Oaks Crossing Project Procurement and Contract Report

This report focuses on the Oaklands Crossing Grade Separation Project and discusses methods for tendering, contract types, tender evaluation, and more.

University of South Australia
Division of Build Environments, Engineering….
School of …..
MPM Procurement and Contract Management
Oaks Crossing Project Procurement and Contract Report
Students: Alistair Turner, Neha Gupta, Matthew Rowson, Kareen Bawa
Tutor: John Bidiss
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Disclaimer
During the research phase of this assignment, the students contacted various
sources to gain access to the tender documents of selected projects.
Unfortunately, due to disbandment of procurement teams, required permissions
or unavailable key personnel, these documents have not been made available to
include them in this report.
Some assumptions have been made as to what would be expected within the
tender documents of the selected project. Where this has occurred, it has been
documented and can be found in the table at Appendix A.
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Contents
MPM Procurement and Contract Management........................................................i
Oaks Crossing Project Procurement and Contract Report.......................................i
Disclaimer.............................................................................................................. ii
Figures.................................................................................................................. iii
Tables................................................................................................................... iii
Symbols................................................................................................................ iii
Introduction........................................................................................................... 1
<Methods for Tendering and Contract Types>......................................................2
<Tendering>...................................................................................................... 2
<Contracts>....................................................................................................... 2
<Tender Evaluation>............................................................................................ 2
<Pre-qualification>............................................................................................ 2
<Evaluation>..................................................................................................... 2
Procedural Fairness............................................................................................... 2
Achieving fairness.............................................................................................. 3
Prequalification................................................................................................ 3
Probity............................................................................................................. 3
Where fairness is not maintained.......................................................................3
Legal Implications........................................................................................... 3
Transparency................................................................................................... 4
<Understanding Specifications>...........................................................................5
Conclusion............................................................................................................. 8
References............................................................................................................. 9
Appendix A.......................................................................................................... 10
Meeting Minutes.................................................................................................. 11
Figures
Tables
Symbols
iii

Introduction
This report focuses on the Oaklands Crossing Grade Separation Project.
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<Methods for Tendering and Contract Types>
<Tendering>
It is defined as the process which involves the bidding from the interested contractors
intending to carry out the specific construction works and packages. The process should
adopt and adhere to the critical and crucial values associated with the clarity, fairness, and
simplicity as well as accountability values. Further to this, it is also essential to embark on the
risk appointment as well as examining and assessing the fundamental elements regarding the
project success for the Oaks Crossing Project Procurement (Al-Yahya and Panuwatwanich
2018 p.267).
Methods for Tendering
There are different methods associated with the Oakland railway crossing tendering process,
and these mainly discussed as follows
Open or Public Tendering
This method of tendering applied when acquiring infrastructure works, goods as well as
services for the Oakland railway crossing project. Other than this, it also preferred when there
is competition in the procurement method. However, the process involves the application of
the set procedures regarding the details and the guidelines of the procurement per the
stipulated standards in the bidding document. The process can also be described as the open
competition, competitive bidding as well as public solicitation. Under the analogy, it is a
requirement for the employer to advertise the proposed Oakland railway crossing project and
after that permits different contractors to apply for the makeable tender document. Some
situations, the employer might require that the contractors pay the commitment fee which can
either be refundable or non-refundable. Subsequently, the method in some cases mainly
regarded as wasteful since it may lead to wastage of the contractor's resources and time while
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preparing the document only for one to be picked in the long run (Al-Yahya et al. 2018
p.608).
Selective Tendering
The process involves developing a list of the selected firms and thereafter asking the
individual entities to apply for the tender. The method is commonly used in many tendering
processes since it allows and dictates the price decision criterion. Other than this, it is
essential to note that the plan takes into the assumption that the other selection criteria are
often considered at the pre-qualification stage (EARL-SPURR et al. 2019 p.107). Preferably,
there are three fundamental mechanisms which are sophisticatedly applied in drawing up the
selective tendering list for the Oakland railway crossing project. They are discussed as
follows
 The use of advertisements helps in producing the various records of interested
contractors as well as suitable firms upon which the selection can be made for the
Oakland railway crossing project.
