Carbon Neutrality and NEPIs
The effectiveness of the new environmental policy instruments’ (NEPIs), through market based methods, in lowering the carbon footprint and ensuring carbon neutrality over the past 20 years.
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Added on 2022-08-13
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Hi, I have Included all the information required for the BSc Geography Dissertation in the briefing attached, please contact me if any help is needed, thank you.
Carbon Neutrality and NEPIs
The effectiveness of the new environmental policy instruments’ (NEPIs), through market based methods, in lowering the carbon footprint and ensuring carbon neutrality over the past 20 years.
Added on 2022-08-13
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User 1
GEOG3605: Physical Geography Dissertation Second Interim
Report
by Student’s Name
Code + Course Name
Professor’s Name
University Name
City, State
Date
GEOG3605: Physical Geography Dissertation Second Interim
Report
by Student’s Name
Code + Course Name
Professor’s Name
University Name
City, State
Date
User 2
Abstract
The greenhouse gases registered a massive increase during the industrial revolution
when coal was used as the source of fuel. In paper, a deep discussion on how the NEPIs
relates to carbon neutrality has been dealt with in details. All the measures, policies by
governments and other organization to reduce the emission has been evaluated especially
those related to US, Canada, China, Europe and UN. Such policy instruments include
legislations, trade bloc agreement, trade incentives among others. The countries that have
made notable efforts to reduce the carbon footprint include the US, Canada, UK, China and
some other non-profit organization such as the UN. One agreement called Paris agreement,
had its objectives being to achieve global temperature increase that is lower than current 20 C.
Such countries have set their goals at increase the use of renewable sources of energy to
around 32% of their total grid while eradicating coal generated electricity. Zero emission
vehicles are among the policy instruments employed by Canada. While much has been
invested to realize the objectives of those policies, countries like Canada has very little to
show as the results of such efforts. China on the other hand experiences the worst climatic
changes that is attributed to its late implementation of NEPIs.
Table of Contents
Abstract
The greenhouse gases registered a massive increase during the industrial revolution
when coal was used as the source of fuel. In paper, a deep discussion on how the NEPIs
relates to carbon neutrality has been dealt with in details. All the measures, policies by
governments and other organization to reduce the emission has been evaluated especially
those related to US, Canada, China, Europe and UN. Such policy instruments include
legislations, trade bloc agreement, trade incentives among others. The countries that have
made notable efforts to reduce the carbon footprint include the US, Canada, UK, China and
some other non-profit organization such as the UN. One agreement called Paris agreement,
had its objectives being to achieve global temperature increase that is lower than current 20 C.
Such countries have set their goals at increase the use of renewable sources of energy to
around 32% of their total grid while eradicating coal generated electricity. Zero emission
vehicles are among the policy instruments employed by Canada. While much has been
invested to realize the objectives of those policies, countries like Canada has very little to
show as the results of such efforts. China on the other hand experiences the worst climatic
changes that is attributed to its late implementation of NEPIs.
Table of Contents
User 3
Abstract..........................................................................................................................2
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................3
List of Figures................................................................................................................5
List of tables...................................................................................................................6
List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................6
Introduction....................................................................................................................6
Methodology................................................................................................................11
a. Data collection method...................................................................................12
i. Literature source.........................................................................................13
ii. Literature materials.....................................................................................14
iii. Experiment..................................................................................................16
iv. Sampling method........................................................................................16
b. Limitations......................................................................................................17
Results..........................................................................................................................18
a. Temperature distribution................................................................................18
v. china............................................................................................................18
vi. USA............................................................................................................19
vii. Canada........................................................................................................21
viii. Europe........................................................................................................22
b. Atmospheric visibility....................................................................................24
ix. China...........................................................................................................24
x. Europe.........................................................................................................26
xi. Us................................................................................................................27
Discussion....................................................................................................................28
Canada..........................................................................................................................33
a. Picing carbon fairly........................................................................................33
Abstract..........................................................................................................................2
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................3
List of Figures................................................................................................................5
List of tables...................................................................................................................6
List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................6
Introduction....................................................................................................................6
Methodology................................................................................................................11
a. Data collection method...................................................................................12
i. Literature source.........................................................................................13
ii. Literature materials.....................................................................................14
iii. Experiment..................................................................................................16
iv. Sampling method........................................................................................16
b. Limitations......................................................................................................17
Results..........................................................................................................................18
a. Temperature distribution................................................................................18
v. china............................................................................................................18
vi. USA............................................................................................................19
