Urinary System- Renal Failure | Report

Running head: URINARY SYSTEM- RENAL FAILURE
Urinary System- Renal Failure
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URINARY SYSTEM- RENAL FAILURE1
Definition/ Pathophysiology
The urinary system or urinary tract comprises of ureters, urethra, kidneys, and bladder
(Hickling, Sun & Wu, 2015). The primary function of this system is to eliminate waste
substances from the body as well as regulation of blood pressure and blood volume in the
body. It also helps in checking and maintaining the correct level of metabolites and
electrolytes in the body, along with modifying the blood ph. Other functions are releasing
hormones and maintaining bone phosphorus and calcium. The excretory system works in
association with the endocrine and circulatory systems. The blood circulates throughout the
body and passes through the kidneys. The different substances such as uric acid, urea are
impassive from the blood, and the water is carried back into the body. The steps of removing
the waste product that is followed by the body are urine passed through the nephrons into the
kidney tubules, from where the urine is carried into the tubes of the ureters, and finally into
the bladder (Ogobuiro & Tuma, 2019). Renal failure is a condition where the kidney fails to
eradicate the waste materials from the body it is the main pathophysiological condition of the
disease. The cause of this failure can be a fluid loss, heart disease, infection in the body, use
of few drugs, high blood pressure, and high level of blood sugar (Vaidya & Aeddula, 2019).
It can also cause kidney stones, scar tissue. There are mainly two types of renal miscarriage
that are acute renal failure and chronic failure.
Causes
Many objects lead to the development of acute renal failure and chronic renal failure.
The acute renal failure happens because of truncated blood flow, which occurs due to the
after effect of complicated surgery or accident. It may also cause due to severe reaction of
infection or drugs, which results in the sudden swelling of the kidney. Sudden obstruction

URINARY SYSTEM- RENAL FAILURE2
due to kidney stones may also lead to this condition. Another critical factor is excessive-high
pressure in the body, heart diseases like a blockage in the heart or stroke also lead to renal
failure. The acute renal condition can be treated, and the reasonable condition of the body can
be restored (Makris & Spanou, 2016).
Chronic renal failure is a condition, which happens when the body experiences
damage and loss of function. It may occur due to chronic glomerulonephritis, the high
glucose level in the body, polycystic condition of the kidney, blockage in the urinary tract,
and also infection in the kidney. Among the many causes, diabetes is considered as the main
factor for kidney disruption. Autoimmune diseases like IgA nephropathy and lupus,
hereditary factors, nephrotic syndrome are some of the other factors that lead to the failure of
the kidney (Fraser & Blakeman, 2016). These problems can also happen due to the unhealthy
lifestyle, insufficient consumption of water, which may lead to the development of bacteria
inside the body resulting in chronic infection and, ultimately, renal failure.
Age/race/sex predilection
The disease is much more common among the women who are suffering from
diabetes other than men, ultimately leading to the higher expectation of diabetic kidney
disease resulting in renal failure. The reason for this condition is females are more associated
with the problematic hazard of retinopathy and neuropathy. Women who suffer from diabetes
experiences have a secondary level of estradiol in the body in comparison with the women
who are not affected. It has also been established that men with age more than 60 experiences
a higher level of disease. Among the race, it is observed that non-Hispanic white men are
more affected by this disease compared to non-Hispanic black men. In terms of outcome, it
has been found that men of age above than 60 experiences renal failure due to hypertension,
other cause of this condition can be body mass index, which is lower in the men body and