 Also, the consultants may help in the process by reaching out to those they would like
to add to the ad-hoc lists.
 The selections can also be conducted via the application of the national bodies as well
as local authorities. These may involve the list of the contractors approved grounded
on the cost ranges as well as the work types.
It is essential for the contractors to provide the proof indicating their technical performance
and financial reports the similar for the works as the proposed Oakland railway crossing
project under considerations. In many cases, the standards and clauses regarding the
selective tendering method often provided by the National Joint Consultative Committee for
Building or NJCC. The organization assists in the process by giving the questionnaires to be
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utilised in the preparation of the answers to the various questions in advance for the for the
proposed Oakland railway crossing project (Yan, Liu and Skitmore 2018).
Negotiated Tendering
This type of tendering method widely applied in the construction and engineering industry.
The norm is often used from the tendering process to the time when the disputes emerge in
the process. It means that process mainly will involve both the pre-contract negotiations as
well as the post-contract negotiations in line with the proposed Oakland railway crossing
project. The process may involve either one or up to three contractors. Some of the
considerations which one must adhere to when handling this type of tendering method
include
 The employer should identify the keynote and potential contractor to negotiate with
regarding the analogy and standards for the design and the construction of the
Oakland railway crossing.
 The selection of the contractor can either be from the advisory opinion given by the
professional team or the preference of the employer.
 The contractor should also be appraised regarding the scopes of the work for the
Oakland railway crossing project which the individual should carry out.
Notably, it is essential to note that the selected contractor should be issued with different
details of the tender regarding the Oakland railway crossing project. Some of the details
include work scope of the Oakland railway crossing project, relevant drawings, obligation
extends, design information as well as the actual needs of the employer. However, there are
situations in which the employers help in the preparation as well as issuing of the tender
documents with the inclusion of the bill of quantities. This helps the contractor in pricing for
the work scopes and thereafter creating an avenue for negotiation with the client (Koçak,
Kazaz and Ulubeyli 2018 p.18).
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<Contracts>
The contract type is defined as the term utilised in describing the significant differences
which often exists in the contract form or structure. The norm may include risk amounts as
well as the compensation arrangements. Other the other hand, it is important to note that there
are different forms of contracts. However, the Federal government contracts are
sophisticatedly divided into two amicable forms which include cost-reimbursement and
fixed-price (Urquhart and Whyte 2018 p.369).
Contract Types
There are different contract types which one can identify and discuss in line with the
tendering and procurement as far as the for the Oakland railway crossing project is
concerned. They are considered as follows
Traditional Contract
These contract types have a decisive keynote in which the Oakland railway crossing project
works will be divided between the contractor and the consultant. The consultants mostly deal
with the design works of the railway crossing whereas the contractors are often mandated
with the construction of the proposed Oakland railway crossing project. In this contract type,
the consultant acts as the sole client and therefore administers all the roles in the contract on
behalf of the employer. Also, it is essential to note that the majority of the risks are passed to
the parametric contractors as well as sub-contractors as far as the Oakland railway crossing
project is concerned. The traditional contract depicts on the analogy of the ‘sort it out latter.’
This relates that time, costs and other emerging problems are often left and dealt with at the
end of the Oakland railway crossing project. Also, it is important to articulate that design and
construction overlapping is not encouraged at all stages for the railway crossing as per the
standards of Australia (Smith 2017).
Design and Build Contracts
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It is the widely used contract type in the recent days as far as the procurement process is
concerned. This type of contract will requires that the client employs the designer to prepare
documents which outlines the requirements of the employer for the Oakland railway crossing
project as per the Australian Standards. Thereafter, a single contractor is selected and
mandated with the role of providing the designed schemes as per the required proposal. Once
this is done, the contractor will be required to carry out the Oakland railway crossing project
construction as per the contractor's plan and employer's requirements.