vii. Canada........................................................................................................21
viii. Europe........................................................................................................22
b. Atmospheric visibility....................................................................................24
ix. China...........................................................................................................24
x. Europe.........................................................................................................26
xi. Us................................................................................................................27
Discussion....................................................................................................................28
Canada..........................................................................................................................33
a. Picing carbon fairly........................................................................................33
User 4
xii. Policy framework........................................................................................33
xiii. Shortfalls....................................................................................................34
xiv. Important enhancement..............................................................................34
b. phasing out the core usage and encouraging the use of clean sources of
energy 35
i. current policy framework............................................................................35
ii. Shortfalls.....................................................................................................35
c. Sustainable mobility.......................................................................................36
Current policy framework....................................................................................36
d. Supporting zero emission vehicles and developing cleaner sources of energy
36
iii. Current policy framework...........................................................................36
e. food policy framework...................................................................................37
Carbon tax............................................................................................................37
European union............................................................................................................38
a. framework.......................................................................................................38
i. Space heating..............................................................................................40
b. Taxes...............................................................................................................41
i. Carbon tax...................................................................................................41
United nations..............................................................................................................41
US.................................................................................................................................42
a. Policy and legislation.....................................................................................43
ii. Pillars..........................................................................................................43
xii. Policy framework........................................................................................33
xiii. Shortfalls....................................................................................................34
xiv. Important enhancement..............................................................................34
b. phasing out the core usage and encouraging the use of clean sources of
energy 35
i. current policy framework............................................................................35
ii. Shortfalls.....................................................................................................35
c. Sustainable mobility.......................................................................................36
Current policy framework....................................................................................36
d. Supporting zero emission vehicles and developing cleaner sources of energy
36
iii. Current policy framework...........................................................................36
e. food policy framework...................................................................................37
Carbon tax............................................................................................................37
European union............................................................................................................38
a. framework.......................................................................................................38
i. Space heating..............................................................................................40
b. Taxes...............................................................................................................41
i. Carbon tax...................................................................................................41
United nations..............................................................................................................41
US.................................................................................................................................42
a. Policy and legislation.....................................................................................43
ii. Pillars..........................................................................................................43
User 5
b. Taxes...............................................................................................................43
c. California........................................................................................................44
d. New York.......................................................................................................44
e. Challenges......................................................................................................44
Conclusion....................................................................................................................45
References....................................................................................................................46
List of Figures
Figure 1: Temperature distribution across the three cities of china ( matlab software was
used to plot the graph)....................................................................................................
32
Figure 2: maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................33
Figure 3: minimum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................33
Figure 3: Maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................34
Figure 4: Maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................35
Figure 5: Maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in Europe (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................36
Figure 6: Minimum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................36
Figure 7: Atmospheric Visibility of 3 cities of China..........................................................38
Figure 8:Visibility in the northeast of China.....................................................................39
Figure 9: Atmospheric Visibility of 3 cities in Europe........................................................40
Figure 10: Atmospheric Visibility of 3 cities in Europe......................................................41
List of tables
b. Taxes...............................................................................................................43
c. California........................................................................................................44
d. New York.......................................................................................................44
e. Challenges......................................................................................................44
Conclusion....................................................................................................................45
References....................................................................................................................46
List of Figures
Figure 1: Temperature distribution across the three cities of china ( matlab software was
used to plot the graph)....................................................................................................
