User Interface

This document explores the user interface of popular mobile applications and discusses their features, ratings, and user reviews. It also delves into the advantages and disadvantages of user-centered designs. Additionally, it provides insights into different categories of research contributions in human-computer interaction and highlights the importance of task analysis in optimizing performance.

Running head: USER INTERFACE
User interface
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

USER INTERFACE
Table of Contents
Week 2.............................................................................................................................................2
Week 3.............................................................................................................................................6
Week 4...........................................................................................................................................10
Week 5...........................................................................................................................................14
Week 6...........................................................................................................................................18

USER INTERFACE
Week 2
Exercise 1:
Selected two mobile applications are Duolingo and imo free video calls and chats.
Duolingo: The rating of this application is 4.7. The mobile application has 10 reviews.
The application has some interesting feature. The concept of this mobile application is to help the
users to learn new languages for free.
Imo free video calls: this is a well-known application that is used by many users. The
rating of this application id 4.3 which can be considered as good rating. There are ten reviews
given o this application. The users can make the video calls through the use of VoIP protocol.
The comparison and the shortcomings of these two mobile application can be evaluated
through the analysis of the reviews given to the mobile application.
Duolingo:
Review Category name Possible solutions
I really loved this
application but the latest
update has ruined the whole
thing. They removed almost all
my progress from my account.
Update issues The dulolingo
developers can fix the bugs in
the update. Apart from that the
progresses of the users can be
retrieved from the previous
database.
You now have to pay
for the tests out of levels.
There are only 4-5 tests are
helpful.
Users issue related to
the business perspective after
the update of the application.
In case, if the
developers think to make the
tests paid after a certain level,
it is their business decision. If
this decision is taken it is

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natural that it would be
reflected in the next update.
This is extremely
helpful. I first tried to learn
Romanian out of spite more as
a challenge on how easy it is to
learn a new language with
Duolingo. Now I will try to
learn Spanish from it. It would
be awesome to add Latin
lesson here.
Suggestions for
improvement.
Duolingo can take this
advice as a feedback and can
go for further improvement.
The application is
excellent. However, I am bit
disappointed that some of the
features is paid in the updated
version.
Users issue related to
the business perspective after
the update of the application.
The decision is taken
by the application developers.
I was going to give a
five star rating to this
application. But I have found
we have to pay $6.99 per
month for this application
which is not reasonable for my
limited income.
User issues related to
the business perspective.
It is the internal
decision of the developers and
the management division of
duolingo.
Imo free video calls:

USER INTERFACE
Review Category name Possible solutions
Since latest update I
am facing these issues. As I
send a text or audio or video
file messages are deleting
automatically.
Technical issues after
update
Problems can be fixed
through internal debugging.
The imo developers has asked
the users to give the imo
number and the time of
occurring the incident.
My experience is so
bad. I am on imo before, but
now I cannot use imo because
imo number cannot be verified.
Technical issues Imo has asked the
users regarding the imo
account number along with the
country code, location of the
country and the detailed
problem.
I have tried to contact
with my sister who is in Dubai
through imo call. However, we
cannot hear each other.
Restriction on the use
of the technology.
Imo developers has
identified this issue regarding
the restriction of the use of this
technology in that particular
region.
The design of the
application is not convenient at
all. The quality of the video
calls and audio calls are fine
however design part is not
good.
Designing interface
problem.
The imo developer is
concerned about the fact and
has taken this as the feedback
for the further improvement.
It is saying the number Location problem Imo has asked the user

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is invalid and USA is not
present in the option. I am
using this application for
certain time. However, it is not
working in the new phone.
along with technical issues. to reinstall the application.
It has been seen that for both the mobile application the users are complaining after the
update of the application. In case of imo video calls the users are facing problems as the
information are getting deleted. On the other hand, for the Duolingo, after the update, some of
the features of this application has become paid, for this, the users are not happy.
From the discussion it can be said the rating of the application is affected by the technical
faults or bugs as well as the business decisions of the application developers.
Exercise 2
Advantages and disadvantages of the user centred designs:
From the application of the human centred design the application of the tools and
technologies can be understood in a proper way. There are different processes and sub processes
involve to perform a task. Human centric design will help the users to perform the task easily
without even knowing or performing those processes. Part from that with the use of the human
centric design the chances of errors will be mitigated.
However, the use of the human centric design can be harmful. It has been seen the design
that is appropriate for today may not be appropriate for tomorrow. In that case the human centric
design can be changed. Apart from that too much use of technology will increase the
individuality that will be harmful for the society.

