working in conjunction with a railway line, it is vital that tender documents clearly define the specification requirements revolved around access to the railway corridor. These specifications detail the methods and contractual obligations of not only access hours, modes of access and site safety rules, but also the modes of communication between the successful tenderer and the Rail Commissioner. The companies that came together to form PTP Alliance have a proven record of fulfilling such obligations in accordance to railway access and upholding a strong relationship with Railway Commissioners. Along with relevant experience, PTP Alliance presented strong documentation in accordance to the specifications required by DPTI defining their procedures. To finalise DPTI’s specification 14
requirements, as per all construction projects, specifications detail the requirements for the management of the inspection, testing and commissioning process, defining the contractor’s obligations along with the management plan. Being an operation closely working with the railways, there are many specific sub specifications that must be adhered to. 15
Conclusion 16
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References Al-Yahya, M. and Panuwatwanich, K., 2018. Implementing e-tendering to improve the efficiency of public construction contract in Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Procurement Management,11(3), pp.267-294. Al-Yahya, M., Skitmore, M., Bridge, A., Nepal, M. and Cattell, D., 2018. E-tendering readiness in construction: an a priori model.International Journal of Procurement Management,11(5), pp.608-638. EARL-SPURR, J.A.M.E.S., WOOD, A. and MARTIN, C., 2019. CHAPTER SIX THE INFLUENCE OF PROCUREMENT PRACTICES ON PROJECT RISK IN THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.Perspectives in Project Management: A Selection of Masters Degree Research Projects, p.107. Koçak, S., Kazaz, A. and Ulubeyli, S., 2018. Subcontractor selection with additive ratio assessment method.Journal of Construction Engineering,1(1), pp.18-32. Oyeyipo, O., Odusami, K.T., Ojelabi, R.A. and Afolabi, A.O., 2016. Factors Affecting Contractors' Bidding Decisions for Construction Projects in Nigeria.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,21(2), pp.21-35. Smith, A.J., 2017.Estimating, Tendering and Bidding for Construction Work. Macmillan International Higher Education. Urquhart, S. and Whyte, A., 2018. Rethinking the tendering frameworks of construction contractors in the context of a soft systems methodology approach.Frontiers of Engineering Management,5(3), pp.369-380. Yan, P., Liu, J. and Skitmore, M., 2018. Individual, group, and organizational factors affecting group bidding decisions for construction projects.Advances in Civil Engineering,2018. 17
Graw S 2017,An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Thomason Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited, Pyrmont, NSW Oxford University Press 2019, Oxford Dictionaries, <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fairness>, viewed 1 May 2019 DPTI 2017, Probity document xxxx https://dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0007/394846/PR113_Probity_.DOC 18
Appendix A Appendix B Reference: 19
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