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Vandalization in the Niger Delta - PDF

   

Added on  2021-04-17

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RUNNING HEAD: RESEARCH PAPER1Research paperPipeline vandalization in the Niger delta of NigeriaName of the studentRoll no.:

Pipeline Vandalization in NIGER Delta of Nigeria2ContentsIntroduction................................................................................................................................31.....................................................................................................................Research questions42...................................................................................................................Research objectives43........................................................................................................................Literature review53.1.........................................................................................................................Introduction53.2...............................................................................................Investigation into the matter73.3............................................Prior historical backdrop of Vandalization in the Niger delta83.4.......................................................................................Role of legislature, law and order113.5.............................................Conditions leading to Vandalization and efforts taken so far124..............................................................................................................Research Methodology164.1....................................................................................................................Data collection175..................................................................................................................................Discussion186.................................................................................................................................Conclusion207..................................................................................................................................References21

Pipeline Vandalization in NIGER Delta of Nigeria3IntroductionThe overall procedure of exploration of oil and natural gas is interrupting in the normal lives of the people and the surroundings. This usually has a negative impact that need to be looked upon in order to gain effectiveness over a long time period. Pipeline vandalization in the delta cost the state and the companies undertaking the project a very huge amount (Uyigue & Agho, 2007). The state is under severe issue due to the vandalization of the gas pipelines in the Niger delta. The scale of pipeline vandalism and theft has reached an epidemic proportion. The theft istherefore seen in terms of small scale stealing to the industrial robbery. There are a consistent complaints and issues pertaining to the theft in collaboration with the Nigeria corrupt corporate, bureaucrats etc (Ikelegbe, 2005). There are implicit incentives through the vandalization of the pipelines in return of the clean up contracts. There are few reports that suggest that there has been a continuous practice of theft and vandalization (Anejionu, et al 2015). This has caused heavy issues in dealing with the concern. This is due to the non-regulatory policies and abusive ONG exploration and production activities (Okpo & Eze, 2012). This has contributed towards the non-violent activities in the Niger Delta. This issue has become a serious problem in the Niger Delta (Ejumudo, Edo, Avweromre & Sagay, 2012). The criminal issues in the area have increased in recent time causing a serious issue in the bay area. The issue related to the proximityand accessibility of the infrastructure and people living in the area. The area is facing a key issue in terms of population displacement and social disintegration of communities (Aaron, 2005). Thegathering intends to assemble neighborhoods groups along the beach front zone and security outfits to battle the issue, demanding that the "country's battered economy must be recovered."Research questionsThe report is based on the following question that are being addressed later in order to understand vandalization at Niger Delta.What are the causes of vandalization in the Niger Delta?What is the role of the government and other international agencies?How does it possible to reduce vandalization?What are the factors affecting the Niger delta and what are the steps taken in order tomanage the situation?

Pipeline Vandalization in NIGER Delta of Nigeria4Research objectivesThis paper starts by giving a concise review of important definition and the explanatory procedure. This will however allow in understanding the issue of pipeline vandalization and recognize the key stages and results for the host groups and different partners. The key challenge is to understand the reason behind the situation and to manage effectiveness (Brume, 2006; Obadote, 2009). There are three key definitions that first should be cleared up, to be specific, the authority the Niger Delta, the convergence of vitality resources inside this region, and meaning of pipeline vandalism (Erıng, et al 2013). Altogether the Delta is comprised of 70,000 square kilometres and 200 nautical miles, as controlled by United States in 1995(Ikelegbe, 2006). As indicated by Henry Willink's Report, the real cultural Groups in the area are the "Ijaw speaking folks with a populace of 250,000 who had another 80,000 family in the Western District (Agbakwuru, 2011). Towards the mouth of the Cross Waterway in the East were 10,000 Efiks and 100,000 Ibibios. The Ogonis had a populace of 156,000. Second, this thickly populated, ethnically and socially different area is host to Nigeria's enormous ONG part which is comprised of in excess of 7,000 km of pipelines, 5,000 oil wells, 300 oil fields, 275 stream stations, ten fare terminals, 22 oil stockpiling stops, ten gas plants, and four authority refineries. In addition to this ventures being made to a developing condensed flammable gas (LNG) extends in Gbarain-Ubie and Metal in Bayelsa State(Tobor, 2014). As indicated by Nigerian law, all vitality assets (oil, gas, and minerals) are the property of the national government and any extraction exercises that occur outside of central government are esteemed unlawful (Item et al 2013). It is important enough for maintaining the balance in order to organize the better role and responsibility. The purpose is to manage the changes and arranging the effectiveness and allocating the resources. Literature reviewIntroductionThe oil extraction in the Niger delta area has created an issue. The process of extracting oil and gas often affect the people living in the area. There are certain high levels of threats that can be seen due to the local as well as multinational companies. As respects the issue of harms to