USER INTERFACE
Week 3
Exercise 1
paper and its citation paper type rationale or justification
Research contributions in human
computer interaction.
Wobbrock, J.O. and Kientz, J.A.,
2016. Research contributions in
human-computer
interaction. interactions, 23(3),
pp.38-44.
artifact This article has been categorized as artifact because it
speaks regarding the contributions of empirical
research. It also provides the artifact contributions,
along with some examples. This article describes
regarding the artifact research contributions that have
been evaluated on the basis of the artifact that have
given rise to it.
Human–computer interaction,
foundations and new paradigms
Dix, A., 2017. Human–computer
interaction, foundations and new
paradigms. Journal of Visual
Languages & Computing, 42,
pp.122-134.
empirical This particular article has been categorized within this
specific category because it reports the results that
have been obtained after carrying out a detailed study
on the topic of human computer interaction. It
mentions various examples of actual observations that
has been notices by some researches. It has also
discussed regarding the experiments that have been
carried out on this topic and the results have been
discussed in this article.
Categorisation of visualisation
methods to support the design of
Human-Computer Interaction
Systems
Li, K., Tiwari, A., Alcock, J. and
theoretical This particular article provides a theoretical
explanation on the topic of categorization of
visualization methods for supporting the design of the
human computer interaction systems. It provides a
detailed discussion on this topic.

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Bermell-Garcia, P., 2016.
Categorisation of visualisation
methods to support the design of
Human-Computer Interaction
Systems. Applied
ergonomics, 55, pp.85-107.
Human–robot interaction
Sheridan, T.B., 2016. Human–
robot interaction: status and
challenges. Human
factors, 58(4), pp.525-532.
opinion this article discusses regarding the factors of human
computer interaction. It provides opinion on the ways
that can be used in order to carry out the entire process
of human computer interaction successfully. These
opinions can be used by researchers and other people
for obtaining best results in the process of human
computer interaction.
vision based hand gesture
recognition for human computer
interaction: a survey
Rautaray, S.S. and Agrawal, A.,
2015. Vision based hand gesture
recognition for human computer
interaction: a survey. Artificial
intelligence review, 43(1), pp.1-
54.
survey This particular article has been categorized under the
section of survey because it presents the results that
have been obtained from a survey, the survey has been
carried out with the help of various participants by
obtaining their consent, they have then recorded the
results and hence it has been presented in the article. It
present she survey results of vision based hand gesture
recognition for the human computer interaction.
social touch in human computer
interaction
Van Erp, J.B. and Toet, A., 2015.
Social touch in human–computer
methodolog
ical
This article named social touch in human computer
interaction describes regarding the importance of
touch in the form of modality in the social
communication that has been highlighted by the matter

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interaction. Frontiers in digital
humanities, 2, p.2.
that the human skin has numerous receptors for
processing affective touch. It presents the methods of
the study that has been carried out.
Brain–computer interface: the
next frontier of telemedicine in
human–computer interaction
Hsu, W.Y., 2015. Brain–
computer interface: the next
frontier of telemedicine in
human–computer
interaction. Telematics and
Informatics, 32(1), pp.180-192.
dataset This article has been categorized under the topic of
dataset because it has discussed regarding the
interaction of brains and computers. It further
mentions the usage of this interaction in the field of
telemedicine.
Exercise 2
As per the article by Steven Hoober on the way users hold and use mobile phones it has
been mentioned that people use mobile phones in various ways and positions. This topic has
been discussed by people the author has carried out a research and deep understanding on the
way by which the users interact with the mobile devices. There had been a time when users used
to get used to various devices that were sold in market and sometimes spend time in learning the
way to use them. The author has presented the present scenario and he had said that now in the
user-centric world, manufacturers as well as developers need to know the users and then on the
basis of that research user centric as well as ergonomic products are created. These products are
both digital as well as physical in nature.
Exercise 3

