Valuing the Benefits of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) Applications

This research report discusses the benefits and applications of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in improving road safety, mobility, and productivity. It covers various ITS technologies such as intermodal transportation, intelligent traffic control, in-vehicle technologies, safety enhancement technologies, and traveler advisory systems. The report also includes case studies of ITS implementation in companies like IBM and INRIX, as well as future trends in ITS.

Valuing the benefits of Intelligence Transport System (ITS) applications
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Background information..............................................................................................................4
Intermodal Transportation System...........................................................................................5
Intelligent Traffic Control System...........................................................................................5
In- Vehicle Technologies.........................................................................................................5
Safety Enhancement Technologies..........................................................................................5
Traveler Advisory System........................................................................................................5
Trends in ITS...................................................................................................................................5
Inclusion of Infotainment Technology............................................................................................6
Improvements in Alternative Fuel Technology...............................................................................7
Provision for Next Generation 3D Navigation Systems..................................................................7
Cloud Transport Access Protocol....................................................................................................8
Automatic Road Enforcement System.............................................................................................8
Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems.......................................................................................9
Freight/Fleet Management System..................................................................................................9
Future Vision of ITS........................................................................................................................9
Electronic Fee Collection...........................................................................................................10
Traveler Information System.....................................................................................................10
In- Car Route Guidance.............................................................................................................10
Highways Advisory Radio (HAR).............................................................................................10
Variable Message Signs (VMS).................................................................................................11
Intelligent Transport Systems: A case study of IBM Company....................................................11
Intelligent Transport Systems: A case study INRIX Company.....................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................12
References......................................................................................................................................13
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Automobile Infotainment System.................................................................................................5
Figure 2: 3D Navigation System provided by Google.................................................................................6
Figure 3: Automatic Road Enforcement System..........................................................................................7
Figure 4: IoT Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems.............................................................................8
Figure 5: Future use of ITS..........................................................................................................................9
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Executive Summary
The analysis of the latest technological developments in the automobile industry has been
accomplished with the final report contained herein. Contained in the report are the details of the
technology – its features, application and identification of companies who have already made use
of it- and a critical discussion of the opportunities and threats these technologies pose to the
company. Research and Analysis indicate that Enhanced Infotainment Systems with voice
command features, Electric Car Technology and Next Generation 3D Modelling Navigation
Systems are the latest trends in the automobile industry.
There is currently the trend towards incorporating sophisticated computer platforms in
automobiles. However, companies like Toyota have been focused only information service
platforms that improve vehicle safety and decrease driver attention requirements while other
vehicle companies such as Ford have widened their platforms to include software and hardware
applications that enhance the travelling experience. This includes software that supports various
entertainment media such as MP3 players, internet, television programs and other sensory
enhancing features.
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Introduction
Intelligent Transport System, also referred to as ITS, is the inclusion of modern
computers and new technologies in transportation. It deploys computer applications, electronic
chips, sensors, controllers in transportation to facilitate more efficient, secure and efficient
supervision of public roads and public conveyance systems. It is a smart approach to manage
road networks. The benefits include improved road safety, mobility, information, productivity
and air quality. “It is also known as telematics, Information Communications Technology (ICT)
in transport, e-transport and Information Society Technology” (Alrawi, 2017).
The use of ICT in transportation has led to the introduction of the Intelligent Transport
Systems System. This system links individual transportation parts and combines them into one
system by using advanced information technologies and a number of institutional functions to
obtain safe, efficient, and also environmentally acceptable transport systems. Using traditional
design method of transportation infrastructure, it is extremely difficult to account for different
dynamic changes in relation to logistics. To avoid this problem, dynamic logistic control is
necessary. The existence of sophisticated and complex information infrastructures will lead to
interactive logistics processes. Vehicle and goods tracking together with real-time vehicle
scheduling and routing systems nearly in all parts of the world have significantly changed the
logistics management in transportation. Lead time has become reduced by the use of Electronic
Data Interchange, automation, mechanization and final vehicle routing systems, leading to
extremely low levels of stock surplus.