32
Figure 2: maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................33
Figure 3: minimum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................33
Figure 3: Maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................34
Figure 4: Maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................35
Figure 5: Maximum Temperature distribution across the three cities in Europe (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................36
Figure 6: Minimum Temperature distribution across the three cities in USA (MATLAB
software was used to plot the graph)...............................................................................36
Figure 7: Atmospheric Visibility of 3 cities of China..........................................................38
Figure 8:Visibility in the northeast of China.....................................................................39
Figure 9: Atmospheric Visibility of 3 cities in Europe........................................................40
Figure 10: Atmospheric Visibility of 3 cities in Europe......................................................41
List of tables
User 6
Table 1: The percentage reduction ( as ameasure of effectiness) as a results of
implementation of various policy instruments to reduce carbon foot print in various
countries.......................................................................................................................... 18
Table 3: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................31
Table 4: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................32
Table 5: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................34
Table 6: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................35
Table 7: Rainfall distribution in mm.................................................................................37
Table 8: Atmospheric visibility in CHINA..........................................................................37
Table 9: Atmospheric visibility in Europe.........................................................................39
Table 10: Atmospheric visibility in US..............................................................................40
List of Abbreviations
ZEV zero emission vehicles
GHG greenhouse gases
UN united nations
EU European union
NEPIs new environmental policy instruments
Introduction
New environmental policy instrument are the avenues, tools or devices that are
employed by either government, organization or individuals in order to promote
environmental innovation at enterprise level. Environmental innovation is well laid out
manifest for organizations to follow when assuming social responsibility and
environmental regulations. The policy instruments could include taxes, subsidies,
Table 1: The percentage reduction ( as ameasure of effectiness) as a results of
implementation of various policy instruments to reduce carbon foot print in various
countries.......................................................................................................................... 18
Table 3: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................31
Table 4: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................32
Table 5: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................34
Table 6: Temperature distribution in degrees centigrade................................................35
Table 7: Rainfall distribution in mm.................................................................................37
Table 8: Atmospheric visibility in CHINA..........................................................................37
Table 9: Atmospheric visibility in Europe.........................................................................39
Table 10: Atmospheric visibility in US..............................................................................40
List of Abbreviations
ZEV zero emission vehicles
GHG greenhouse gases
UN united nations
EU European union
NEPIs new environmental policy instruments
Introduction
New environmental policy instrument are the avenues, tools or devices that are
employed by either government, organization or individuals in order to promote
environmental innovation at enterprise level. Environmental innovation is well laid out
manifest for organizations to follow when assuming social responsibility and
environmental regulations. The policy instruments could include taxes, subsidies,
User 7
legislations among others. This dissertation is a research on the policies proposed and
recommended by the NEPIs in its effort to reduce the carbon footprint. The policies
employed, their effects and drawbacks were also looked into in this dissertation. Of the
late, climate change has been noted in all parts of the world (United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2014 a). For instance, melting of ice, increased
temperature, flooding, draught, famine, among others have been noted everywhere in the
world. In addition to that, glacier, snow cover and permafrost are melting now and artic,
Antarctic and Greenland have been reported to be undergoing negative mass imbalance
which has caused the sea level to rise (Kelly, Shepson, Strim, B. P., Karion, Sweeney &
Gurney, 2009). It is estimated that there has been 20 C increase in temperature compared
to pre-industrial period. In the past 20 years, an increase in temperature by 0.740 C and
hence the NEPIs are focused on all urgent actions through policies and recommendations
to curb the amount of the C O2 released every year. With NEPIs in place, search can be
slowed down if not reversed completely.
The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the carbon
neutrality and NEPIs. It shall be necessary also to evaluate how much improvement has
been caused by the market regulation the impact of the NEPIs (New environmental
policy instruments) (Bokowski, White, Pacifico, Talbot, DuBelko, &, Phipps, 2007) . The
other objective was to establish how much NEPIs has impacted the customer altitude
towards carbon neutrality with the basis of neoliberalism and free market (United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2014 b). This research dissertation
shall take to examine how much NEPIs has led to the use of renewable sources as a result
of governments intervention in their effort to promote carbon neutrality. The extent to
which the NEPIs have influence the Research and development especially on
technologies that are related to carbon neutrality.
legislations among others. This dissertation is a research on the policies proposed and
recommended by the NEPIs in its effort to reduce the carbon footprint. The policies
employed, their effects and drawbacks were also looked into in this dissertation. Of the
late, climate change has been noted in all parts of the world (United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2014 a). For instance, melting of ice, increased
temperature, flooding, draught, famine, among others have been noted everywhere in the
world. In addition to that, glacier, snow cover and permafrost are melting now and artic,
Antarctic and Greenland have been reported to be undergoing negative mass imbalance
which has caused the sea level to rise (Kelly, Shepson, Strim, B. P., Karion, Sweeney &
Gurney, 2009). It is estimated that there has been 20 C increase in temperature compared
to pre-industrial period. In the past 20 years, an increase in temperature by 0.740 C and
hence the NEPIs are focused on all urgent actions through policies and recommendations
to curb the amount of the C O2 released every year. With NEPIs in place, search can be
slowed down if not reversed completely.