USER INTERFACE
The concerns that have been mentioned to be considered while designing include use
based challenges; the challenges of this category are divided into individual and ergonomics
differences of the users as well as accessibility. One more challenge concern that is to be
considered includes input based challenges; this includes the challenges that are gestures,
supporting data input, multi user support and patterns. The author has discussed these concerns
in a detailed manner.
Week 4
Exercise 1
Task analysis is concerned with the accomplishment of the task regarding the detailed
description of the entire system. Usage of manual and mental activities will take into
consideration the processing of the task complexity and provisioning of the environmental
conditions. Usage of task analysis is mainly performed for the processing of the personal
selection and training the tool and hence equipment processing will get functional. In the task
analysis process the main aspect that is taken into consideration includes the fact that the
processing of the entire terminology gets processed as per the works that they are performing.
Hence the management of the process will include the fact that the performance employees can
be well analysed. Task analysis also helps in understanding the potential of the employees.
Taking into consideration the fact that the processing of understanding the task that is to be
performed. As per the task that is performed better understanding of the employee rating can be
provided. The person who will be performing task analysis the main aspect that will be
performed includes the fact that proper time recording must be performed and hence better
understanding of the precise account creating must be performed. Prioritization of the strategic
decision making is performed as per better decision making regarding the analysis of the task.

USER INTERFACE
Monitoring of the task related performance must be performed by the task analyser. This
monitoring sector ensures performing of the three main parameters, namely time, cost and the
priority of the task that is to be performed. Analysis of the entire functional process that has
performed in a better manner. This is one of the major aspect that leads to proper management of
the optimization process. With the help of the optimization process, task scheduling and
employee resource planning is performed. The task analysis method that is taken into
consideration includes performing of the Business Process Management, Customer relationship
management and Enterprise resources management is also performed in a better manner. Usage
of business intelligence in the process is also necessary in perfo4rmimg proper task analysis.
Figure 1: HTA
(Created by Author)
Exercise 2
As per the principle the main concern that is taken into consideration includes the fact
that the processing of the principles better understanding of the app description can be made. The
principles are mainly focussed in the functional process of the data management. Hence this

USER INTERFACE
processing of the data management can be performed as per the statements and functional
process of the application.
As per the principles of the system the main aspect that is taken into consideration
includes the fact that better understanding of the interaction in the functioning of the interface
can be performed. The main concern of this prospect will ensure the factr that a better
understanding of the commands that are provided in the functional process of the indirect
manipulation. Another main concern that must be taken into consideration includes the fact that
the processing of the entire terminology will get performed as per the behaviour of the actions
that are taken as per the actions. Usage of the Yoke principle must be performed in case to
perform a better understanding of the anticipation and mitigation of the errors. With the help of
the error messages the main aspect that is taken into consideration includes the fact that the
issues that are present can be resolved. Provisioning of the system feedback will ensure that the
functional process will get performed in a better manner. Simplifying the learnability of the app
will be performed as per the better management of the app.
With the help of the Fitts’ law the main aspect that is taken into consideration includes
the fact that better understanding of the project as per the usage of the interface designing. In this
case the major aspect the main advantage that is gained includes the fact that proposing of the
click ability of the entire system. This system also helps in better understanding of the location of
the mouse that will be present in the system. With the help of the Tesler’s law complexity of the
app that is functioning must be removed. This will increase the efficiency of the app and hence
better understanding of the system will get performed. As per Hick’s law, decision time of the
app is very iomporytant/.im case the decision making time of the application is high the
efficiency of the application decreases.