Background information
The advantage of ITS includes improved road safety, mobility, information, productivity and air
quality. The use of ITS is categorized into three parts:
a) Use by the Traveler – electronic tickets, payment for parking vehicle or payment for road
usage, ‘smart card driver license’, ‘driver card for digital tachograph’.
b) Use by Vehicles – some vehicle consist of collision avoiding system, system for
managing speed, judging the location of the vehicle, the judgment of assets.
c) Use by Road – monitoring of traffic, providing information, regulation of rules with the
help of ‘Variable Message Signs (VMS), inductive loops, microwave detectors, ANPR,
DSRC. ITS collects the data from all the sensors and stores it to a centralized database
system. The sensors may be Vehicle Detectors, CCTV cameras, Ice monitoring system,
Congestion Monitors or other sensors. Every information from the sensors is given to the
Back Office Data Processing Facility (Cardoso, Manfroi, & Freitas, 2016).
ITS activities include the following:
a) Safety of the Traveler - It provides Incident management methods like emergency call
systems. Variable Speed limits are displayed. Cameras to check the speed of the vehicle
and to capture any incidents are installed.
b) Provision of Information - Information about the route, information about the traveller,
information about the journey.
c) Transaction of Payments - Payments at Toll booths, parking payments, ticket fare of
public transportation, charge for any congestion.
d) Management of Traffic - Proper handling of traffic
As stated, ITS uses various applications; the possible wide range of applications are
Intermodal Transportation System, Intelligent Traffic Control System, In-Vehicle Technologies,
Safety Enhancement Technologies, Traveler Advisory System
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Intermodal Transportation System
It uses more than one mode of transport. Through this system, a traveller can change his
mode of transfer easily. It integrates different modes of transport such as trucks, trains and ships
to ensure smooth trade operations. It is the movement of goods (in the same unit where it was
first placed) from one mode to another mode of transport without handling it (Sumalee & Hong,
2018).
Intelligent Traffic Control System
Most of the current systems have pre-determined timing circuits to operate traffic signals.
Such systems are inefficient if the volume of the vehicle is large at the crossing. This system
would adjust itself with the flow of traffic, thus reducing the waiting time of drivers at traffic
signals.
In-Vehicle Technologies
It is the implementation of electronic devices, controllers, and radio trans-receivers in the
vehicle. The information provided is updated every minute. It gives instantaneous information to
the traveller about the best route.
Safety Enhancement Technologies
Safety Enhancement Technologies like smart cruise enables the driver to know the
location of neighbouring vehicles. This avoids any type of accidents on the road.
Traveler Advisory System
To provide the information through variable messages and advisory radio.
Trends in ITS
Companies like Ford has been the talk of the town to its project called Sync developed in
partnership with Microsoft. The said car digital platform offers a universal media player, a phone
system with Bluetooth and text-messaging system with one unique and interesting feature – all of
its functions and features can be accessed thru voice commands. It even includes a feature where
incoming text messages can be read out by the computer or outgoing messages can be dictated
and translated into texts. Sync eliminates the cumbersome adjustments of the music player and
enables the driver to communicate with other people without making him lose to much focus on
is driving. Chrysler has also unleashed its MyGIG platform which also offers enhanced viewing
and listening of videos and music. It also voice command enabled with provisions for touch
screen adjustments. Toyota is very limited regarding this endeavour although it states that it is
keen to increase vehicle functionality in the ITS front (Yatskiv, Savrasovs, Udre, & Ruggeri,
2017).
The thrust of Toyota Motor Corporation regarding the use and integration of technology
is divided into three fronts – Environmental Technology, Safety Technology and Intelligent
Transport Systems (ITS). A look into Toyota’s technological portfolio reveals that it has been at
the forefront in developing and incorporating hydrogen-based fuel cells for cars. It is also
currently engaged in developing technologies that provide dependable safety, increased vehicle
functionality and enhanced transport systems.
Increasing concerns regarding fuel efficiency and environmental impacts of car emissions
have inspired companies like Toyota to develop cars that give more mileage and less toxic
chemicals during fuel combustion. Technological improvements in battery storage have enabled
General Motors to develop the EV1. The said car has been reportedly shelved but was made
available in 2006. The battery technology in EV1 offers more electric power at less space and
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weight requirements as compared to the previous design of electric cars which has a high
reliance on gas engines because of the limited capacity of the battery (Fitah, Badri, Moughit, &
Sahel, 2018).