Non-Traditional or Management Contracts
Non-traditional contracts are regarded as specialist contract forms. They are primarily used in
situations which require specialists like a project manager and management contractors. The
specialist helps in carrying out Oakland railway crossing project duties on behalf of the
employer and clients. Non-traditional contracts are utilised mainly in fast-track and complex
projects like for the construction of the proposed Oakland railway crossing project. This type
of contract helps in solving the management problems associated with the makeable
traditional agreements in the railway crossing project. This is conducted by collaborating and
trying to bring various participants together and thereby avoiding the emergence of the
polarisation in the long run. It is the best mechanism for preventing and removing the
inefficiencies, increased cost as well time certainties in the Oakland railway crossing project
(Oyeyip et al. 2016 p.21).
<Tender Evaluation>
The selection criteria that are stated in prequalification to tender document are
the basis for the buying decision. The tender evaluation criteria have been well-
defined before sending out Request for Proposal (RFP). Tender Evaluation criteria
reflects the risk and the price of the project. For DPTI Oakland rail crossing
tender the criteria and weightings are complete foundation on which bidder’s
proposal is judged.
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For the Oakland Rail crossing project DPTI followed the prequalification process
and then shortlisted 3 companies were sent request to proposal. As stated in
Zedan Hatush’s paper “Prequalification is a pre-tender process used to
investigate and assess the capabilities of contractors to satisfactorily carry out a
contract should it be awarded to them. The current practice of prequalification
involves a screening procedure based on a set of criteria and has been examined
by several researchers (eg., Hunt et al, 1966; Helmer and Taylor, 1977; Russell
and Skibniewski, 1987,88; Merna and Smith, 1990; Ng, 1992; Holt et al, 1994;
Potter and Sanvido, 1994; Hatush,1996). For prequalification to be useful
however it is necessary to know how these different criteria are likely to impact
on the main project objectives in terms of time, cost, and quality”
The prequalification process set by SA Government and DPTI played an
important role in selecting the contractor as its objectives were to
” lift the performance of the building and construction industry
 give confidence in the ability of contractors to provide satisfactory project
outcomes in terms of time, cost and quality
 provide objective, quantifiable data to support the decision- making processes
in selecting contractors.
 set minimum requirements based on criteria against which the suitability of
contractors to perform government work can be assessed. “
It is assumed as per DPTI evaluation guidelines for Building contracts DPTI first
assessed whether the applicant met the requirements of the DPTI Building and
Construction Project Prequalification System for the following benchmark criteria:
 technical capability
 financial capacity
 quality assurance
 skill formation
 work health and safety
 ecologically sustainable development
 industry initiative
 human resource management.
The first step of the prequalification and shortlisting procedure was to find which
associations have qualified the required thresholds in all the prequalification
criteria. Shortlisting was also completed partly based on responses that were
submitted to a set of open-ended questions such as questions about technical
capability demonstrating previous experience and how the companies would
address key risks of the project. initial shortlisting was based partly on an
assessment of the outline and indicative solutions given by the candidates. After
completion of the prequalification process detailed prequalification report was
drafted for audit purposes and unsuccessful bidders were debriefed via emails
and feedback was given on request by the unsuccessful bidders.
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Invited tenderers submitted proposal in response to tender which included how
DPTI requirements will be satisfied. Once tenders were received, a vigilant
process of assessment was commenced to classify an ideal tenderer.
On basis of information provided in DPTI Evaluation construction contract tender
document it is assumed Oaklands rail crossing Tender evaluation was managed
by the DPTI Project Risk Manager for this project along with established panel for
the evaluation of tenders. Firstly, it was checked that all 3 tenderers fulfils the
overall basic conditions and that they have understood the implications and risks
of the project.
The Panel used the evaluation criteria described clearly in conditions of
tendering documents for the evaluation process.