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Interaction
design
principle
Followed Reasons Screen shot
Interaction in
interface
Yes the
principle is
followed
Usage of fingers
will be
performed on the
mobile screen
Clues about
behaviours
Yes the
principle is
followed
Wants of the
users will be
taken into
consideration
Anticipate and
mitigate
Yes the
principle is
followed
Issues are
detected and
mitigated
System and
feedback
Yes the
principle is
followed
Grating system
is available

USER INTERFACE
Exercise 3
The design choice that is to be made will ensure better understanding of the data
allocation gets performed. This is one of the major aspect that helps in bettering of the entire
scenario. This is one of the major aspect that will provide higher efficiency to the app. With the
help of this process the main advantage that will be received incudes better allocation of space in
the memory of the app. The design that must be implemented uses the technology that enhances
the usage of the protocol that the memory of the task will be erased after the task is completed. In
this case the memory related issues that was arising will get mitigated. The task gets completed
after the goal of the project is achieved. The main aspect that is written includes the fact that the
functioning of the app gets better and hence the efficiency of the entire app will increase and
hence the functional process will get better.
Week 5
Exercise 1
The design principles that have been mentioned include reducing working memory load;
this is done by providing various mechanisms for keeping a track on the choices that is made by
the users. This particular principle is still relevant because the design principles that are followed
by the developers nowadays, is similar to this, they try to design the application in such a way
that they track the choices of the users and hence provide them suitable results. They also utilize
various strategies which are useful in consuming less memory in a device.
Exercise 2
The design guidelines that must be considered for the purpose of designing mobile
applications for children and elderly people has been mentioned in the table below.

USER INTERFACE
source user
group
guidelines
Zapata, B.C., Fernández-
Alemán, J.L., Idri, A. and
Toval, A., 2015. Empirical
studies on usability of
mHealth apps: a systematic
literature review. Journal of
medical systems, 39(2), p.1.
children major guideline that has to be followed include the scenario
when a new child user interacts with an application by
downloading or installing it, the owner of the app must need
parents credentials and they must receive a particular
notification which would include a request on their consent for
the child to interact with the application. These credential a
certifiable document that is issued by the government. The
parents require filling the consent form, signed and then sent by
the fax or email or any toll free line where a particular parent
can call and provide their consent to the operator directly.
Flick, U., 2018. An
introduction to qualitative
research. Sage Publications
Limited.
children parents must provide with the entire details of the personal data
of their child that has been collected by the application, they
can also apply for the refusing the sharing of this data and to
prevent the child from any interaction with the application in
future. Parents can also enforce strictly gated access to the
payment options of the application which must be accessible to
parents only with the help of a password or any other verifiable
credentials. It must be considered as very important for parents
to read the regulations of the application and how they are to be
used by the children. Various application stores like Apple App
store as well as Google play and are careful in reviewing the
applications for the children even before they accept the
applications. Hence if the applications are not completely
complaint, it would not make its own way in the application

USER INTERFACE
store. This would be helpful for the children to use applications
that are completely safe in nature and cannot harm them in any
means in future.
Vatavu, R.D., Cramariuc, G.
and Schipor, D.M., 2015.
Touch interaction for
children aged 3 to 6 years:
Experimental findings and
relationship to motor
skills. International Journal
of Human-Computer
Studies, 74, pp.54-76.
children The parents of children must categorize the personal data items
that require protection cover the maximum amount that has
been permitted by the law, they include the IP and physical
address, audio, graphic and video files that identifies the child,
cookies that are stored in the computer or any mobile device.
The parents must enforce various strictly gated accesses to the
payment options of the mobile application. These should be
accessible to parents only with the help of password or any
other verifiable credentials.
Lorenzo, G., Lledó, A.,
Pomares, J. and Roig, R.,
2016. Design and application
of an immersive virtual
reality system to enhance
emotional skills for children
with autism spectrum
disorders. Computers &
Education, 98, pp.192-205.
elder
people
The most important factor that must be considered while
designing the application for elderly people includes making the
UI convenient. It must be considered that elderly people have
very poor vision and tiny figures would be very annoying. If the
designers need to design applications for elder people the UI
must be kept below 12 points. Sometimes the elderly people
have the ability to control the size of font on the screen. This
might result in various problems in the functioning of the
application. The content should be divided into small sections.
The color detection capacity as well as the hearing capacity also
decreases with the age. Designers must be aware of it and
overcome it using various strategies.
Bhise, V.D., elder Paying attention to the size of the user interface elements. The