Next Generation Real Time 3 Dimensional Navigation and Traffic system are also
becoming increasingly available. This technology involves the construction of 3D
representations of the present traffic environment including buildings, traffic concentration,
traffic composition and topography views. The current technology even allows for the
determination of possible routes when congestion is detected. What is unique in this new
generation of navigation systems is that it presents real-time conditions allows its features to be
accessed thru voice commands. One example of such a system is called Acura which was
developed by the Telematics Research Group (TRG).
Inclusion of Infotainment Technology
Companies like Toyota has developed its own entertainment platforms, but it has been
lagging in incorporating computer technology. The Sync and MyGIG platforms offer the same
basic services but in a more stylish and technological advanced way. What this means is that the
company can readily provide a more enhanced infotainment system considering that it only
needs to incorporate the command and wireless network technology. This technology can be
easily acquired. Companies like Toyota should make use of its experienced Japanese research
teams and collaborate with researchers from major universities so as to facilitate the
incorporation and to develop efficient power utilization of the system as it is certain that this kind
of system will be energy intensive (Kolosz, Grant, & Djemame, 2013).
Figure 1: Automobile Infotainment System (Source: Mfenjou et al., 2018)
The company should also offer the system as an add-on so that the customer has
flexibility in his choices. There should also be provisions for security and accessibility to the
voice command system much like a voice recognition feature so as to prevent other people from
accessing the system and giving conflicting orders. In addition, a system that could determine
whether the occupant of the vehicle is in danger thru voice analysis should be developed. The
system works by notifying the authorities regarding the situation that the driver is in. This could
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prove to be useful especially in cases where the automobile has been forcefully taken over
(Mfenjou et al., 2018).
Improvements in Alternative Fuel Technology
Electricity is derived from fossil fuels, nuclear power, water, solar, biological and wind
sources. Using electricity as fuel is environmentally friendly since it does result in any emissions,
but it is not necessarily cost-efficient. The generation of electricity requires the usage of power
from other sources which are costly. Fossil fuels, for example, are rising in prices. Dams, solar
farms and windmill farms are all environmentally damaging and costly to build. Furthermore,
these sources would also involve the use of fossil fuels especially in its transportation and the
running of required machinery. The company should, therefore, focus on producing a vehicle
that makes its own energy to run (Ragunathan et al., 2015).
The current technology regarding self-recharging cars is the use of solar panels that make
up the body of the car itself. This technology is already available and should be acquired. There
should still be a provision for gas engines for situations such as prolonged cloudy seasons. Cars
that do not require gasoline are good news to many people especially now that oil prices are
forecasted by the Center for Global Energy Studies to continuously appreciate due to the low
supply as opposed to the ever-increasing demand.
Provision for Next Generation 3D Navigation Systems
Global Positioning Systems Technology is not new to the world of automobiles, but 3D
modelling is certainly cutting edge technology. This system is particularly useful especially for
customers who are adventurous in nature or for those who need it in their sports car for better
visualization of their traffic environment. These systems which are supposed to be expensive are
actually dropping in prices – from $3,000 to $1,000 in only 2 years. A market research firm CSM
estimates that the demand for such systems will grow from $3.2 billion today to $5.4 billion by
2010 (Grant & Usher, 2014). This only indicates that incorporating this technology could prove
to be a profitable venture.
Figure 2: 3D Navigation System provided by Google (Source: Korjagin & Klachek, 2017)
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Cloud Transport Access Protocol
This application component of the ITS is expected to be a leverage for individual
travellers to enable them to have easy access to public transport service providers. By the power
of the internet, a cloud-enabled technology that allows for all public transport service providers
to be registered onto a cloud database shall be set up. This database shall function based on user
specifications including the type of transport service (cargo or people), route of service, fare
rating, availability of priority services, payment methods, and nature of vehicles. Once such
registration is made onto an external system, users shall be allowed to communicate with service
providers from the comfort of their homes for transport service (Janušová & Čičmancová, 2016).