The selected Panel evaluated tender on basis of Price and Capability. Also, the
shortlisted tenderer’s Prequalification System performance score for the
specified category was made available by the Prequalification Registrar to the
Panel. It was mentioned in the tender documents to tenderers the relative
weighting of Price is up to 100 percent and Capability up to 10percent. The
assumption that scoring for Oakland rail crossing tender was done as the DPTI
evaluation of construction tenders document suggests “The DPTI Value Selection
Matrix included built in formula that created a score for the two price sub-criteria
of tender price and price risk based on the tender sum. The tender price sub-
criterion compared the tender sum with the lowest acceptable tender sum
received. The lowest acceptable tender submitted received the highest score of
10.
Range of scores
(Sliding score to 2 decimal points)
% greater than the lowest
acceptable tender sum
Up to 10 points 0-9%
Up to 8 points 10-19%
Up to 6 points 20-39%
Up to 4 points 40-69%
Up to 2 points 70-99%
0 points 100 or greater
Sourced from DPTI Evaluation of Construction Contract Tenders
The price risk sub-criterion compared the tender sum with a Price Benchmark.
Tender sums close to the benchmark received the highest scores. Tender sums
percentages below or above the Price Benchmark received increasingly reduced
scores. A tender sum 25% below or above the benchmark received a score of 0.
Range of scores
(Sliding score to 2
% Below
Price Benchmark
% Above
Price Benchmark
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decimal points)
10 points 0-5% 0-5%
Up to 10 points 5-10% 5-10%
Up to 9 points 10-15% 10-15%
Up to 6 points 15-20% 15-20%
Up to 3 points 20-25% 20-25%
0 points >25% >25%
Sourced from DPTI Evaluation of Construction Contract Tenders
The matrix was then applied to agreed weightings of tender price and price risk
to calculate the final weighted score for price.
After the decision of the evaluation of price and capability criteria the Panel
determined the initially preferred tender. The initially preferred tender and
tenderer were then considered regarding following assessment criteria as per
DPTI evaluation tender guidelines such as - Tender qualifications, list of
prospective subcontractors, general conformity with the tender documents. Also
including submitted outline construction program, other commitments affecting
capacity to carry out the contract through review of current and pending DPTI
contracts and, where relevant, contracts as advised by the tenderer. Also
assessed on basis of schedules of technical data, priced Bill of quantities,
schedule of rates, estimated monthly cash flow schedule and any other matters
as determined by the Panel. Panel also considered information submitted by the
preferred tenderer regarding experience in performing work of a similar nature
and comparable value and proposed construction methodology and resources.
Scoring produces a spread of points that reflected the relative merits of each
tender submission. This guide sourced from DPTI tender evaluation guidelines
shows a generic scoring method for project specific services criteria therefore it
is assumed for Oaklands crossing scores were allocated across a range from 0 to
10.
Range of scores (0 to 10 points)
9-10 Demonstrates excellent level of
capability
7-8 Demonstrates good level of capability
5-6 Demonstrates adequate capability
3-4 Demonstrates some capability
1-2 Does not adequately demonstrate
capability
0 Fails to address criterion
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Sourced from DPTI Evaluation of Construction Contract Tenders
The matrix was then applied to the agreed weighting of each services criteria to
calculate the final weighted score for services criteria.
After completion of evaluation the Panel recommended preferred selected tender
for the project on the basis on Services criteria, weightings for Price, Services
and Capability criteria, sub-weightings for Price sub-criteria, sub-criteria and sub-
weightings for Services criteria and incorporated criteria, sub-criteria and an
indication of the relative weightings of criteria into registration of tender
documents.”
It can be concluded Oaklands rail crossing tender evaluation panel used their
professional skills and experience to identify the preferred tenderer for Oakland
rail crossing submitted tenders were evaluated in accordance with the DPTI
Evaluation construction tender guidelines. Panel also submitted an evaluation
report, and recommendation for approval to award of a contract.