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2016. Ergonomics in the
automotive design process.
CRC Press.
people designers must reduce the distance between various buttons on
the touch interfaces. They must also pay attention to the sizing
of human interface guidelines. The aged people have less
coordination between their hands and eyes; hence the designers
must make the UI elements even more effective in nature and
far from themselves.
Elbert, K.K., Kroemer, H.B.
and Hoffman, A.D.K.,
2018. Ergonomics: how to
design for ease and
efficiency. Academic Press.
elder
people
Avoiding the complex elements and features. In order to design
applications for elder people, the designers must avoid using
any slide-out menus because they might confuse the old people.
The user experience can be enhanced by adding the back button
to main menu for giving the users a particular chance to get
back into the previous action.
Week 6
Exercise 1:
The user will use the Moodlog for the getting the information about their time they are
spending at different places. In this case, it can be assumed that the users want the interface that
will not hamper their other activities in the mobile phone due to the running of the Moodlog. In
this context, the MoodLog developer has developed the interface that will run on the background
of the mobile. The system can be used by logging in through the system and then the system will
run in the background. This will not hamper the other activities of the users on the mobile phone.
In case, if the users is staying at the same location for some time, the system will ask the
users to add the information about the location. There can be a problem if the virtual keyboard is

USER INTERFACE
provided with this interface. In order to solve the problem user has to tap on the location button
then only the keyboard will be appeared.
The application will reflect the mood of the users along with staying at different places.
In this case, the application will ask the users to rate their current status of the mood on the basis
of the matrices.
Exercise 3:
The users can track the mood transformation of the mood through the use of the system.
The mood changes during the time can be represented through the graphical representation. In
this case the use of different emojis can be used. This will make the system more interactive and
attractive for the users.
Name of the type Example Review
Meta analysis The application that
will indicate if the use of the
sunscreen can prevent the
melanoma (Grant and Booth
2009).
The results gathered
through the quantitative
studies in order to get the right
result.
Narrative review They application that
will help the users to rate any
product (Grant and Booth
2009).
This method will help
to review the product through
collection of the feedbacks
from the different
stakeholders.
Qualitative systematic
review
The application that
will provide the users
experience about the products
(Grant and Booth 2009).
This will help to
gather the view of the
stakeholders regarding the
processes and the

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functionalities involved in the
processes.
Rapid review The application that
will provide the users in order
to take the right decisions on
the basis of critical conditions
(Grant and Booth 2009).
The rapid review will
help the users to take the right
decisions regarding the policy
making.
Scoping review The application that
will provide the right
information to the users (Grant
and Booth 2009).
The scoping review
will help in the gathering of
the literature review.

USER INTERFACE
Reference
Bhise, V.D., 2016. Ergonomics in the automotive design process. CRC Press.
Elbert, K.K., Kroemer, H.B. and Hoffman, A.D.K., 2018. Ergonomics: how to design for ease
and efficiency. Academic Press.
Grant, M.J. and Booth, A., 2009. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and
associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), pp.91-108.
Vatavu, R.D., Cramariuc, G. and Schipor, D.M., 2015. Touch interaction for children aged 3 to 6
years: Experimental findings and relationship to motor skills. International Journal of Human-
Computer Studies, 74, pp.54-76.
Zapata, B.C., Fernández-Alemán, J.L., Idri, A. and Toval, A., 2015. Empirical studies on
usability of mHealth apps: a systematic literature review. Journal of medical systems, 39(2), p.1.