The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the carbon
neutrality and NEPIs. It shall be necessary also to evaluate how much improvement has
been caused by the market regulation the impact of the NEPIs (New environmental
policy instruments) (Bokowski, White, Pacifico, Talbot, DuBelko, &, Phipps, 2007) . The
other objective was to establish how much NEPIs has impacted the customer altitude
towards carbon neutrality with the basis of neoliberalism and free market (United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2014 b). This research dissertation
shall take to examine how much NEPIs has led to the use of renewable sources as a result
of governments intervention in their effort to promote carbon neutrality. The extent to
which the NEPIs have influence the Research and development especially on
technologies that are related to carbon neutrality.
User 8
The research agenda towards finding the possible sinks and sources of carbon
dioxide omitted across a wide bread with of scales. There are several models that have
been established that are geared towards understanding the emission profile. This has
been done for products (i.e. now there is the standards about product life cycle available
publicly (PAS) 2050/GHG), individuals, urban areas and cities which has different
emissions encompassed in them (Stubbs & Downie, 2011). For instance, a product
footprint measure emission by that product in its life time. An individual footprint
determines the amount of goods consumed by an individual and the activities related to
greenhouse gases. At national level, the NEPIs s determine the all the emissions that are
associated with export, imports, energy, services and consumed goods at national-wide
scale.
Through NEPIs, guidance has been developed well for evaluating and generating
the carbon footprint but has been less implemented. Nonetheless, a pressing need to
address this issue has been a concern at a global scale since organizations, of whatever
kind, are the major contributors to greenhouse gases at a global level (Lenzen, Murray,
Sack, & Wiedmann, 2007). A report by several environmental agencies in the year 2017
showed that among the 500 large companies, direct emissions amounted to almost 4.0
gigatons ofC O2 e. 7% of the total emission in that year was contributed by anthropogenic
sources – almost 5o gigatons of C O2 CITATION Cra18 \l 2057 (Craeynest, &
Streatfeild, 2018) . There has been a shift eastwards of manufacturing industries that has
been cause the differing environmental regulations, wage expectations, living standards
and pervasive rate of consumerism (Sullivan & Gouldson, 2012). This means that despite
NEPIs by trade blocs and individual countries, the reduction the C O2 emissions might
need tighter regulations (Hammerschlag, & Barbour, 2003). That shift has now deemed
The research agenda towards finding the possible sinks and sources of carbon
dioxide omitted across a wide bread with of scales. There are several models that have
been established that are geared towards understanding the emission profile. This has
been done for products (i.e. now there is the standards about product life cycle available
publicly (PAS) 2050/GHG), individuals, urban areas and cities which has different
emissions encompassed in them (Stubbs & Downie, 2011). For instance, a product
footprint measure emission by that product in its life time. An individual footprint
determines the amount of goods consumed by an individual and the activities related to
greenhouse gases. At national level, the NEPIs s determine the all the emissions that are
associated with export, imports, energy, services and consumed goods at national-wide
scale.
Through NEPIs, guidance has been developed well for evaluating and generating
the carbon footprint but has been less implemented. Nonetheless, a pressing need to
address this issue has been a concern at a global scale since organizations, of whatever
kind, are the major contributors to greenhouse gases at a global level (Lenzen, Murray,
Sack, & Wiedmann, 2007). A report by several environmental agencies in the year 2017
showed that among the 500 large companies, direct emissions amounted to almost 4.0
gigatons ofC O2 e. 7% of the total emission in that year was contributed by anthropogenic
sources – almost 5o gigatons of C O2 CITATION Cra18 \l 2057 (Craeynest, &
Streatfeild, 2018) . There has been a shift eastwards of manufacturing industries that has
been cause the differing environmental regulations, wage expectations, living standards
and pervasive rate of consumerism (Sullivan & Gouldson, 2012). This means that despite
NEPIs by trade blocs and individual countries, the reduction the C O2 emissions might
need tighter regulations (Hammerschlag, & Barbour, 2003). That shift has now deemed
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