A very critical component of this cloud transport access protocol shall be the ability of service
users actually to arrange for advance bookings and reservations. This will ensure that planning is
better enhanced at the point of service provision. That is, knowing the number of clients to serve
before the start of each day, service providers will be better equipped to deliver efficient service.
What is unique, this is going to be an interactive protocol that ensures that users of various
services leave feedback and reviews for various services that they use so that future users shall
be guided when making choices (Javed, Zeadally, & Hamida, 2019).
Automatic Road Enforcement System
This platform, which is the automatic road enforcement system, is directly geared at the
provision of user preference need to solve problems with delays on the road. This is because
there is sufficient research in the existing literature to confirm the fact that most forms of delays
that arise on the road are due to abuses with the road traffic rules. This system will, therefore, be
an automated policing system that enforces the adherence to traffic regulations. In one study, it
was established that should traffic offences be reduced by half, more than 30% improvement in
efficient time management on the road will be achieved. The system will thus be made up of
technologies that ensure that there are camera systems and vehicle monitoring devices at vantage
points to detect and report vehicles involved in various forms of traffic offences and abuses.
Using the registered number plate identification system, such offenders will be sent an automatic
ticket through a mail. There shall also be public exposure of the identities offending vehicles on
public broadcast platforms to serve as a deterrent to others (Malygin, Komashinskiy, & Korolev,
2018).
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Figure 3: Automatic Road Enforcement System (Source: Malygin et al., 2018)
Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems
This component of the integrated system will be focused on the need for meeting the
safety needs of travellers. Because the safety needs of travellers are multi-variant, the emergency
vehicle notification system shall also be made with such multi-variant characteristics. This will
first start with the cloud system that will be designed for travellers to access transport services.
Secondly, users shall be made aware of the right people who are to be in control of the transport
services they will be using so that they can ask for identity check from these people when they
come to them for service provision (Ashokkumar, Sam, Arshadprabhu, & Britto, 2015). More
into the technological aspects of the emergency vehicle notification system, there shall be in-
vehicle eCall systems fused into various vehicles providing public transport service. The eCall is
going to be a technology-based emergency call that is enabled at the very moment there is an
emergency with vehicles such as crash, hijack or fire. This notification system shall be targeted
directly at public safety answering points to ensure that voice and data calls will be sent to these
points for onward direction to the nearest accident and rescue service for action to take place.
Figure 4: IoT Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems
Freight/Fleet Management System
Freight is the transportation of goods by roadways, airways or seaways. Ireland earns a
lot of profit through freight .Hence a study for this is beneficial. With ITS systems, it is possible
for the freight user to get information about the traffic. Fleet management covers different
functions such as Vehicle maintenance, speed management, driver management, energy
conception and its management and driver health and safety management (Silla et al., 2017).
Future Vision of ITS
With the growing population and increased number of vehicles on the road, it is
absolutely necessary to improvise the current ITS systems to facilitate the transport system. The
new systems to be introduced in future are:
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Electronic Fee Collection
The electronic Fee Collection system is used near toll roads to collect toll electronically.
It determines whether a car passing is registered in the program. If they are not it alerts, a
registered car owner need not stop. The fee is automatically debited from their account.
Traveller Information System
Traveller Information System provides pre-trip information and on trip information to the
traveller. This helps in assisting the drivers in making better decisions regarding the trip. This
information includes arrival time and departure time, information regarding any congestion on
the road, and information about the weather conditions. This system provides real-time
information, thereby improving road safety and efficiency (Ehlers, Ryeng, McCormack, Khan, &
Ehlers, 2017). Pre-trip information is given through internet route planners, whereas on trip
information is given through in-car route guidance, VMS, RDS, and Highways Advisory Radios
etc.
Figure 5: Future use of ITS (Source: Ehlers et al., 2017)
In- Car Route Guidance
An automotive navigation system gives real-time route guidance to the driver. The
automotive navigation system consists of a GPS navigation device inside it which locates the
current location and directs him to the destination along the road.
Highways Advisory Radio (HAR)
Highways Advisory Radio is also known as Travelers Information Station (TIS). These
are radio stations that inform about the traffic and the delays. They are often found near
highways and airports. They do the broadcasting of real-time messages. These Radio Stations are
licensed to the government agencies (Sun, Li, & Gao, 2016).