Procedural Fairness
Defining Fairness
The definition of fairness according to Oxford Dictionary (reference web site) is
“Impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or
discrimination”. For fairness to be maintained during the process of evaluation of
the bids a form of guidance is therefore required. The Australian Government
defines procedural fairness as “acting fairly in administrative decision making”
(https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/procedural-fairness-duty-and-its-content).
In other words, it can be considered an administrative process is required to
determine that decisions are made in conformance to a set of rules.
Achieving fairness
Prequalification
Prior to any tender documents being released, companies that wish to engage
with the government agencies are required to be pre-qualified. This
prequalification evaluation and approval provides an initial layer of fairness to all
potential bidders. DPTI publishes all companies who have successfully pre-
qualified, allowing transparency to the public and each other under state or
national prequalification systems. Therefore, each bidder can understand the
potential competition, knowing that they need to meet the same exacting
standards such as:
 assessment of the contractors capabilities
 current and future financial checks
 compliance to quality standards
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 assessment of a contractors performance during the tender process,
during and at completion of a contract.
Although a register for rail projects was not immediately available at the time of
this report, an example can be drawn from the road and bridge prequalification
register in Appendix B. As can be seen, McConnell Dowel meets all the required
criteria.
Probity
The rules for fairness can all fit under a heading of probity. A comprehensive way
of ensuring fairness during the evaluation process is by the development and
implementation of a comprehensive probity plan. This is described well in a legal
briefing by the Australian Government Solicitor (2005) where it strongly
encourages the need for establishment of a probity plan, along with appointing a
dedicated probity advisor to monitor and report on the plan.
This has the additional benefit of minimising challenges from unsuccessful
bidders as it becomes more difficult for them to argue that the department acted
unfairly and had breached their obligations.
By implementing a mature probity process and advisor throughout the
evaluation of the bids, the bidders can have an increased level confidence
fairness will be maintained.
Where fairness is not maintained
Legal Implications
In the first instance, any project needs to be determined if the project is in fact
lawful. Bidders can be confident that the OCP is, as seen in the advice provided
to the South Australian Parliament by the Public Works Committee (PWC) report.
This clearly articulates that it has been assured that “the works and procedures
are lawful”. This should increase the confidence of the bidders that legal action
preventing the project from proceed is highly unlikely.
During the RFT process the agency needs to be aware of their obligations
created in pre-contracts. In large projects that have specific details, pre-
contracts are created by implication in that the tenderer will specify key items
including, but not limited to; cost, schedule, set start times, intervening events,
materials, branding, etc.
In the case of the Oaklands Crossing Project, significant risks have been
identified including program delays, community and stakeholder impacts,
maintaining operations during construction, etc as demonstrated in the DPTI
submission to the PWC. This is but one example that requires the bidder to
spend considerable effort preparing their submission to ensure the outcome
sought can be achieved.
This requirement to follow a particular process infers is now an offer and no
longer simply a tender (or invitation to treat). (Graw 2017, pg 53). This offer,
within the process of the RFT, can be considered a pre-contract, but remains
separate from the contract that will be established.
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It was established in the case Hughes Aircraft Systems International v Airservices
Australia were when a pre-contract exists bidders have the right for all tenders to
be evaluated equally and with fairness. It was held that the bid was entitled to
judgement because the tender was not a simple invitation to treat but a
preliminary contract (Graw 2017 pg 54)
Transparency
During the RFT process, a bidder may be required to clarify a component of their
submission. This can arise because of conflicting statements or due to ambiguity.
The manner in which this is undertaken must be given due consideration.
The department needs to consider if their clarification could in fact amount to
affording the them an advantage or even a disadvantage. As such, it may be
necessary to inform all bidders the clarification is sought to enable an equal
opportunity for response (AGS CN15, 2005).
Application of Fairness
To determine the scale and when to apply managing fairness in the Oaklands
Crossing Project tendering and evaluation, we need to consider the projects
attributes. To this, the Australian Government Solicitor (2005) provides guidance.