Pipeline Vandalization in NIGER Delta of Nigeria5Biodiversity, 55% of the respondents emphatically concurred while 42% consented to the reality that pipeline vandalism make a considerable measure of devastation the Biodiversity in Streams State. This is in concurrence with the discoveries (Ikelegbe, 2006). While just 3% of the respondents appears to have an opposite perspective of the harms caused to the Biodiversity in the district. In this manner, as respects the harms caused to the widely varied vegetation, around 100% of the respondents appears to concur and emphatically consented to that reality of harms toplant and creatures particularly the ones that abide in the marine condition. 40% of the respondents emphatically concurred that the oil organizations added to checking and controlling the ecological debasement looked by the host groups, 35% appears to concur while 25% of the respondents oppose this idea what's more, firmly differ to that reality, separately(Okolo & Etekpe, 2010; Bassey, 2012). As far as social enhancements gave to the host groups, 10% of the respondents emphatically concurred, 15% concurred while 75% appears to differ and emphatically oppose this idea. This infers the oil organizations did not by any stretch of the imagination give considerable social pleasantries to their host groups of oil pipeline vandalism. Regarding instructive offices help, 20% emphatically concurred, 30% concurred while 60% both differ and emphatically differ to that reality. As respects the harms caused to the Horticultural farmlands and fish cultivating exercises, 95% of the respondents appears to unequivocally concurred furthermore, consented to that reality which concurs with crafted by who revealed thata considerable amount of harm has been done in the area (Akpabio & Akpan, 2010).As far as human services help to the host groups, around 75% unequivocally concurred and consented to that reality while 25% differ and unequivocally consented to that reality. Regarding meetings by the oil organizations to the host groups for any venture, 55% have firmly differed and oppose this idea while 45% emphatically concurred and consented to that reality (Joab-Peterside, 2007). In light of the remarks of the respondents, the negative effects of the pipeline vandalism on biodiversity and the wellbeing of the host groups have been exceptionally articulated (Omotola, 2009). This infers intense measures should be set up by the government to control the frightful circumstance of pipeline vandalism that represent a genuine danger to the two people what's more, the earth on the loose(AKPOMUVIE,2011; Amadi, 2015). The Government ought to receive ''The Standards of Ecological Equity which incorporate; ensuring the privilege to ecological assurance, counteracting hurt before it happens, moving the weight of Confirmation to the polluters, deterring verification of purpose to segregate and reviewing

Pipeline Vandalization in NIGER Delta of Nigeria6existing imbalances. Every one of the general population living in Portharcourt district have a privilege to be shielded from negative impacts of oil and gas Pipelines and the related natural corruption (Oyefusi, 2007). Securing this right will require not just the ordering a Government Natural Insurance act yet additionally the requirement of such act. The demonstration should address both the planned and unintended impacts of Open Arrangements and Oil Organizations' hones that disparity affect nearby inhabitants of Portharcourt area. Aversion, disposal of the danger before hurt happens, ought to be the favoured procedure of the administration of Portharcourt (Duru & Ogbonnaya, 2012). For example, to explain the Oil and Gas Pipelines spillages issues, the essential concentration ought to be moved from contamination cleaning and also treating of water and individuals who have been harmed to wiping out the risk by guaranteeing that oil and gas pipelines are legitimately covered underneath the earth surface, situated a long way from human settlements as much as conceivable and legitimate and steering upkeep in order to attain effective role (Imobighe, 2004).Investigation into the matter The procedure of oil and flammable gas (ONG) investigation, extraction, and transportation regularly encroach on the lives of the general population and their condition, the negative impacts are normally underestimated by the Multinational Oil Organizations (MNOCs) and the government until there is challenges(Ibeanu,2006). The challenges are then smothered through upsetting laws. This disappoints the general population and influences them to heighten the level of their challenges, and in the long run vandalize the pipelines passing on the raw petroleum. Ayida compares this endless loop to the "ascent and fall of Nigeria (Okoli & Orinya, 2013).” To Ibaba and Olumati, the endless loop is executed that the action is completed by "people, and not groups", and the "financial thought process is focal in their activities. They stressed that, while filling a social need as far as challenging hardship, the monetary increases from vandalization is fundamental in the brains of the on-screen characters(Ugoh & Umpire, 2010). In any case, the demonstration is executed by couple of people, generally known as activists; however the whole group moves toward becoming casualty in one frame or the other (Kadafa, 2012). While pipelinevandalism and unlawful bunkering have been included in the writing on the Niger Delta, the different stages, causes, end impacts are less comprehended (Ogula, 2008). This brings up the issue this investigation endeavours to address; to be specific factors are in charge of oil pipeline

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