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Variable Message Signs (VMS)
Variable Message Signs is one of the best ways of conveying the information to the
motorists. Also known as CMS and DMS which stands for Changeable Message Signs and
Dynamic Message Signs respectively. VMS is located at key places along the road. It warns the
driver of events such as emergencies and any kind of incidents. During congestion and any
roadwork .VMS can also be used in to limit the speed of the vehicle. Also used in case of
interchanges on highways. It warns if there are any situations that may lead to delays. It is also
used near the parking area to direct the driver where to park his car (Matschek, Herrmann, &
Jumar, 2012). VMS is also useful in case of “AMBER Alert” or “SILVER Alert” messages. It
gives information about alternate routes. The input information for VRS comes through other
Information Transport systems. It is one of the best ways of achieving real-time information
about the road for travellers. With VRS they can take appropriate decisions regarding their
journey. VRS helps in the management of traffic and safe journey to the drivers.
Intelligent Transport Systems: A case study of IBM
Company
IBM Company or IBM Intelligent Transportation makes use of intelligent transportation
systems to enable the prediction and management of traffic and effective transportation
operations. Near real-time traffic information is provided by the company for its customers. The
greatest advantages of the intelligent transport systems (ITS) used by IBM are for the
organizations that can have accurate information on the current traffic situation based on a single
integrated system of transportation. Thus they get the opportunity to do predictive analysis on the
traffic conditions and find alternative accordingly (Krivolapova, 2017).
Organizations can work towards improving the traffic conditions based on information
obtained from intelligent systems. The Intelligent Transit Analytics component is useful to
improve the experiences of the travellers and transit operations for the public. The system also
allows the use of collaborative tools to obtain efficient management of traffic on roads as well as
for the prediction of traffic conditions. Several deployment models are also made available that
allow organizations to take advantage of options that are flexible for use. One of the
disadvantages with the use of ITS is that it proves to be more effective in theory than in the real
world practices. Moreover, the technology is expensive to employ. Also, technology is faced
with several institutional barriers (Prabhu, Antony, & Balakumar, 2017).
Intelligent Transport Systems: A case study INRIX
Company
Inrix makes use of advanced technologies to provide its customers with traffic updates.
Use of XDTM Traffic, Speedwaves, and mobile phone applications is done by the company for
the purpose. The tools and methods used by Inrix overcome the problems and disadvantages
encountered by methods used by other companies. Inrix Company makes use of XDTM Traffic for
providing its customers with routing information. It considers the differences in the flow of
traffic on different days and at different times and suggests the customers with the best possible
routes to avoid commotion on roads. The advantages for commercial drivers and commuters is
that not only they are provided with near real-time information on traffic but they also save on
time and money, since Inrix takes into consideration the impacts of traffic conditions, holidays,
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accidents, construction works on roads, and other related factors before providing information to
its customers (Fouchal, Bourdy, Wilhelm, & Ayaida, 2017).
SpeedWaves technology is also used by the company that considers the controls of traffic
roads, speeds of vehicles, and signals for providing traffic information to its customers. As a
result, the information that is collected and provided to the customers is almost accurate thus
giving near real-time traffic updates. Advantages also include better options for routing and
navigations for the customers. Applications on mobile phones have benefits as mobile phones are
regularly used by customers. Thus with traffic information being available on the mobile phone,
it becomes easy for the traveller to get real-time traffic information. Advanced technologies, data
sets and user interface is used by Inrix to help the commuters with the most suitable route to the
destination of the travellers. Inrix achieves its goal of providing its customers with real-time
traffic information by partnering with transportation agencies, and provides the opportunities to
DOTs, Highway Patrol or State Police, and emergency management teams such that they can
contribute it to managing issues of traffic caused by sudden traffic shifts (Aramrattana, Larsson,
Jansson, & Nåbo, 2019).
Conclusion
Information Transport System has proved its benefits for the road user. ITS plays a major
role in the safety of roads, its management efficiently and economically. It already persists in
many countries. It is envisaged that there will be more use of ITS in future in transport
infrastructure to make it even better. It is likely to solve the major issues related to transportation
over the decade. Thereafter converting the management of transport system into the smart and
intelligent system.
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