Bidders for the Oaklands Crossing Project can be confident this advice has been
followed when reviewing the DPTI Procurement Procedure (DPTI 2017). They
describe that probity “may be regarded as being able to demonstrate strict
adherence to a fair procurement process and observing ethical behaviour based
on honesty and integrity.”
For complex tenders (as in this case) they refer to a specified Evaluation Plan.
Xxx (TBD) xxx This can involve the engagement of a probity advisor. Initially
though, it must be determined if a probity advisor is warranted.
Considering that the contract is an alliance agreement, one may consider that
because the risk is equally shared between the government and contractor a
probity advisor is not warranted. While this may the case during the term of the
contract, due to the tender complexity it would be recommended for the position
to be appointed. However, project size is always a consideration.
The OPC being small to mid-sized (reference required), additional consideration
should be given to the role of advisors. A legal process advisor considers both
the project management techniques during procurement and probity issues.
Therefore, implementing this mixed role would be an appropriate consideration
for this project to bring application of both fairness and legal process to
evaluation.
<Understanding Specifications>
Tender specification requirements are an integral part of the tender
documentation. The Law Dictionary (n.d) defines specification as ‘the precise
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statement of needs to have to be satisfied or a characteristic needed by the
customer which must be delivered by a vendor’. Essentially, a specification is an
in depth detailing of all the goods and services required to deliver a project to
the prescribed standard. The main functions of specifications include:
 Defining the buyer’s needs.
 Explaining the requirements to potential suppliers.
 Overseeing and aiding supplier responses.
 Guiding the buyer on how offers are evaluated.
 Laying out the criteria for monitoring.
 Protecting the buyer (UniSA PPT).
It is important that the content of the tender specification does not limit
competition by including bias that gives clear favour to a certain supplier. They
also need to allow for and be open to the introduction of alternative products to
that which has been presented; this encourages suppliers to present new
innovative options or solutions which may lead to the delivery of a project in a
more cost effective way. They must also support the standardisation of the end
product, including clearly defined requirements and sufficient information for
vendors to accurately estimate and cost the goods or services they will be
offering and to what quality.
The Government of South Australia (2019) describe the importance of clear
tender specification, explaining that ambiguous details can often lead to
incorrect and unwanted responses from potential suppliers. This may also lead to
the desired product or service not being delivered as required. The importance of
putting the time into a detailed specification is confirmed by the Tasmanian
Government (2019) who document the following as results of poor specification:
 The product/ service not being delivered as requested.
 Difficulties in the evaluation of offers.
 Receiving offers from unsuitable suppliers, or the potential to not receive
offers from any suppliers due to unclear requirements.
 Unwanted variations in contracts.
In the case of the Oaklands Crossing Development project, the tender was
awarded by the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) to
the Public Transport Project Alliance (PTP Alliance) after a competitive tender
process was completed, stated Federal Minister for Urban Infrastructure and
Cities Paul Fletcher (2018). PTP Alliance is a formation of McConnell Dowell, Mott
Macdonald and Arup. A project of such a specific and large ($174.3 million)
nature would require an in depth analysis of tenderers, how they met the
specification requirements and what beneficial alternatives they brought forward
to deliver the project.
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The specifications presented by DPTI in the tender documents initially focus on
the Tenderer and ensuring they have the necessary background experience
relevant to the project and have a track record showing they have the
capabilities of successfully delivering the project. This section of the specification
requirements includes sub sections detailing the tenderers status of entity, their
understanding of requirements and an ability to understand requirements,
relevant experience in relation to the provision of similar services, resource
capabilities including financing, technical and planning, staffing policies and
competencies and history of project management. PTP Alliance immediately
suited the initial components of the specifications through their extensive and
successful history in similar projects such as the Gold Coast Light Rail Project
(McConnel Dowell and Arup, 2014) and the Butler Park ‘n’ Ride Train and Bus
Station (Arup, 2014). With PTP Alliance bringing together three extremely
reputable companies together with DPTI to deliver a value for money, public
transport solution set to improve liveability and connectivity in South Australia,
the specification has been clearly met.
Specifications based around the Tenderer are quite a common spec across the
board of projects, but DPTI has a very specific list related solely to their Railways
Division (Government of South Australia DPTI 2018). This list involves
specifications related to management planning, systems and safety assurance,
design, access to the railway corridor and inspection testing and commissioning.
DPTI’s specification requirements in regards to management planning, systems
and safety assurance and design all clearly state the necessary legislation and
Australian codes and standards that are to be complied with by the tenderer.
Some of these Acts and standards include, the Rail Safety National Law Act and
Work Health and Safety Act. Along with this, the specifications also specifically
detail that the tenderer must comply with a list of pre existing DPTI documents
that relate to the project. Being able to prove that plans and actions can work
within the constraints of these standards and documents is non negotiable, and
with PTP Alliance dedicating their services to South Australian transport projects,
they are experienced and familiar with the specifications.
Due to the specific nature of this project, working in conjunction with a railway
line, it is vital that tender documents clearly define the specification
requirements revolved around access to the railway corridor. These
specifications detail the methods and contractual obligations of not only access
hours, modes of access and site safety rules, but also the modes of
communication between the successful tenderer and the Rail Commissioner. The
companies that came together to form PTP Alliance have a proven record of
fulfilling such obligations in accordance to railway access and upholding a strong
relationship with Railway Commissioners. Along with relevant experience, PTP
Alliance presented strong documentation in accordance to the specifications
required by DPTI defining their procedures. To finalise DPTI’s specification
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requirements, as per all construction projects, specifications detail the
requirements for the management of the inspection, testing and commissioning
process, defining the contractor’s obligations along with the management plan.
Being an operation closely working with the railways, there are many specific sub
specifications that must be adhered to.
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Conclusion
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References
Al-Yahya, M. and Panuwatwanich, K., 2018. Implementing e-tendering to improve the
efficiency of public construction contract in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of
Procurement Management, 11(3), pp.267-294.
Al-Yahya, M., Skitmore, M., Bridge, A., Nepal, M. and Cattell, D., 2018. E-tendering
readiness in construction: an a priori model. International Journal of Procurement
Management, 11(5), pp.608-638.
EARL-SPURR, J.A.M.E.S., WOOD, A. and MARTIN, C., 2019. CHAPTER SIX THE
INFLUENCE OF PROCUREMENT PRACTICES ON PROJECT RISK IN THE
AUSTRALIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. Perspectives in Project Management: A
Selection of Masters Degree Research Projects, p.107.
Koçak, S., Kazaz, A. and Ulubeyli, S., 2018. Subcontractor selection with additive ratio
assessment method. Journal of Construction Engineering, 1(1), pp.18-32.
Oyeyipo, O., Odusami, K.T., Ojelabi, R.A. and Afolabi, A.O., 2016. Factors Affecting
Contractors' Bidding Decisions for Construction Projects in Nigeria. Journal of Construction
in Developing Countries, 21(2), pp.21-35.
Smith, A.J., 2017. Estimating, Tendering and Bidding for Construction Work. Macmillan
International Higher Education.
Urquhart, S. and Whyte, A., 2018. Rethinking the tendering frameworks of construction
contractors in the context of a soft systems methodology approach. Frontiers of Engineering
Management, 5(3), pp.369-380.
Yan, P., Liu, J. and Skitmore, M., 2018. Individual, group, and organizational factors
affecting group bidding decisions for construction projects. Advances in Civil
Engineering, 2018.
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Graw S 2017, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Thomason Reuters
(Professional) Australia Limited, Pyrmont, NSW
Oxford University Press 2019, Oxford Dictionaries,
<https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fairness>, viewed 1 May 2019
DPTI 2017, Probity document xxxx
https://dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0007/394846/PR113_Probity_.DOC
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Appendix A
Appendix B
Reference:
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Meeting Minutes
Matt: 0424048299
Alistair: 0438155575
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